MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL PROBLEMS

IN TURKEY

Rayhan Utami
Geography Education
Faculty Of Social Sciences
State University Of Medan

A number of issues obviously affect the sustainable development of the coastal zones of
Turkey. Issues that could soon be overcome have been acted upon by the Government and in
cooperation with various institutions during the planning process penindaklanjutan.
Penindaklanjutan issues of the Government are being implemented and are consistent with the
objectives of the plan and activities.

THE MAIN ISSUES

The coastal region of Turkey which is rich with natural beauty, cultural attractions,
bays, estuaries, and wetlands teeming with resources (OECD 1992). These resources have been
undergoing degradation, pollution, and endangered by increased population density and
economic activities such as agriculture, industry, tourism, fishing, farming and urban
development. The rate of growth of the population of Turkey (1.97% in 1995) is one of the
highest in Europe (the CIA'S 1995: METAP 1991). As mentioned earlier, nearly half of the
national population is located in the coastal region. Currently, there is rapid population shifts
to the beach, especially with Turkey from the Central Anatolian migration seeking better living
conditions (METAP 1991). In addition, the rapid growth of the tourism industry along the
coastal area will occur until the addition of the population doubled and causing pressure on the
coastal area, so much going on the impact on the environment and the social economy. For
example, the contamination of the coastal waters of the swimming pool activities, threatening
public health, fisheries and biodiversity (OECD 1992, METAP 1991).
Agricultural production, Turkey is the main economic activity in the coastal region.
Amazingly, 90%, 80% cotton, Tobacco, and 70% of the country's rice production takes place
in the coastal province. As a result, a major challenge facing the country is to reduce
agricultural pollution resulting from the intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides (OECD
1992).
Industrial waste is one of the sources of marine pollution is the most serious in the
country Turkey. Some industrialization of Turkey have also occurred in the coastal provinces,
including Istanbull, Izmir, Izmit, Adana, Mersin, Iskenderun, and two provinces in the Black
Sea. Although the construction of important industry economically, such as the rapid expansion

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along the coast has led to severe sea water pollution and damage (OECD 1992). For example,
Izmir, on the Aegean Sea. An important industrial site includes 6,000 factory. Most are tanning
leather, textiles and paint producers located along the coast of the Gulf of Izmir, causing serious
water pollution in the Gulf of Izmir (OECD 1992, UNEP 1994).
Turkey tourism is the largest single producer of foreign exchange income, as a result of
the law of the stimulant to tourism in 1982, an average of 10 million tourists, both foreign and
domestic have been visiting the beach every year in the 1990s requires a large investment in
the field of tourism infrastructure (OECD 1992). Development of tourism accommodation and
holiday homes along the coast, especially the southwestern coast, have contributed
significantly to the problem of waste and waste on water quality degradation, infrastructure,
tourism and the service facilities expanded rapidly along the coastal areas, the development of
industry and agriculture to compete with coastal land use for tourism in some areas, such as
Adana and Iskenderun in the Eastern Mediterranean (OECD 1992 : METAP 1991).
Commercial fishing is one of Turkey's traditional maritime economic activities. The
length of the coastline of the country Turkey provides good natural conditions for fishing and
fish farming, Turkey also produced 581,000 tons of fish in 1988. The Black Sea is very
productive, providing over 80% of the total fishing catch in Turkey. However, since the late
1980s, the total value of the catch and the amount of fish species declined, as a result of the
pollution of coastal waters (OECD 1992).

