TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT

ON
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

Submitted in
Partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

By
K.CHETANA
(15D21A05I6)

Department Of Computer Science and Engineering

SRIDEVI WOMEN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Approved by AICTE and affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
V.N.PALLY, Hyderabad-75
2019-2020
 Department Of Computer Science and Engineering
SRIDEVI WOMEN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)

V.N.PALLY, Hyderabad-75

2019-2020

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the TECHNICAL SEMINAR report entitled “WIRELESS

TECHNOLOGY” is being submitted by Ms. K.CHETANA(H.T. NO: 15D21A05I6 )in
partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science
and Engineering is a record of bonafied work carried out by her.

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF COORDINATOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Mrs. KRISHNAVENI RITESH BABU Dr. GAUTAMI LATHA

Assistant Professor Associate Professor Professor & HOD
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I would like to express my deep gratitude towards my internal
guide Mrs. KRISHNAVENI, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR in CSE and RITESH
BABU ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR in CSE for his support in completion of my
technical seminar report. I wish to express my sincere thanks to our
Dr.GAUTAMI LATHA PROFESSOR & HOD, DEPT. OF CSE and also to my
Principal Dr.B.L.MALLESWARI for providing the facilities to complete the
technical seminar.

I would like to thank all my faculty and friends for the guidance and
constant cooperation who are extended all possible help to complete the task.
Finally I am very much indebted to my parents for their moral support and
encouragement to achieve goals.
 TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER TOPIC PAGENO
Certificate

Acknowledgement

Abstract

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Wireless technology 1

1.2 How does it works 2

1.3 Before invent of wireless 2

1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 3

1.5 Applications 4

2 What is GPS 5

2.1 How GPS works 6

2.2 Triangulating from Satellites 7

2.3 Measuring distance from satellite 8

2.4 Getting perfect timing 9

2.5 Determining exact location 10

2.6 Putting GPS to work 11

3 Applications of GPS 10

3.1 Disadvantages of GPS 11

4 WI-FI 12

5 WIFI-SECURITY 13

5.1 Advantages of WI-FI 14

5.2 Disadvantages of WI-FI 15

 5.3 Applications of WI-FI 16

6 BLUETOOTH 17

6.1 How it works 18

6.2 Ad Hoc Networking 19

6.3 Applications of Bluetooth 20

6.4 Advantages of Bluetooth 21

7 Conclusion 22

Reference 23
 LIST OF FIGURES

S.NO. Fig. No. Fig. Name Page no.

1. 1.1 Wireless architecture 2
2. 2.1 Constellations of 24 satellites 5
3. 2.2 GPS working 6
4. 2.3 Triangulation of satellites 7
5. 2.4 Measure distance from satellite 8
6. 2.5 third satellite 8
7. 2.6 getting perfect timing 9
8. 2.7 4th satellite makes timing 9
9. 2.8 knowing where satellite is 10
10. 2.9 Putting GPS to work 10
11 3.1 WI-FI network 20
12. 4.1 Bluetooth chip 25
13. 4.2 Bluetooth enabled watch 26
14. 4.3 Bluetooth for many use 27
ABSTRACT
The primary means of communicating information of these days are
voice and Internet. The unlimited accesses to Internet and sheer
number of people connected to the Internet have made industry
captain realize its potential. The industry now plans its marketing and
communication strategies around the Internet. Today every banking to
education, research to health-care is affected by it. E-mail is the way
to communicate today. Practically who use the Internet uses E-mail.
The wireless technologies and the Internet were growing separately.
The wireless industry initially struggled within a number of issues
like low bandwidth and low connection stability, to bring Internet to
its users. They came together to form a common forum to tackle these
issues. This forum is called the WAP .The wireless application
protocol.
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Despite the attention of wired technology received over the years,
there is still much room for innovative design. Explorations of
wireless technology had made the work easier.
1.1 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
Wireless technology refers to technology that allows us to
communicate without using cables or wires. With wireless
technology, people and other entities can communicate over a very
long distances.
The birth of wireless technology started with the discovery of
electromagnetic waves by Heinrich hertz (1857-1894), Marconi
(1874-1937)
Wireless networking has predominantly become more popular over
the past few years, with advancement in technology.
The 1st wireless transmitters went on the air in the early 20th century
using radio.
With wireless data services, one can receive faxes, browse the
internet, sends and receives emails or play video games, all on the
wireless phone telegraphy.
Wireless, can be configured in 2 ways
(i)Ad hoc networks
(ii)Infrastructure mode
Both ad hoc and infrastructure mode needs a Network adapter called
WLAN cards.
1.2 HOW WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY WORKS
Inside the wireless phone, there is a compact speaker, a microphone, a
key board, a display screen, and a power -full circuit board with
microprocessors that make each phone a miniature computer.
When connected to a wireless network, these bundles of technologies
allow people to make phone calls or exchange data with other phones
and computers around the world.
Wireless networks operate on a grid that divides cities or regions into
smaller cells.

