By:

ALTAF HUSSAIN
 Thevocabulary of the UML encompasses three
kinds of building blocks:
1. Things/ Elements
2. Relationships
3. Diagrams

 Things are the abstractions that are first-class

citizens in a model; relationships tie these things
together, diagrams group interesting collections
of things.
 UML Basics

Elements Relationships Diagrams

Class
Interface Dependency
Collaboration Association Static Diagrams Dynamic Diagrams
Use Case Generalization
Active Class Realization
Component
Node Class Diagram Activity Diagram
Object Diagram Collaboration Diagram
Interaction Component Diagram Sequence Diagram
State Machine Deployment Diagram State Diagram
Use Case Diagram
Packages

Note
 There are four kind of things in the UML…
1. Structural Things
2. Behavioral Things
3. Grouping Things
4. Annotational Things

 These things are the basic object-oriented

building blocks of the UML. You use them to
write well-formed models.
 These are nouns of UML models. These are the
mostly static parts of a model, representing
elements that are either conceptual or physical.
 There are seven kind of structural things:
1. Class
2. Interface
3. Collaboration
4. Use Case
5. Active Class
6. Component
7. Node
 Class is a description of a set of
objects that share the same
attributes, operations, relationships,
and semantics.
 A class implements one or more
interfaces.
 Graphically, a class is rendered as
a rectangle, usually including its
name, attributes, and operations.
 Interface is a collection of operations that specify
a service of a class or components.
 An interface therefore describes the externally
visible behavior of that elements.
 It represents a complete behavior of a class or
component or only a part of that behavior.
 It defines a set of operation specifications (that is,
their signatures) but never a set of operation
implementations.
 Graphically, it is rendered as a circle together with
its name.
 It rarely stands alone. Rather it is typically
attached to a class or components that realizes it.
 Collaboration defines an interaction and is a
society of roles and other elements that work
together to provide some cooperative behavior
that is bigger than the sum of all elements.
 Collaboration have structural as well as
behavioral dimensions.
 A class might participate in several
collaborations.
 They represent the implementation of patterns
that make a system.
 It is rendered as an ellipse with dash lines
usually includes only its name.
 A use case is a description of set of sequence of actions
that a system performs and yields an observable result of
value to a particular actor.
 A use case is used to structure the behavioral things in a
model.
 A use case is realized by a collaboration.
 Graphically, a use case is rendered as an ellipse with
solid lines, usually including only its name.
 Active class is a class whose objects own one or more
processes or threads and therefore can initiate control
activity.
 An active class is just like a class except its objects
represents the elements whose behavior is concurrent
with other elements.
 Graphically, its rendered like a class but with a heavy
lines…
 Component is a physical and replaceable part of a system
that confirms to and provide the realization of a set of
interfaces.
 In a system we find different deployment components:
COM+ components, Java beans, components that are part
of deployment process like source code files.
 A component typically represents the physical packaging of
a system or otherwise logical elements like classes, and
interfaces.
 Its graphically presented a rectangle with tab including its
name…
 Node is a physical element that exists at runtime and
represents a computational resource, generally having at
least some memory and, often processing capability

 A set of components may reside on a node and may also

migrate from node to node.
 It is graphically, rendered as a cube including its name….
 These are verbs of UML models. These are the dynamic
parts of a UML model, representing behavior over time
and space.

 There are two kind of behavioral things:

1. Interaction
2. State Machine
 Interaction is a behavior comprises a set of messages
exchanged among a set of objects within a particular context
to accomplish a specific purpose.
 The behavior of a set of objects or an individual operation
may be specified with the interaction.
 An interaction involves a number of other elements including
messages, action sequence( the behavior invoked by a
message) and links (the connection between objects).
 Graphically it is rendered as directed line including name of
the operation.
 State machine is a behavior that specifies the sequences of
states an object or interaction goes through during its lifetime
in response to events, together with the responses to those
events.
 The behavior of a class or collaboration of classes may be
specified with a state machine.
 A state machine involves a number of other elements,
including states, transitions (the flow from state to state),
events (things that trigger transition), and activities (the
response to a transition).
 Graphically a state is rendered as round rectangle
 , usually includes name & its substates, if any…
 These two elements – interaction and state machine – are
the basic behavioral things that you may include in a UML
model.

 Semantically these elements are usually connected to

various structural elements primarily classes, collaborations,
and objects
 Grouping things are the organizational part of UML models.
These are the boxes into which a model can be
decomposed. In all, there is one primary kind of grouping
thing, namely Package.
 Package is a general purpose machine for organizing
elements into groups. Structural things, behavioral things, and
even other grouping things may be placed in a package.
 Unlike components (which exists at runtime, a package is
purely conceptual (meaning that it exists only at development
time)
 Graphically rendered as tabbed folder having its name and
sometimes its contents.
 Annotational things are the explanatory parts of UML models.
These are the components you may apply to describe, and
remark about any element in a UML model.
 There is one primary kind of annotational thing called Note.
 A Note is simply a symbol for rendering constraints and
comments attached to an element or collection of elements.
 Graphically it is rendered as a rectangle with a dog-ear
corner, together with a textual or graphical comments.
 There are four kind of relationships in the UML…
1. Dependency
2. Association
3. Generalization
4. Realization

 These are the basic relational blocks of UML.