THE GOVERNMENT'S RESPONSE

In response to the problems of the coast and sea of Turkey, national Governments,
partners with international organizations, such as the regional activities centre UNEP-MAP for
priority Action Programme, OECD, World bank, and the global Environment Facility (GEF),
has played a major role in the management of the coastal areas in the country Turkey. The
Central Government's involvement in the management of coastal resources and environment
mandated by various laws in regulation by sectors. The legislation was passed during the 1980s
and 1990s.
The main laws and laws relating to various issues of the management of the coastal
area, described in the article by Erdal Ozhan (Ozhanet al 1993; Ozhan 1996a). the main marine-
oriented law selected and summarized as follows:
Fisheries Law (1971/03/22, the revised document 15/05/1986). For the protection of
the production and control of biological resources. The Ministry of agriculture and Rural
Affairs of Turkey was given the authority to regulate fisheries and marine aquaculture. This
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law prohibits the disposal of hazardous substances to the inland waters of the sea of marmara,
the Bosporus and Starits Danelles.
Tourism Stimulus law (12/03/1982). Arranged in order of urgency, guiding and tourism
area development stated by decision of the Council of Ministers upon the proposal of the
Ministry of Tourism is responsible for the development of national tourism. The result is an
explosion of investment in the development of tourism, particularly in coastal zones (along the
Aegean Sea and Mediterranean Sea) during the mid to late 1980s.
Environmental law (08/09/1983) and the rules on the control of water pollution water
quality of Lake and sea water. Need another impact assessment and Change the environment
(AMDAL) should be prepared by organizations, companies, and agencies that have the
potential to cause environmental problems through planning activities. Metropolitan municipal
authorities to allow them to the border of the estuary at perssetujuan of the Ministry of the
environment. The Council of Ministers is authorized to designate areas that have meaning and
are sensitive to ecological degradation as a special protected areas (SPA).
Children's national law (08/09/1983). National parks identified by decision of the
Council of Ministers after proposal by the Ministry of forestry is responsible for the
management of national parks, including the coastal park. Until 1996, the three coastal national
parks have been designated: Olympus-Bey Daglari, Dilek Peninsula and Gelibolu. A fourth
Beach Park recently declared near the town of Marmaris, one of the main tourist resort in the
Southern Aegean Sea thera.
Coastal law (04/04/1990 changes 01/07/1992) Turkey Beach Law put forward the
principles for the protection of the State, the coastal areas and the sea. It defines the limits of
the coastal region of ad army at least 100 meters (328 feet) in width, starting from the horizontal
line the oceanfront in natural boundaries define as from coastal, wetlands, a similar area created
by the movement of the sea water. All construction is prohibited within 50 meters (160 feet)
from the edge of the beach heading ashore, only recreational facilities and tourist may be built.
In 1989 Turkey partners with the ICM established a national agency, that Agency's
special protection Area (SPA), which considers the use of all kinds of actions in solving
environmental problems. It was originally a part of Prime Minister's Office, but is now part of
the Department of the environment. The main part of the Agency is located in Ankara, the two
other major departments, project implementation planning department and environmental
protection department. Research and investigation located respectively in Koycegiz and
Silifke, currently nine designated SPA in the coastal zone (Ozhan 1996; METAP 1991).

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 Other newly established institutions for integrated coastal area management are the two
specialized agencies between the Ministry of the Executive Council (IEC), created in 1994,
and a special working group (AHWG), created in 1995. The IEC, headed by a senior advisor
to the Prime Minister, and consists of representatives of nine ministries associated with the
management of the coastal areas, co-ordinating inter-departmental and intergovernmental
relating to marine affairs AHWG, made under the Office of the Chief Minister and composed
of representatives of the Ministry of public works and Settlement, culture, tourism,
environment and Beaches ACT implementation ACT of settlement (Ozhan 1996a).
In local parlance, the specific efforts of the coastal zone integrated management local,
ACT on the Bosphorus (18/11/1983) is a comprehensive project management area, the coastal
areas are integrated in the region of the Bosphorus Istanbul. It is designed to protect and
enhance the natural and cultural wealth in this area. After the enactment of the ACT on the
Bosporus, the two agencies coordination, the Coordination Council of the Bosporus for the use
and development of land and the Executive Board of the Bosphorus to land use and
development is responsible for the implementation of the project management area of the
Bosphorus. In 1985, however, the ACT of settlement (03/05/1985) deleted this institution,
entitle the Mayor of Istanbul to facilitate the implementation of the ACT and deals with the
planning of the Bosphorus (CZM Ozhan 1996a; METAP 1991).
A project of action priorities to concentrate mainly on water quality have been
sponsored and conducted in Izmir Bay in the Aegean Sea during 1988-1989 by UNEP-MAP.
The activities of the Regional Action Programme priorities, which is located in Split, Croatia.
In 1989, it was decided to carry out a study of integrated management for the area of Izmir.
This research was conducted in 1991-1993 by a team of Turkey and UNEP-MAP/priority
Action Programme (expert Ozhan 11996a; OECD, 1992). In 1990, the project management of
Turkey's coastal region carried out under secretariat of environment through a Bank's METAP
Grant world (METAP 1991). At the same time, the OECD study environmental issues in
Turkey, in 1992, published a policy environment in Turkey (OECD 1992). Currently, lasted
two CZM guide study in Turkey, namely: (1) Coastal Zone Management Project the peninsula
of Bodrum, was conducted by the Technical University of the Middle East in Ankara and (2)
Coastal Zone Management Project Mersin, conducted through private companies contract with
the Ministry of the environment (Ozhan 1996a).

