Turbine:

• A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fast-moving flow of
water, steam, gas, air, or other fluid and converts it into useful work.
• A turbine is a turbomachine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which
is a shaft or drum with blades attached.
• Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the
rotor.

Figure 1.1: Types of different turbines

Working principle:
The working principle is very much simple.
• When the fluid strikes the blades of the turbine, the blades are displaced, which
produces rotational energy.
• When the turbine shaft is directly coupled to an electric generator mechanical energy is
converted into electrical energy.
• This electrical power is known as hydroelectric power.
Basic types of turbines:
1. Water turbine

• A water turbine is a rotary machine that converts kinetic energy and potential energy of
water into mechanical work.
• Water turbines were developed in the 19th century and were widely used for industrial
power prior to electrical grids. Now they are mostly used for electric power generation.
Water turbines are mostly found in dams to generate electric power from water kinetic
energy.

2. Impulse turbine

• In an impulse turbine, fast moving fluid is fired through a narrow nozzle at the turbine
blades to make them spin around.
• The blades of an impulse turbine are usually bucket-shaped, so they catch the fluid and
direct it off at an angle.
• In an impulse turbine, the fluid is forced to hit the turbine at high speed.

Figure 1.2: Configuration of Impulse turbine

3. Pelton Wheel turbine

• These are usually used for high head, low flow power plants.
• It was invented by Lester Ella Pelton in the 1870s.
• Nozzles are direct forceful, high speed streams of water against a rotary series of
spoon-shaped buckets, also known as impulse blades, which are mounted around the
circumferential rim of a drive wheel also called a runner.
• As the water jet hit the bucket-blades, the direction of water velocity is changed to
follow the contours of the bucket.
• Water impulse energy exerts torque on the bucket and wheel system, spinning the
wheel; the water stream itself does a "u- turn" and exits at the outer sides of the bucket.
• Pelton wheels operate best with Drop height: (50 - 2000 m) and Flow rate is (4 - 15
m3/s)

Figure 1.3: Configuration of Pelton Wheel turbine

4. Cross-flow turbine

• It is developed by Anthony Michel, in 1903 and is used for low heads. (10–70 meters)
• As with a water wheel, the water is admitted at the turbine's edge. After passing the
runner, it leaves on the opposite side.
• Going through the runner twice provides additional efficiency.
• The cross-flow turbine is a low-speed machine that is well suited for locations with a
low head but high flow.

Figure 1.4: Configuration of Cross-flow turbine

 5. Turgo turbine

• The Turgo turbine is an impulse water turbine designed for medium head applications.
• Designed in 1919 by Gilkes as a modification of the Pelton wheel, the Turgo has some
advantages over Francis and Pelton designs for certain applications.
• First, the runner is less expensive to make than a Pelton wheel. Second, it doesn't need
an airtight housing like the Francis. Third, it has higher specific speed and can handle
a greater flow than the same diameter Pelton wheel, leading to reduced generator and
installation cost.

Figure 1.5: Configuration of Turgo turbine

6. Screw turbine

• The screw turbine is a water turbine which uses the principle of the Archimedean
screw to convert the potential energy of water on an upstream level into work. It may
be compared to the water wheel.
• The turbine consists of a rotor in the shape of an Archimedean screw which rotates in
a semicircular trough. Water flows into the turbine and its weight presses down onto
the blades of the turbine, which in turn forces the turbine to turn. Water flows freely off
the end of the turbine into the river. The upper end of the screw is connected to a
generator through a gearbox.

Figure 1.6: Configuration of Screw turbine

 7. Reaction turbine

• In a reaction turbine, forces driving the rotor are achieved by the reaction of an
accelerating water flow in the runner while the pressure drops. The reaction principle
can be observed in a rotary lawn sprinkler where the emerging jet drives the rotor in the
opposite direction.
• In reaction turbines torque developed by reacting to the fluid's pressure. The pressure
of the fluid changes as it passes through the turbine rotor blades.

Figure 1.7: Principle of Reaction turbine

8. Kaplan turbine

• The Kaplan turbine is a water turbine which has adjustable blades and is used for low
heads and high discharges.
• It was developed in 1913 by the Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan.
• The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine, which means that the working
fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy.
• The inlet is a scroll-shaped tube that wraps around the turbine's wicket gate. Water is
directed tangentially through the wicket gate and spirals on to a propeller shaped runner,
causing it to spin. The Kaplan turbine having drop height: 10 - 700 m and Flow rate 4
- 55 m3/s

Figure 1.8: Configuration of Kaplan turbine

 9. Francis turbine

• The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by James B.Franceis
and are used for medium head(45-400 m) and medium discharge.(10-700 m^3/s)
• The Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine, a category of turbine in which the
working fluid comes to the turbine under immense pressure and the energy is extracted
by the turbine blades from the working fluid.
• The turbine's exit tube is shaped to help decelerate the water flow and recover the
pressure.
• Water flow is radial from exterior to interior.