WIRELESS ARCHITECTURE
BEFORE INVENT OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
Before the invention of wireless technology .There was wired
technology where devices were connected with wires.
Wired devices have more security when compared to wireless.
The user needs to be present at system in order to communicate with
other devices.
1.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADAVNTAGES
ADAVANTAGES
1. Increased Efficiency: Improved data communications leads to
faster transfer of information within business and between partners
and customers
2. Access and Availability: Wireless technology allows user to
communicate while on the move, you are rarely out of touch-you
don't need extra cables or adaptors to access office network.
3. Flexibility: Office based wireless workers can network without
sitting at dedicated computers and can continue to do productive work
while away from office.
4. Cost Savings: Wireless networks can be easier and cheaper to
install.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Security: Wireless transmission is more exposed to attack by
unauthorised users.
2. Installation Problems: Experience interference if other in same
building also uses wireless technology.
3. Transmission Speeds: Wireless transmission can be slower and less
efficient than 'wired 'networks.
4. Coverage: In some buildings getting consistent coverage can be
difficult, leading to 'black spots' where the signal isn't available.
APPLICATIONS OF WIRLESS TECHNOLOGY
Wireless technology is becoming an integral part of our everyday life.
Recent advances in networking technology have enabled portable
computing devices to link up with servers through wireless
networking.
Some of the applications are:
1. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
2. BLUETOOTH
3. WI-FI (WIRELESS-FEDILITY)
4. ZIGBEE
5. SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
6. NEAR-FIELD COMMUNICATIONS (NFC)
 CHAPTER-2

Global positioning system (GPS)

Global positioning system (GPS), space-based radio navigation
system, consisting of 24 satellites and ground support, that provides
accurate, three-dimensional position, velocity, and time, 24 hours a
day, everywhere in the world, and in all weather conditions. Because
the user doesn’t communicate to the satellite, GPS serves an unlimited
number of users.

What is GPS?

Fig 2.1

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a worldwide radio-

Navigation system formed from a constellation of 24 satellites and
their ground stations.GPS uses these "man-made stars" as reference
points to calculate positions accurate. In a sense it's like giving every
square meter on the planet a unique address.GPS receivers have been
miniaturized to just a few integrated circuits and so are becoming very
Economical. And that makes the technology accessible to virtually
everyone. These days GPS is finding its way into cars, boats, planes,
construction equipment, movie making gear, farm machinery, even
laptop computers.
How GPS works?

Fig 2.2

Here's how GPS works in five logical steps:

We're using the word "triangulation" very loosely here because it's a
word most people can
Understand, but purists would not call what GPS does "triangulation"
because no angles are involved.
It's really "Trilateration".
Trilateration is the basis of GPS is Triangulation from satellites.
a method of determining the relative positions of objects using the
geometry of Triangles. To
"Triangulate," a GPS receiver measures distance using the travel time
of radio signals. To Measure travel time, GPS needs very accurate
timing which it achieves with some tricks. Along with distance, you
need to know exactly where the satellites are in space. High orbits
and Careful monitoring are the secret. Finally you must correct for
any delays the signal experiences as it travels through the atmosphere
Triangulating from Satellites

Fig2.3
Improbable as it may seem, the whole idea behind GPS is to use
satellites in space as reference points for locations here on earth.