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GOVERNMENT RESPONSE ASSESSMENT
Conflict arises between development in the coastal provinces, namely tourism,
urbanization, agriculture, industry, environmental conservation and protection, for example:
water quality, natural beauty and aesthetics. The historical richness of species and endangered
species. Community urged to create an integrated coastal area management strategies in Turkey
(Ozhan 1996b). The Government of Turkey responded by creating two classes of institutions
of governance, namely, development agencies, such as the Ministry of environment, forestry
and culture. Due to lack of institutional coordination in the overall scheme of integrative and
regulations between the ministries in some cases Turkey has happened to overlap the gap in
the Administration and implementation of projects in the coastal areas (OECD 1992).
For example, with regard to the ACT of Stimulating tourism (TIL) (03/12/1982), the
Ministry of tourism (MOT) provides many economic stimulus such as tax exemptions and
loans that are low for the development of tourism facilities. Successful tourism grows,
especially along the Aegean coast and the Mediterranean Sea. However, the Tourism
Department initially did not give consideration to the range and severity of the adverse
environmental impact of tourism. In the 1990s, the MOT has suspended some administrative
incentives provided by secondary housing problems because of TIL and degradation of water
quality and aesthetic value of natural coastal features, contrary to environmental LAW
(09/08/1983) (OECD, 1992; 1991: METAP Ozhan 1996a).
One of the most important institutional arrangements in Turkey is the Special Area is
protected. Authority of the Agency extends to the management of land use and environmental
management in the SPA, so the Agency took the duty and prerogative of all ministries and
municipalities that are relevant to the management of the SPA. A successful outcome of the
SPA program illustrate by cooperation between tourism development and nature conservation
in Dalyan, along the entire coast of Daylan Beach, a turtle is important for seeding becomes a
serious threat to natural ecosystems. With the support of the World Bank's Fund for nature and
IUCN, a designated beach of Dalyan in 1998. The results of this assignment is that 70 percent
of the turtles can be protected while the sustainable development of tourism practiced on this
beach.
Another success of Turkey seemed to be a multidisciplinary efforts involved in the
study of Integrated Management for the region of Izmir, Turkey team and carried out by the
UNEP-MAP expert priority action program since 1998. Through research of the water
treatment system in Izmir performed by the Institute of marine sciences at the University of
Dokuz Eylul, integrated management plan for the Bay in adopted as the most strategic approach
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to provide the perspective of the management of the wide Bay (UNEP 1994). There is a
cooperation between the national and local authorities through programmes of UNEP-MAP
join and Metropolitan City of Izmir. Other aspects of an effective and important part of this
political commitment is project funding, staff training, development of the public in the
planning process the wide Gulf, preparation of basic information and generation of AMDAL
(OECD 1992, UNEP 1994).
In terms of increased capacity at the ICM. Turkey introduced a range of measures to
better meet the goal of ICM is to protect the natural environment and achieving sustainable
development in the coastal zone. As mentioned earlier, the efforts Turkey has awarded sponsor
CZM financial and technical assistance by international organizations such as Center of UNEP-
MAP action program priority Regional activities, the World Bank and OECD METAP.
At the national level, Turkey has also been building capacity CZM in 1993 through the
establishment of a National Committee on the management of Turkey's coastal (KAY), which
serves as the national network in conjunction with other international organizations. KAY held
the first International Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment. MEDCOAST '
93 in 1993 in Antalya, Turkey and follow-up ' 95 MEDCOAST in Tarragona, Spain in
November 1995 and a MEDCOAST ' 97 in Malta. KAY is located at Middle East Technical
University in Ankara. The Executive Council includes eleven members representing
universities, ministries, municipalities, the private sector, NGOs, and individuals. KAY
provides a medium for the exchange of information, developing scientific research projects,
serves as a central storage facility for the coastal resource data and information and sponsor the
development of a national education programme in the management of coastal areas (Ozhan
1996a).
Another example of the capacity of the Global Environment Facility is the CZM Black
Sea Environtmental Programme (GEF-BSEP), managed by the coordination unit, established
in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1995. GEF-BESP, coordination with the Ministry of environment of
Turkey, emphasizing the creation of the national network for the preparation of national
reports, CZM and implementation of at least one pilot project by each of the participating
countries. Action plans help strengthen the ICM efforts Turkey in the future (Ozhan 1996a).

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 REFERENCE

METAP (Mediterranean Enviroment Technical Assitance Program). 1991. Coastal Zone

Management (ZCM) in Turkey. Consultan report submitted to the undersecretariat of
Environment and the World Bank.

The OECD (Organization For Economic Co-operation and Development) 1992. environmental
policies in Turkey. Paris: the Organization for Economics co-operation and
Development.

Ozhan, E 1996a. Coastal Zone Management in Turkey. Ocean and coastal management 30 (2-
3): 153-176.

---------. 1996b. professor, Civil Engineering Department, Midlle East Technical University,
Ankara. Turkey. Response to ICM cross-national survey. Newark: University of
Delaware, Center for the Study of Marine Policy.

Ozhan, e., a. 1996a. Coastal Zone Management in Turkey. Ocean and coastal management 30
(2-3): 153-176.

Unep (United Nations Environment Programme). 1994. The Integrated Management Study for
the Area of Ismir. FOLDER of the Technical Reports Series No. 84. Split, Croatia:
Regional Activity Center for Priority Action Programme.