 Dependency is a semantic relationship between two things
in which a change to one thing (the independent thing) may
affect the semantics of the other thing (the dependent
thing).

 Graphically rendered as dashed line, possibly directed and

occasionally with a label.
 Association is structural relationship that describes a set of
links, a link being a connection among objects.
 Aggregation is a special kind of association, representing a
structural relationship between a whole and its parts.
 Graphically rendered as a solid line, possibly directed,
occasionally including a label, and often containing other
adornments such as multiplicity and role name.
 This is a specialization/ generalization relationship in which
objects of the specialized element (the child) are suitable
for objects of the generalized element (the parent).

 In this way, the child shares the structure and behavior of

the parent.

 Graphically rendered as solid line with a hollow arrowhead

pointing to the parent.
 This is semantic relationship between classifiers, wherein
one classifier specifies a contract that another classifier
guarantees to carry out.
 We can find realization relationship at two places: between
interfaces and classes or components that realize them,
and between use cases and the collaborations that realize
them.
 Graphically rendered as a cross between a generalization
and dependency relationship.
 These four elements are the basic relational things that may
include in a UML model.

 There are variations on these four such as refinement,

trace, include and extend (for dependencies)
 Modeling something means to create the simplification of
reality to better understand the system to be developed.

 Using the UML, we build our models from basic building

blocks such as classes, interfaces, collaborations,
components, nodes, dependencies, generalizations and
associations.

 Diagrams are the means by which we plot and view these

building blocks.
 Diagram is a graphical presentations of a set of elements,
most often rendered as a connected graph of vertices
(things) and arcs (relationships).
 Diagrams are used to visualize your system from
different perspective.
 Because no complex system can be understood in its
entirely from one perspective, the UML defines a number
of diagrams to focus on different aspects of system
independently.
 System is collection of subsystems organized to
accomplish a purpose and described by a set of models,
possibly from different viewpoints.
 UML has two types of diagrams:
1. Structural Diagrams: there are four UML structural
diagrams to visualize, specify, construct and document
the static aspects of a system. Just as the static aspects
of a house encompass the existence and placements of
such things as wall, doors, pipes, windows and vents
etc. so too to the static aspects of a software system
encompass the existence and placement of such things
as classes, interfaces, collaborations, components and
nodes etc. there are following four structural UML
diagrams.
1. Class Diagram
2. Object Diagram
3. Component Diagram
4. Deployment Diagram
2. Behavioral Diagrams: there are five UML behavioral
diagrams to visualize, specify, construct, and document
the dynamic aspects of a system. Dynamic aspects of a
system as representing its changing parts. Just as
dynamic aspects of a house encompass ariflow and
traffic through the rooms of a house, so too do the
dynamic aspects of a software system encompass such
things as the flow of messages over time and physical
movements of components across network. Following
five are the UML behavioral diagrams.
1. Use Case Diagram
2. Sequence Diagram
3. Collaboration Diagram
4. Statechart Diagram
5. Activity Diagram
 Class diagram shows a set of classes,
interfaces, and collaborations and their
relationships.
 Theseare the most common diagram found
in modeling object-oriented systems.
 Class diagram address the static design view
of a system.
 Class diagram having active classes address
the static process view of a system.
 Anobject diagram shows a set of objects
and their relationships.

 Object diagram shows the static snapshots

of the things found in class diagram.

 These diagrams address the static design

view or static process view of a system as
do class diagram, but from the perspective
of real or prototypical cases.
 Componentdiagram shows the organization
and dependencies among a set of
components.

 Components diagram shows the static

implementation view of a system.

 Theyare related to class diagram in that a

component typically maps to one or more
classes, interfaces, or collaborations.
 Deployment diagram shows the
configuration of runtime processing nodes
and the components that live on them.

 Deploymentdiagram shows the static

deployment view of an architecture.

 They
are related to component in that a
node typically encloses on or more
components.
A use case diagram shows a set of use
cases and actors (a special type of class)
and their relationships.

 Usecase diagram shows the static use

case view of a system.

 These diagrams are especially important in

organizing and modeling the behaviors of
a system.
 Both sequence and collaboration diagrams are a kind of
interaction diagrams.
 These diagrams consists of a set of objects and their
relationships, including the messages that may be
dispatched among them.
 These diagrams show the dynamic view of a system.
 Sequence diagram emphasizes the time-ordering of
messages and collaboration diagram emphasizes on
structural organization of the objects that send or
receive messages.
 These both are isomorphic; means you can take one
and transform into other one.
 State chart diagram shows a state machine,
consisting of states, transitions, events and
activities.

 This diagram shows the dynamic view of a system.

 They are especially important in the modeling the

behavior of an instance, class, or collaboration and
emphasize the event-ordered behavior of an
object, which is especially useful in modeling
reactive systems.
 Activitydiagram is a special type of state
chart diagram that shows the flow of activity
to activity within a system.
 Thisdiagram shows a set of activities, the
sequential or branching flow from activity, and
objects that act and are acted upon.
 Activity
diagram shows the dynamic view of a
system.
 They are especially important in modeling the
function of a system and emphasize the flow
of control among objects.