Suppose we measure our distance from a satellite and find it to be

11,000 miles .Knowing that we're 11,000 miles from a particular
satellite narrows down all the possible locations we could be in the
whole universe to the surface of a sphere that is centred on this
satellite and has a radius of 11,000miles.

Next, we measure our distance to a second satellite and find out that
it's 12,000 miles away. That tells us that we're not only on the first
sphere but we're also on a sphere that's 12,000 miles from the second
satellite. Or in other words, we're somewhere on the circle where
these two spheres intersecting.
If we then make a measurement from a third satellite and find that
we're 13,000 miles from that one that narrows our position down even
further, to the two points where the 13,000 mile sphere cuts through
the circle that's the intersection of the first two spheres.
So by ranging from three satellites we can narrow our position to just
two points in space.

Measuring Distance from a Satellite

Fig2.4 Fig2.5
We saw in the last section that a position is calculated from distance
measurements to at least three satellites. In the case of GPS we're
measuring a radio signal so the velocity is going to be the speed of
light or roughly 186,000 miles per second.
These two versions would be out of sync. The version coming from
the satellite would be a little delayed because it had to travel more
than 11,000 miles. If we wanted to see just how delayed the satellite's
version was, we could start delaying the receiver's version until they
fell into perfect sync.
The amount we have to shift back the receiver's version is equal to
the travel time of the satellite's version. So we just multiply that time
time the speed of light and BINGO! We've got our distance to the
satellite.

Getting perfect timing

Fig2.6

Fig2.7
Satellite Positions :
The Air Force has injected each GPS satellite into a very precise orbit,
according to the GPS master plan
Satellite Positions:
The Air Force has injected each GPS satellite into a very precise orbit,
according to the GPS master plan
Fig2.8
GPS Master Plan
The launch of the 24th block II satellite in March of 1994 completed
the GPS constellation.
Four additional satellites are in reserve to be launched "on need."
The spacing’s of the satellites are arranged so that a minimum of five
satellites are in view from every point on the globe.
Putting GPS to work

Fig2.9
GPS technology has matured into a resource that goes far beyond its
original design goals. These days scientists, sportsmen, farmers,
soldiers, pilots, surveyors, hikers, delivery drivers, sailors,
dispatchers, lumberjacks, fire-fighters, and people from many other
Walks of life are using GPS in ways that make their work more
productive, safer, and sometimes even easier.
In this section you will see a few examples of real-world applications
of GPS.
These applications fall into three broad categories.
Location - determining a basic position
Navigation - getting from one location to another
Timing - bringing precise timing to the world

APPLICATIONS
Natural Resource Application:
Natural resource specialists, such as foresters, geologists,
geographers, and biologists, use GPS mapping systems to record GPS
position and attribute information. For example, foresters record,
attribute information about age, health, quantity, and type of timber.
Urban Application:
Urban application of GPS mapping systems includes mapping
transportation and utility infrastructure. Streets and highways are
digitized by driving along the roads while recording the GPS
positions.
Agricultural Mapping:
GPS mapping systems help delineate field characteristics for farming.
Microclimates, soil types, crop stress, weed infestations, plant
Diseases, insect damage, and crop yield are recorded and referenced
directly to this location.

Social Science Application:

Archaeologists and historians use GPS mapping systems to navigate
to and record information about unmarked sites. These locations are
recorded using a data collector and are called waypoints. Waypoints
are useful for navigation to a location.
DISADVANTAGES
In Accuracy: GPS devices rely upon receiving signals from at least
four satellites. If they connect with only three, the positioning is not
fully accurate.
Signal failure: Sole reliance on GPS can cause problem if you suffer
a signal failure, or you are using a battery-operated device that runs
out of power
Driving Distraction: GPS devices are by their very nature distracting
.in theory, they relay you audio instructions and all you have to do is
glance over at the map occasionally.
 CHAPTER-3

WI-FI
INTRODUCTION

What is mean by Wi-Fi?

