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Chapter 5: Fuels and Combustion: Problems

The document contains 10 problems related to fuels and combustion. The problems involve calculations related to fuel gas volumes, fuel oil volumes and weights, heating values of fuels, proximate and ultimate analysis of coal, and air required for coal combustion. The solutions show the step-by-step working to arrive at the answers for each problem.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
268 views21 pages

Chapter 5: Fuels and Combustion: Problems

The document contains 10 problems related to fuels and combustion. The problems involve calculations related to fuel gas volumes, fuel oil volumes and weights, heating values of fuels, proximate and ultimate analysis of coal, and air required for coal combustion. The solutions show the step-by-step working to arrive at the answers for each problem.

Uploaded by

Jonas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 5: FUELS AND COMBUSTION

PROBLEMS:

1. (a) Six hundred twenty-three cubic metres of a fuel gas are passed through a meter at 0.35
kg/cm2 ga, 9.4℃. Barometer, 755mmHg. Find the commercial sales volume of this gas. (b) Tank
contains 214 m3 of fuel oil at 11.7℃. S.G. = 0.945. Find the volume and weight of this quantity
of oil measured at 15.6℃/15.6℃.

Solution:

(a) For fuel gas

T1 = 9.4 + 273.15 =275.55 K


V1 = 623 m 3
For commercial sales volume, V2. At 15.6 °C and 1.03 kg/cm2
P1= 1.03 kg/cm2 =760 mm Hg
T2 =15.6+273.15 = 288.75 K
Then

V2 =871.3 cm3

(b) For fuel oil


W= SG11.7 ΥwV11.7 = 0.945(9.81 kN/m3)(214 m3)
W= 1983.9 kN

For volume

SG15.6 =0.9424

V15.6 =214.6 m3
SOLVED BY: SAMUEL OMPAD
2. (a) At a natural gas metering station the temperature is steady at 23.9℃ during a period in
which 1281 m3are registered. Pressure in meter averages 0.84 kg/cm 2 ga, Barometer, 775 mmHg.
Find the commercial sales volume of this gas. (b) How much volume (m 3) will 3785 liters fuel
oil of 18℃ be at 15.6℃/15.6℃ occupy when heated to 37.8℃?

Solution:

(a) For fuel gas

T1 = 23.9+273.15=297.05 K
V1 =1281 m3
For commercial sales volume, V2. At 15.6 ℃ and 1.03 kg/cm2
P2 =1.03 kg/cm2 = 760 mm Hg
T2 =15.6+273.15=288.75 K
Then

V2= 2285.3 cm3


(b) For fuel oil

m=SG15.6 P w V15.6=946(1.0 kg/L)(3785 L)= 3580.6 kg


For volume at 37.8 C

V37.8 =3843.9L
SOLVED BY: GRINT LOUIE GABATO
3. During a gas calorimeter test there was a 7.62℃ rise of water temperature. While 56.63 liters
gas registered on the meter, 6.78 kg water were collected. Meter pressure, 203 mmHg;
temperature, 27.8℃. Find Qh, corrected to 762 mm and 15.6℃.

Solution:

Qh=3.82 kJ/L at 203 mm Hg (gage) and 27.8 C


Correct to 762 mm Hg at 15.6 C (p2 and t2)

Qh =3.15kJ/L
SOLVED BY: EDDELBERT HIJARA

4. Given this proximate analysis data sheet, get the complete proximate analysis, air dried basis,
to nearest 0.1%.

AIR DRIED SAMPLE

Moisture and
Test Moisture Ash
Volatile

Crucible weight, g 16.025 17.176 15.821


Initial 17.116 18.155 16.862
Crucible + Coal
Final 17.094 17.842 15.936

Solution:

Air-Dried Sample Experiment for moisture:


= (17.116 -17.094)/ (17.116 -16.025) = 0.02
Moisture and Volatile Matter experiment:
= (18.155 17.842)/ (18.155 17.176 = 0.32
Ash experiment:
= (16.862 15.936)/ (16.852 15.821) = 0.89
For 100 g sample:
Moisture= 0.02 (100) = 2 g
Moisture and Volatile=0.32 (100) = 32 g
Ash= (100-32) (0.89) = 60.5 g
Then,
Proximate Analysis: (answer)
Moisture = 2/100 = 2 %
Volatile = (32-2)/100 = 30%
Ash = 60.5/100 = 60.5%
Fixed Carbon = 100-2-30-60.5 = 7.5%
SOLVED BY: SAMUEL OMPAD

5. The following are the results of a proximate analysis test run on air dried coal. All weights in
grams. Calculate the proximate analysis of dry coal and as-fired coal.

