All Training materials are provided "as is" and

without warranty and RStudio disclaims any and all

express and implied warranties including without
limitation the implied warranties of title, fitness for
a particular purpose, merchantability and
noninfringement.

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved. Follow @rstudioapp

 Studio

Visualizing Data
Discover the unexpected in

your data with ggplot2

Garrett Grolemund
Master Instructor, RStudio
August 2014

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. Follow @rstudioapp

Studio

1. Scatterplots

a. Aesthetics, Facets, Geoms

2. Bar charts

b. Positions

3. Histograms

c. Parameters

4. Visualizing big data

5. Saving Graphs

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

The simple graph has brought
more information to the data
analyst’s mind than any other
device.
– John Tukey
Studio

plot
plot(iris$Sepal.Width,
iris$Sepal.Length)

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

simple plots in R

x variable y variable

plot(iris$Sepal.Width ,iris$Sepal.Length )

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

plot
plot(iris$Sepal.Width,
iris$Sepal.Length)

• R's basic plot method

• simple

• does different things in

different contexts (usually
in a helpful way)

• difficult to customize

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

ggplot2

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

ggplot2

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

ggplot2

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

ggplot2

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

ggplot2

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

ggplot2

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Charlotte Wickham, http://cwick.co.nz/ © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 60000

50000

Price 40000

30000

20000

10000

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year 1800
1100
1600

1000
1400
900 σ
1200
0.01

Price
Price

800
1000 0.1
700 0.2
800
600
600
500
400

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year Year © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
Winston Chang, http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920023135.do © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
David B Sparks, http://bit.ly/hn54NW © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Violent
Crime
Density
1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

David Kahle, https://dl.dropbox.com/u/24648660/ggmap%20useR%202012.pdf © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Interesting ggplot example

Layered grammar + ggplot2

James Cheshire, http://bit.ly/xqHhAs

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
A picture is not merely worth
a thousand words, it is much
more likely to be scrutinized
than words are to be read.
– John Tukey
 Diving in:
Scatterplots
Studio

Looking at data with R

The mpg data set
install.packages("ggplot2") comes in the
ggplot2 package
library(ggplot2)
!
Always read the
?mpg help page
View(mpg)
!

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Your turn

Make a prediction. What relationship do

you expect to see between engine size
(displ) and mileage (hwy)?
is ?
t h
re
!
p lo
ex
No peeking ahead! e
w
a n
c
o w
H
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
Studio

(quick) plots in R

x variable y variable data set variables are in

qplot( displ ,hwy,data = mpg )

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

 ●

●
How would you
40
describe this
●
●
relationship?
35 ●
●
● ●
● ●
● ●●

30 ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●● ●
hwy ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●

25 ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●
●● ●● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ●
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● ●

20 ● ● ●●
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● ● ● ● ● ●●
●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●
●● ● ●

15 ● ●● ●●● ● ●
● ●

2 3 4 5 6 7
displ
qplot(displ, hwy, data = mpg) © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
The greatest value of a picture
is when it forces us to notice
what we never expected to
see.
– John Tukey
 What other variables would help us
●

40
●
understand this pattern?

●
manufacturer, model, cyl, trans, drv, class
●

35 ●
●
● ●
● ●
● ●●

30 ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●● ●
hwy ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●

25 ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●
●● ●● ● ● ● ●
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20 ● ● ●●
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●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●
●● ● ●

15 ● ●● ●●● ● ●
● ●

2 3 4 5 6 7
displ
qplot(displ, hwy, data = mpg) © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
Studio

Additional variables

Can display additional variables with

aesthetics (like shape, colour, size) or
facetting (small multiples displaying
different subsets)

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Aesthetics
Studio

Aesthetics
Visual characteristics that can be mapped to data
1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

1

1
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
1 1 1 1

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

Aesthetics
aesthetic
variable to

feature map it to

qplot(displ, hwy, data = mpg, color = class)

qplot(displ, hwy, data = mpg, size = class)
qplot(displ, hwy, data = mpg, shape = class)
qplot(displ, hwy, data = mpg, alpha = class)
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 ●