Suppose that a businessman is attending conference. He has his
laptop with him and at the same time he wants some information
from Internet too quickly & easily without worrying about finding a
wired connection. Then what will be the solution? For this the
solution is Wi-Fi that is you can connect your PCs with the net
wirelessly.
Wi-Fi is the acronym for wireless fidelity. It is new advancement in
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Networks) technology. It is discovered
in 2002.

Fig 3.1:WI-FI network

WLAN & HOW IT WORKS:

A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a flexible data communication

system implemented as an extension to or as an alternative for, a
wired LAN within a building or campus.
Using electromagnetic waves, wireless LANs transmit and
receive data over the air, minimizing the need for wired connections.
Thus, wireless LANs combine data connectivity with user mobility
and through simplified configuration, enable movable LANs.
It can bring broadband access to underserved populations at a
fraction of the cost alternative wired or wireless technologies.

Security:
Wireless security is important and all Wi-Fi wireless networks
provide wired equivalent privacy (WEP) a basic encryption
technology that can prevent eavesdropping.
Some Wi-Fi certified access points or gateways also provide access
control function to restrict access to Wi-Fi network.
WEP is designed to make the security of the wireless medium equal
to that of a wired medium. WEP encryption prevents unauthorized
access to the network as well as the capture of wireless LAN traffic.
WEP uses a shared key system, whereby both the wireless enabled
computer and the access points are given the same key string, and the
device without this key is denied access.
ADVANTAGES

1. Flexible: With a wireless network any businessman and his staff

can have uninterrupted access to people, information and tools
as he and his staff move through the workplace with their
mobile pc.

2. Responsive: As you change your business operations, your

wireless network can change with you.

3. Customized: Your wireless network can be configured the way

you want it-even combined with your current wired network.

4. Fast: 11Mbps throughput and advanced roaming capabilities

provide reliable access to e-mail, net, file sharing and other
network resources away from the desk.

5. Cost-effective: Expand and extend your existing network by

simply adding more adapters and access points.

6. Secure: Current STDs utilize 64 and 128-Bit WEP encryption to

help guard the network from intruders and protect data in transit.

7. Wi-Fi is superior to 3G in terms of supported data rate.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Roaming and Billing problem: When user hand off from one
carrier to another it is not transparent to user. Due to this user have
to pay different charges
.
2. Due to 2.4GHz band microwave ovens are major source of
interference.
3. Due to many wireless devices using this band high congestion
occurs
.
4. Because it is unlicensed additional applications may target this
band in future.

5. Also here as we go on increasing the range data rate decreases.

APPLICATIONS:-

1. Office WI-FI: It can send instant messages to your co-workers

while you are sitting in a conference room. Also it enables staff
to access the net wherever they are: meeting room, boardroom,
between buildings, shop floor or warehouse. Hence costs of
office relocation can be saved as rewiring & reconfiguration is
eliminated. It supports a maximum of 256 users.
2. School WI-FI: It enables teacher and learners to have access
to information and courses in any place. Hence there is
improved delivery of course material, delivered online in real
time.

3. Home WI-FI: A Wi-Fi network can connect a family's

computers together to share such hardware and software
resources as printers and the net. That means everyone in
family can share stored files, photos, and documents and print
them out on a single printer attached to one desktop computer -
all without unsightly cables running throughout the home.

4. Many airports, hotels, coffee shops, industries etc. are

implementing this technology.
 CHAPTER-4

BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless personal area
networks (PAN), through a short range radio technology. Bluetooth
wireless technology makes it possible to transmit signals over short
ranges and exchange information and thereby simplify
communication and synchronization between devices between
devices like mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers, digital cameras.

Symbol of Bluetooth

Fig4.1

Bluetooth chip
Bluetooth provides a short range wireless communication between
devices making it convenient for users and thus eliminating the need
for messy cables.