Figure 1.9: Configuration of Francis turbine

10. Kinetic turbine

• Kinetic energy turbines, also called free-flow turbines, generate electricity from the
kinetic energy present in flowing water.
• The systems may operate in rivers, man-made channels, tidal waters, or ocean currents.
• They do not require the diversion of water through manmade channels, riverbeds, or
pipes. They might have applications in such conduits.
• Kinetic systems do not require large civil works; however, they can use existing
structures such as bridges, tailraces and channels and do not require any dam or
reservoir.

Figure 1.10: Configuration of Kinetic turbine

 11. Tyson turbine

• The Tyson turbine is a hydropower system that extracts power from the flow of water.
• This design doesn't need a casement, as it is inserted directly into flowing water. It
consists of a propeller mounted below a raft, driving a power system, typically
a generator, on top of the raft by belt or gear.
• The turbine is towed into the middle of a river or stream, where the flow is the fastest,
and tied off to shore. It requires no local engineering and can easily be moved to other
locations.
• The Tyson turbine is a very common way to reuse energy.

Figure 1.11: Configuration of Tyson turbine

12. Gorlov helical turbine

• The Gorlov helical turbine (GHT) is a water turbine evolved from the Darrieus turbine
design by altering it to have helical blades/foils.
• The physical principles of the GHT work are the same as for its main prototype, the
Darrieus turbine.

Figure 1.12: Series of Gorlov helical turbines

 13. Steam turbine

• A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and
uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft.
• This turbine was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884
• Steam turbines are used for the generation of electricity in thermal power plants, such
as plants using coal fuel oil or nuclear fuel.
• Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging from small to large used as
mechanical drives for pumps, compressors and other shaft driven equipment, used to
generate electricity (upto1.5 GW).

Figure 1.13: Configuration of Steam turbine

14. Gas turbine

• A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine.
• Fresh atmospheric air flows through a compressor that brings it to higher pressure.
• Energy is then added by spraying fuel into the air and igniting it, so the combustion
generates a high-temperature flow.
• Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical generators or even tanks.

Figure 1.14: Configuration of Gas turbine

 15. Turbojet turbine

• A turbojet is the simplest of all aircraft turbine engines, consisting of four sections:
compressor, combustion chamber, turbine section and exhaust.
• Turbojets were developed in Germany and England before World War II.
• In this type of engine, air is passed at a high rate of speed into the combustion chamber
where the fuel inlet and igniter is located. The turbine, driven by expanding air, causes
thrust from accelerated exhaust gases.
• Covington Aircraft has extensive experience in aircraft engine overhaul, as well as
routine maintenance for these types of engines.

Figure 1.15: Configuration of Turbojet turbine

16. Turboprop turbine

• Turboprop engines drive propellers through a reduction gear, which provides optimum
propeller performance at slower rpm speeds. That translates to greater fuel efficiency
and performance at slower airspeeds, which is why turboprops are popular aircraft
turbine engines for small, commuter aircraft, cargo planes and agricultural use.
• The propellers are less efficient as the aircraft speed increases, making them better for
planes that do not have travel at higher speeds.
• Because agricultural pilots rely on the consistency of their aircraft, Covington Aircraft
has proudly worked on turboprop planes used in agriculture since 1972.

Figure 1.16: Configuration of Turboprop turbine

 17. Turbofan turbine

• Merging the best features of the turbojet and turboprop, the turbofan is an aircraft
turbine engine that diverts a secondary flow of air around the combustion chamber,
which creates additional thrust.
• This is the most modern version of an aircraft turbine engine and the one often found
on high-speed transport and fighter planes. Because many corporations choose
turbofan engines, Covington Aircraft focuses on plane maintenance to keep corporate
planes in the air, avoiding grounded aircraft due to maintenance issues.

Figure 1.17: Configuration of Turbofan turbine

18. Wind turbine

• A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into electrical
power.
• The rotor component includes the blades for converting wind energy to low speed
rotational energy.
• The generator component includes the electrical generator, the control electronics, and
most likely a gearbox.
• The structural support component includes the tower etc.
• Wind turbine used for charging batteries may be referred to as a wind charger.

Figure 1.18: Configuration of Wind turbine

 19. Horizontal-axis wind turbine

• Turbines are being parallel to the ground.

• The axis of blade rotation is parallel to the wind flow.
• They are used in a variety of industries and applications, including marine applications,
off-grid systems.

Figure 1.19: Configuration of Horizontal-axis Wind turbine

20. Vertical-axis wind turbine

• Vertical-axis wind turbines has its blades rotating on an axis perpendicular to the
ground.
• Industrial applications including road signage, remote telemetry, mobile base stations
and for houses, schools and farms.

Figure 1.20: Configuration of Vertical-axis Wind turbine