40

●
●

35 ●
●
● ● class
● ●
● ●●
● 2seater
30 ● ● ● ● compact
● ● ● ● ●● ●
hwy ● ● ● ● ●
● midsize
● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● minivan
● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●

25 ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● pickup
●● ●● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● subcompact
● ● ● ● ● ● suv
● ●

20 ● ● ●●
● ● ● ●● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●●
●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●

15 ●
●●
●●
● ●
●●● ● ●
Legend chosen
● ●
and displayed
automatically.
●

2 3 4 5 6 7
displ
qplot(displ, hwy, data = mpg, color = class) © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Your turn
Add color, size, and shape aesthetics to
your graph. Experiment.

Do different things happen for discrete and

continuous variables?

What happens when you use more than

one aesthetic?

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Discrete Continuous

Color

Size

Shape

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Discrete Continuous

Gradient from light

Color Rainbow of colors blue to

dark blue

Linear mapping
Size Discrete size steps between radius and
value

Different shape for Shouldn’t (and

Shape each doesn’t) work

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Faceting
Studio

Faceting

Smaller plots that display different subsets

of the data.

Also useful for exploring conditional

relationships. Useful for large data.

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Your turn
qplot(displ, hwy, data = mpg) +
facet_grid(. ~ cyl)
qplot(displ, hwy, data = mpg) +
facet_grid(drv ~ .)
qplot(displ, hwy, data = mpg) +
facet_grid(drv ~ cyl)
qplot(displ, hwy, data = mpg) +
facet_wrap(~ class)

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

Summary

facet_grid(): 2d grid, rows ~ cols, . for no

split

facet_wrap(): 1d ribbon wrapped into 2d

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Geoms
Studio

How are these Same: x var, y var, data

plots similar?
●

●
●
●
●
● ●
● ●
● ●●
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●● ●
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●● ●● ● ● ● ●
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● ●
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● ● ● ● ● ●●
●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●
●● ● ●
● ●● ●●● ● ●
● ●

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

How are these

Different: "type" of plot
i.e, what plot draws
plots different?
i.e, geometric object
●

●
●
●
●
● ●
● ●
● ●●
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●● ●
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●● ●● ● ● ● ●
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● ●
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●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●
●● ● ●
● ●● ●●● ● ●
● ●

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Studio

Geometric object
the "type" of graph, or

what the graph draws

data set
x variable y variable type of plot
variables are in

qplot( displ ,hwy,data = mpg ,geom = "smooth" )

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

 "point" is the default geom

(if you have both x and y)

e.g., you don't have to type it

qplot(displ, hwy, data = mpg,

mpg) geom = "point")
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
qplot(displ, hwy, data = mpg, geom = "smooth")
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Include multiple
geoms with a vector
of geom names

qplot(displ, hwy, data = mpg, geom = c("point", "smooth"))

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Your turn
How would you replace this scatterplot with one
that draws boxplots? Try out your best guess.
qplot(class, hwy, data = mpg)
● ●

40

●
●

35 ●
●
● ●
● ●
● ●

30 ● ●
● ● ●
hwy

● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●

25 ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ●

20 ● ● ●
● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ●

15 ● ●
●

● ●

2seater compact midsize minivan pickup subcompact suv

class

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

qplot(class, hwy, data = mpg, geom = "boxplot")
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Studio

boxplots
●

●
●
●

●
●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ●
● ●
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
● ● ●
 Studio

boxplots
● ● ●

● ●

●
●
●
●
●
●

●
●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
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● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ●
● ●
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
● ● ● ●
 Studio

boxplots
● ● ●

● ●

●
●
●
●
●
●

median

●
● ● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
(50th percentile)
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ●
● ●
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
● ● ● ●
 Studio

boxplots
● ● ●

● ●

●
●
●
●
●
●

median

●
● ● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
(50th percentile)
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ●
●
● ●
●
●
(25th percentile)
● ● ●
● ●
● ●
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
● ● ● ●
 Studio