Empty Crucible and coal


Item
Crucible Initial Final
Moisture Test 13.001 14.686 14.610
Moisture and volatile test 30.275 33.603 32.522
Ash test 11.255 12.800 11.378
(as-fired moisture test) 14.420 15.928 15.906

Solution:

Dry Coal
Moisture test:
= (14.686-14.610)/ (14.686 13.001) = 0.045
Moisture and Volatile Matter experiment:
= (33.603-32.522)/ (33.603-30.275) = 0.325
Ash experiment:
= (12.800 11.378)/ (12.800-11.255) = 0.92
For 100 g sample:
Moisture = 0.045 (100) = 4.5 g
Moisture and Volatile = 0.325 (100) = 32.5 g
Ash = (100-32.5) (0.92) = 62.1 g
Then,
Proximate Analysis: (answer)
Moisture = 4.5/100 = 4.5%
Volatile = (32.5-4.5)/100 =28%
Ash = 62.1/100 = 62.1 %
Fixed Carbon = 100-4.5-28- 62.1 = 5.4 %
As-Fired Coal
Moisture test:
= (15.928-15.906)/ (15.928-14.420) = 0.015
Moisture and Volatile Matter experiment:
= (33.603-32.522)/ (33.603-30.275) = 0.325
Ash experiment:
= (12.800 11.378)/ (12.800 11.255) = 0.92
For 100 g sample:
Moisture = 0.015 (100) = 1.5 g
Moisture and Volatile = 0.325 (100) = 32.5 g
Ash = (100-32.5) (0.92) = 62.1 g
Then,
Proximate Analysis: (answer)
Moisture = 1.5/100 = 1.5 %
Volatile = (32.5-1.5)/100 = 31 %
Ash = 62.1 /100 = 62.1 %
Fixed Carbon = 100-1.5-31 -62.1= 5.4%
SOLVED BY: GRINT LOUIE GABATO

6. Testing a West Virginia Pocahontas coal by bomb calorimeter yielded these results. ΔT ,
3.49℃. Fuel sample, 1.0535 g. Fuse wire consumed, 0.0073g. Water charged 1855.68 g. Water
equivalent of bomb, 470 g. Test coal had 0.96% moisture. Calculate Q h for dry coal. (Q of fuse
wire, 1600 Cal per g.)

Solution:

Wf = 1.0535 g
w' = weight of the water bath + water equivalent of the outfit =1855.68 + 470=2325.68 g
c = specific heat of water = 1.0 cal/g.C
Δt = 3.59 ℃
Wfw = 0.0073 g
Qfw = 1600 cal/g

In terms of dry coal

SOLVED BY: EDDELBERT HIJARA


7. A Cylindrical oil tank 2.4 m diameter х 6 m long is filled to the neck with fuel oil which is
checked at 21℃ Be’ at 31℃. Estimate the kilo Joules heating value stored in this tank.

Solution:

Qh = 42,450-93(Be'+10) J/g
Qh = 42,450-93(21+10) J/g
Qh = 39,567J/g

SG at 31℃= 0.9173
mO= (SG at 31℃p) (Pw) (V)
mO = (0.9173) (1000) (27.143)
mO =24,898 kg
Qt = mO Qh = (39,567) (24,898)

Qt = mO Qh = 985,139,166 kJ
SOLVED BY: SAMUEL OMPAD
8. Fuel oil at 116℃ Be’ is stored in a tank to supply a boiler whose rated max. steaming rate is
6804kg per hr. at 150 psig. Feedwater, 48.9℃. Average thermal efficiency, 70%. Consider that

plant’s capacity factor is 45% and that 1 month’s supply is carried. Make any necessary

assumptions and calculate the number of 1.8 m diameter x 4.6 m long cylindrical tanks needed to
hold this quantity.