It is a global standard that:

0. Facilitates both data and voice communication.

1. Offers the possibility of ad hoc networks and delivers the
ultimate synchronicity between all your personal devices.

How it works
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology used to create PANs
(Personal Area Networks) among your devices and with other nearby
devices. Bluetooth requires that a low-cost transceiver chip be
included in each device. Connections can be point-to-point or
multipoint. The maximum range is 10 meters. Data can be
exchanged at a rate of 1 megabit per second.
Bluetooth can connect up to eight devices simultaneously. With all of
those devices in the same 10-meter. It doesn't require line of sight
between communicating devices.

Ad Hoc Networking:
A device equipped with a Bluetooth radio can establish instant
connection to another Bluetooth radio as soon as it comes into range
.Ad hoc networking means the network that forms immediately based
on the instruction or the information.

When you get a signal from one Bluetooth device to be connected to

another then instantly a tiny network forms between them. This is
known as Ad hoc Networking
APPLICATIONS
Data and voice access points:

Bluetooth facilitates real-time voice and data transmissions by

providing effortless wireless connection of portable and stationary
communications devices.

Cable replacement:

Bluetooth eliminates the need for numerous, often proprietary

cable attachments for connection of practically any kind of
communications device. Connections are instant and are
maintained even when devices are not within line of sight. The
range of each radio is approximately 10 m, but can be extended to
100 m with an optional amplifier.

Fig 4.2: A Bluetooth enabled watch

IBM researchers are working on a number of personal devices like a

Watch Pad that could be connected with other devices through
Bluetooth. The Watch Pad is very thin and contains 8MB of RAM.
They are also working on a version of Cyber Phone called Cyber
Phone - that can project data onto a small mirror. The Cyber Phone
can show as much information as a small PDA because of high
resolution VGA screen
Fig4.3

Bluetooth used for many purpose.

ADVANTAGES:-
Bluetooth is low power consuming and low processing with an
overhead protocol. It means that it is the best for integration with
small battery powered devices. This means Bluetooth wireless
technology could take place in every device, machinery, robot etc.

1. Simplicity:

You do not need to know much about technology in order to run

Bluetooth. Anyone that doesn’t have any knowledge about the new
technology can still is able to use the Bluetooth feature due to its
simplicity and the ease of use.

2. Wireless:

It allows you to stay cord free and do not have to worry about finding
the correct place to connect that extra long cord.

3. Rejecting the request through your phone:

You have the ability to keep your information private. In order to

make a transfer or allow someone to access the files on your phone,
you will have to give them access by accepting the request.
FUTURE PROSPECTS:
Here we examine just a few new Bluetooth application domains, in
addition to those already being developed as new profiles within the
Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG).

Retail and Mobile e-Commerce:

As Bluetooth wireless technology is incorporated in more personal

mobile devices, it enables new uses for those devices. One such use is
that of a mobile device as a method of payment for goods and
services.

Travel:

The travel industry is always seeking new ways to save time and
enhance convenience for travelers. Here we present a few ways in
which Bluetooth wireless technology could enhance travel scenarios.

Home Networking:

In-home networks are becoming more common as people want to

enhance their convenience, security and safety at home and use their
personal devices in home environments (as well as elsewhere).
Bluetooth technology can be especially useful in home networks
because it does not require any wires to be installed in the home to
allow devices to communicate.
CONCLUSION
As the world walking with the new technologies, GPS is adding one
step for going forward.GPS technology has matured into a resource
that goes far beyond its original design goals. The public access
WLAN i.e. Wi-Fi is projected to be a hot growth opportunity over the
next several years. For WI-FI challenges are more business related,
not technical, and can be overcome through the co-operation of many
diverse. Bluetooth without any cost can be used to share files, audio
and videos
Indeed we think it just may become a universal utility.

“Anywhere you want access

To net you can”
REFERENCES

1. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth

2. www.google.com

3. www.webopedia.com

4. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi

5.www.electronicforu.com
.