boxplots
● ● ●

● ●

●
●
●
●
●
●

(75th percentile)
●

median

●
● ● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
(50th percentile)
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ●
●
● ●
●
●
(25th percentile)
● ● ●
● ●
● ●
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
● ● ● ●
 Studio

boxplots
● ● ●

Outliers
● ●

●
●
●
●
●
●

●
●
Common
Typical

● ● ●
● ● ● values values
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ●
● ●
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
● ● ● ●
 Studio

boxplots
● ● ●

● ●

●
●
●
●
●
●

●
● Inter-Quartile Range

(IQR)
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ●
● ●
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
● ● ● ●
 Studio

boxplots
● ● ●

● ●

●
●
● 1.5 x IQR
●
●
●

●
● Inter-Quartile Range

(IQR)
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ● 1.5 x IQR
● ●
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
● ● ● ●
 How could we make the
relationship between class
and hwy easier to read?

qplot(class, hwy, data = mpg, geom = "boxplot")

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
qplot(reorder(class, hwy), hwy, data = mpg, geom = "boxplot")
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Your turn

Read the help for reorder. Redraw the

previous plots with class ordered by
median hwy.

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

Help pages

Tips:

• scan page for relevant info

• ignore things that don't make sense

• try out the examples

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Description
Useful overview

Usage
Good place to spot default values

Arguments
explanation of each argument

Value
what the function returns

Examples
Most helpful section!
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
qplot(reorder(class, hwy, FUN = median), hwy, data = mpg,
geom = "boxplot") © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
http://docs.ggplot2.org/current/
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
Diamonds
 Studio

http://www.mlcld.com/colour.aspx © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Studio

IF VVS1 VVS2 VS1

VS2 SI1 SI2 I1

http://www.thediamondsexperts.com/diamonds-guide © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Bar charts
 Your turn

What types of plots do the following lines

of code return?

qplot(x, z, data = diamonds)

qplot(x, data = diamonds)
qplot(cut, data = diamonds)

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

Default geoms for

qplot
Two variables → scatterplot (point)

One continuous variable → histogram

One categorical variable → bar chart

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

Fill
geoms that span an area have both a color aesthetic and a fill
aesthetic.

qplot(cut, data = diamonds, geom = "bar", * = cut)

* = color * = fill © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Position
adjustments
 5000

Can you make this

4000 plot? Try it.

cut
3000
Fair
Good
count

Very Good
Premium
2000
Ideal

1000

D E F G H I J
color
geom == "bar",
color, data = diamonds, geom
qplot(color, "bar", fill
fill == cut)
cut
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
qplot(color, data = diamonds, geom = "bar", fill = cut)
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
Studio

position adjustment
How your graph arranges geoms that overlap with each
other.

qplot(color, data = diamonds, fill = cut, position = "stack")

Set the adjustment method

with the position argument

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Your turn
What do each of the position adjustments below
do?

qplot(color, data = diamonds, fill = cut,

position = "stack")
qplot(color, data = diamonds, fill = cut,
position = "dodge")
qplot(color, data = diamonds, fill = cut,
position = "identity")
qplot(color, data = diamonds, fill = cut,
position = "fill")

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

 stack dodge

identity
(overlaps, last on top)
fill
(displays proportions)

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

 ● ●

What is odd about ●

this plot?
40

●
● ●
●
●
● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ●

30 ● ● ●

hwy ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
●

20 ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
●
●

10 15 20 25 30 35
cty
qplot(cty, hwy, data = mpg) © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 ● ●

What is odd about ●

this plot?
40

●
● ●
●
●
● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ●

30 ● ● ●

hwy ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ●

The points are arranged in a grid.

● ● ●
●

20
The measurements were probably
● ● ●
● ● ●

measured to the nearest integer.

● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
●
!
●

● Many points are probably hidden

behind other points.
10 15 20 25 30 35
cty
qplot(cty, hwy, data = mpg) © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 ● ●

40

●
●
●
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35
●
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30 ●
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●
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● ●● ●
hwy
●● ●
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●
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15 ●
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●

●
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●●

10 15 20 25 30 35
cty
qplot(cty, hwy, data = mpg, position = "jitter") © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 ● ●

40

●
●
●
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35
●
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30 ●
●
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●
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● ●● ●
hwy
●● ●
● ● ●● ● ●
●
● ●●●● ● ●
● ●●
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25 ● ●● ● ● ● ●
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20 ●● ●● ● ●●●
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15 ●
●
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●
●

●
●●
●●

10 15 20 25 30 35
cty
qplot(cty, hwy, data = mpg, geom = "jitter") © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
Studio

jittering
The jittering adjustment adds random noise to each point.
As a result they are unlikely to overlap.

Jittering is so common that ggplot2 comes with a jitter

geom. Its just a short cut for a point geom with a jitter
position adjustment. e.g., these are the same

qplot(cty, hwy, data = mpg, geom = "point", position = "jitter")

qplot(cty, hwy, data = mpg, geom = "jitter")

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

Summary
method effect

No adjustment. Geoms are allowed to overlap (some may be hidden behind

"identity"
others).

"stack" Overlapping geoms are placed one above the other.

"dodge" Overlapping geoms are placed beside each other.

The available space is divided proportionately between the overlapping

"fill"
geoms.

"jitter" Random noise is added to the position of each geom.

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Histograms
y

20 30 40
x © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
binwidth

12
12
11
10
8 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5
5 5 5 4
3 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 1
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1

20 30 40
x © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 12
count

5
4
3
1

20 30 40
x © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
binwidth

10

6
5
4
3 3
1 1

20 30 40
x © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
20 30 40
x © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
Studio

Parameters

Similar to aesthetics.

A parameter is input that controls the appearance of

the graph, but does not map appearance to data. e r
e t
a m
a r
a p
re
s a
t h
wid
Bin

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

Parameters

parameter
value
name

qplot(displ, data = mpg, binwidth = 1)

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

qplot(carat, data = diamonds, binwidth = 1)
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
qplot(carat, data = diamonds, binwidth = 0.1)
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
qplot(carat, data = diamonds, binwidth = 0.01)
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Most parameters
come with a preset
default value

e n
e r
i ff r s
d t e
se e
u a m
s a r
o m p
e nd
t g a
e n i c s
e r e t
i ff t h
qplot(carat, data = diamonds) D es
stat_bin: binwidth defaulted to range/30. a© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
Studio

Additional variables

Often switching geoms is more effective

than adding aesthetics or faceting to a
histogram

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

 4000

count 3000

2000

1000

56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70
zoom <- coord_cartesian(xlim
depth= c(55, 70))
qplot(depth, data = diamonds, binwidth = 0.2) + zoom
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 4000

3000

cut
Fair
Good
count

2000 Very Good

Premium
Ideal

1000

0 Fill is the aesthetic

for fill color
56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70
depth
qplot(depth, data = diamonds, binwidth = 0.2, fill = cut) + zoom
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Fair Good Very Good

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
count

Premium Ideal
But hard to
2500
compare because:

2000
1. separated into
1500 separate facets

1000 2. shape
500 compressed for
0
smaller groups
56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70
depth
qplot(depth, data = diamonds, binwidth = 0.2) +
zoom + facet_wrap(~ cut) © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
What if we just drew a line along the tops of the
histograms, and threw away the bars?
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 freqpoly

qplot(depth, data = diamonds, geom = "freqpoly", color = cut,

binwidth = 0.2) + zoom + facet_wrap(~ cut) © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
qplot(depth, data = diamonds, geom = "freqpoly",
color = cut, binwidth = 0.2) + zoom © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 density

qplot(depth, data = diamonds, geom = "density",

color = cut) + zoom © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Your turn

Compare the distribution of price for the

different cuts. Does anything seem
unusual?

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Large distances
make
comparisons hard

qplot(price, data = diamonds, binwidth = 500) +

facet_wrap(~ cut) © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Stacked heights
hard to compare

qplot(price, data = diamonds, binwidth = 500,

fill = cut) © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Much better - but
still have differing
relative abundance

qplot(price, data = diamonds, binwidth = 500,

geom = "freqpoly", color = cut) © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
qplot(price, data = diamonds, geom = "density",
color = cut) © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Is this helpful?

qplot(carat, price, data = diamonds, color = cut)

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
Geoms for
Big Data
 bin2d

qplot(carat, price, data = diamonds, geom = "bin2d")

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 hex

# install.packages("hexbin")
qplot(carat, price, data = diamonds, geom = "hex")
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 density2d

qplot(carat, price, data = diamonds, geom = "density2d")

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 density2d

qplot(carat, price, data = diamonds,

geom = c("point", "density2d"))
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 smooth

qplot(carat, price, data = diamonds, geom = "smooth")

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 smooth

color

qplot(carat, price, data = diamonds, geom = "smooth", color = cut)

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 smooth

group

qplot(carat, price, data = diamonds, geom = "smooth", group = cut)

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 smooth

se

qplot(carat, price, data = diamonds, geom = "smooth",

color = cut, se = FALSE) © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 smooth

method

qplot(carat, price, data = diamonds, geom = "smooth",

color = cut, se = FALSE, method = lm) © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
Studio

Size and transparency

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Your turn

What will this code do?

qplot(carat, price, data = diamonds, color = "blue")

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

qplot(carat, price, data = diamonds, color = "blue")
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
Studio

You can turn an “aesthetic” into a parameter by

surrounding the value with I()

qplot(carat, price, data = diamonds, qplot(carat, price, data = diamonds,

color = "blue") color = I("blue"))

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

qplot(carat, price, data = diamonds) qplot(carat, price, data = diamonds,

size = I(0.5))

qplot(carat, price, data = diamonds, qplot(carat, price, data = diamonds,

alpha = I(0.1)) size = I(0.5), alpha = I(0.1))

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Saving
graphs
 Your turn

What does this command return?

r? e
te fil
pu at
getwd()

m th
co nd
ur fi
yo ouy
on ld
ou
C
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
Studio

Working directory
When you start R, it associates itself with a folder
(i.e, directory) on your computer.

• This folder is known as your "working directory"

• When you save files, R will save them here

• When you load files, R will look for them here

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

The files pane of RStudio displays the contents of

your working directory

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

Changing the Working directory

First option: Navigate in the files pane to a new
directory. Click More>Set As Working Directory

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

Changing the Working directory

Second option: In the toolbar, go to Session>Set
Working Directory>Choose Directory...

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Your turn

Change your working directory to the

folder you downloaded for today's course.

Note: this folder came as a .zip archive.

You must extract the .zip file before you
can use it as a directory.

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

# Find out where your working directory is

getwd()
!

# List files in that directory

dir()

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Studio

Saving plots
# Uses size on screen:
ggsave("my-plot.pdf")
ggsave("my-plot.png")
!

# Specify size in inches

ggsave("my-plot.pdf", width = 6, height = 6)

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
 PDF PNG

Vector based 
 Raster based


(can zoom in infinitely) (made up of pixels)

Good for plots with thousands of

Good for most plots
points

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

Summary
Studio

qplot + aesthetics = 100’s of plots

qplot + geoms = 100’s of plots

qplot + geoms + aesthetics = 1000’s of plots

qplot + geoms + aesthetics + parameters = 100,000’s

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

How to build a plot

© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

 30

25

hwy
20

15

2 3 4 5
displ

Coordinate system © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

hwy disp cyl class

17 5 8 suv
30
20 2.7 4 pickup

17 4 6 suv

25 2.8 6 compact

27 3.1 6 compact

30 2 4 compact
25
25 2.8 6 compact

23 2.8 6 compact

26 3 6 midsize

17 5.4 8 pickup

hwy
28 2.5 5 subcompact
20
29 3.5 6 midsize

26 2.4 4 midsize

29 2 4 midsize

15 5.4 8 pickup

29 1.8 4 compact
15
18 5.7 8 suv

12 4.7 8 pickup

26 2.8 6 compact

24 3.3 6 minivan
2 3 4 5
displ

Data Coordinate system © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.

hwy disp cyl class

17 5 8 suv
30
20 2.7 4 pickup

17 4 6 suv

25 2.8 6 compact

27 3.1 6 compact

30 2 4 compact
25
25 2.8 6 compact

23 2.8 6 compact

26 3 6 midsize

17 5.4 8 pickup

hwy
28 2.5 5 subcompact
20
29 3.5 6 midsize

26 2.4 4 midsize

29 2 4 midsize

15 5.4 8 pickup

29 1.8 4 compact
15
18 5.7 8 suv

12 4.7 8 pickup

26 2.8 6 compact

24 3.3 6 minivan
2 3 4 5
displ

Data Geom Coordinate system © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
Aesthetic mappings

hwy disp cyl class

17 5 8 suv
30
20 2.7 4 pickup

17 4 6 suv

25 2.8 6 compact

27 3.1 6 compact

30 2 4 compact
25
25 2.8 6 compact

23 2.8 6 compact

26 3 6 midsize

17 5.4 8 pickup

hwy
28 2.5 5 subcompact
20
29 3.5 6 midsize

26 2.4 4 midsize

29 2 4 midsize

15 5.4 8 pickup

29 1.8 4 compact
15
18 5.7 8 suv

12 4.7 8 pickup

26 2.8 6 compact

24 3.3 6 minivan
2 3 4 5
displ

Data Geom Coordinate system © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
Aesthetic mappings
color
hwy disp cyl class

17 5 8 suv
30
20 2.7 4 pickup

17 4 6 suv

25 2.8 6 compact

27 3.1 6 compact

30 2 4 compact
25
25 2.8 6 compact

23 2.8 6 compact

26 3 6 midsize

17 5.4 8 pickup

hwy
28 2.5 5 subcompact
20
29 3.5 6 midsize

26 2.4 4 midsize

29 2 4 midsize

15 5.4 8 pickup

29 1.8 4 compact
15
18 5.7 8 suv

12 4.7 8 pickup

26 2.8 6 compact

24 3.3 6 minivan
2 3 4 5
displ

Data Geom Coordinate system © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
Aesthetic mappings
y x color
Position Adjustment
hwy disp cyl class

17 5 8 suv
30
20 2.7 4 pickup

17 4 6 suv

25 2.8 6 compact

27 3.1 6 compact

30 2 4 compact
25
25 2.8 6 compact

23 2.8 6 compact

26 3 6 midsize

17 5.4 8 pickup

hwy
28 2.5 5 subcompact
20
29 3.5 6 midsize

26 2.4 4 midsize

29 2 4 midsize

15 5.4 8 pickup

29 1.8 4 compact
15
18 5.7 8 suv

12 4.7 8 pickup

26 2.8 6 compact

24 3.3 6 minivan
2 3 4 5
displ

Data Geom Coordinate system © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
Aesthetic mappings Facet (or not)
y x color
Position Adjustment
hwy disp cyl class

17 5 8 suv 4 5
30 ●
20 2.7 4 pickup ●●
●
17 4 6 suv
●

25 2.8 6 compact 25

27 3.1 6 compact

30 2 4 compact 20 ●

25 2.8 6 compact

23 2.8 6 compact
15
26 3 6 midsize

17 5.4 8 pickup

hwy
28 2.5 5 subcompact 6 8
30
29 3.5 6 midsize ●

26 2.4 4 midsize ●
●●
29 2 4 midsize 25 ●
●
●
15 5.4 8 pickup

29 1.8 4 compact
20
18 5.7 8 suv ●
● ● ●
12 4.7 8 pickup
15 ●
26 2.8 6 compact

24 3.3 6 minivan ●

2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5
displ

Data Geom Coordinate system © 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2014 RStudio, Inc. All rights reserved.