Solution:

ms = 6804 kg/hr
At 150 psig, saturated (assumed)
h1 = 2780.8 kJ/kg
At 48.9 ℃:
h1 = 204.7 kl/kg
Heating value

Qh = 42,450+93(° Be +10) kJ/kg


Qh = 42,450+93(16+10) kJ/kg
Qh = 44,868 kJ/kg

Mass of fuel oil


ηmfQh = ms (h1-h2)
0.7mf (44,868) = 6804(2780.8-204.7)
mf = 558.1 kg/hr
Fuel consumption
(558.1 kg/hr) (0.45) (1.5 months) (30 days/month) (24 hr/day) = 271,237 kg
Volume = (271,237 kg)/[(0.9589) (1000 kg/m 3) 282 m3.

No. of tanks =282 m3/11.7 m3 =24.1 or 25 tanks


SOLVED BY: EDDELBERT HIJARA

9. Reduce the analysis of a coal designated from Table 5-4 to (a) moisture-free basis (b)
moisture- and ash-free basis.

Solution:

Example of Penns. Anthracite


Moisture in proximate analysis =2.19%
Ash = 5.9%
Ultimate analysis:
Sulphur = 0.57%
Hydrogen = 2.7%
Carbon = 86.37%
Nitrogen = 0.91%
Oxygen = 3.55%

As received analysis:
Sulphur = 0.57%
Hydrogen = 2.7 -2.19/9 = 2.46%
Carbon = 86.37%
Nitrogen = 0.91%
Oxygen = 3.55-8(2.19)/9=1.60%
Moisture = 2.19%
Ash = 5.9%

(a) Moisture-Free Basis


Divide by 1-0.0219 = 0.9781
Sulphur = 0.57/0.9781 = 0.58 %
Hydrogen = 2.46/0.9781 = 2.52%
Carbon = 86.37/0.9781 = 88.30%
Nitrogen = 0.91/0.9781 = 0.93 %
Oxygen = 1.60/0.9781 = 1.64 %
Ash = 5.9/0.9781 = 6.03 %

(b) Moisture-and-Ash-Free Basis


Divide by 1-0.0603 = 0.9397
Sulphur = 0.58/0.9397 = 0.62%
Hydrogen = 2.52/0.9397 = 2.68 %
Carbon = 88.30/0.9397 = 93.96%
Nitrogen = 0.93/0.9397 = 0.99%
Oxygen = 1.64/0.9397 = 1.75%
SOLVED BY: GRINT LOUIE GABATO

10. Check the ultimate analysis and heating value of a coal designated from Table 5-4 by
applying conversion formulae from table 5-5. Also estimate the air required for combustion at
50% excess.

Solution:

For example: Ill. Bituminous coal


Proximate analysis:
Moisture = 13.31%
Volatile Matter = 33.62 %
Fixed Carbon = 41.34 %
Ash = 11.73%
Ultimate analysis:
Sulphur = 3.75%
Hydrogen = 5.19%
Carbon = 59.07%
Nitrogen = 0.95%
Oxygen = 19.31%

Heating Value = 24,612 kJ/kg

Ultimate Analysis with moisture separated


Hydrogen = 5.19-13.31/9 = 3.71%
Oxygen = 19.31-8 x 13.31/9 = 7.48 %

To reduce the proximate analysis to a combustible basis divide by


1-ash-moisture = 1-0.1173-0.1331 = 0.7496

Proximate analysis of the combustible


Volatile matter = 33.62/0.7496 = 44.85 % = 0.4485
Fixed carbon = 4 1.34/0.7496 = 55.15% = 0.5515

Table 5-5
H = 0.0457+0.0206V = 0.0457+0.0206(0.4485) = 0.0549
C = 0.953-0.362V = 0.953-0.362(0.4485) = 0.7906

For Bituminous coal


N = 0.0210-0.012V = 0.0210-0.012(0.4485) = 0.0156
Ultimate Analysis of combustible
C, 0.7906; H, 0.0549; N, 0.0156

Multiply by 1-0.1173-0.1331 = 0.7496


Carbon = 0.7906 x 0.7496 = 0.5926 = 59.23%
Hydrogen = 0.0549 x 0.7496 = 0.0411 = 4.11 %
Nitrogen = 0.0156 x 0.7496 = .0117 = 1.17 %

HV = (16,062-3,830V) (2.326) kJ/kg


HV = [16,062-3,830(0.4485)] (2.326) kJ/kg
HV = 33,365 kJ/kg

Comparison:
Converted:
C, 59.26; H2, 4.11; N2, 1.17%; H20 , 13.31; Ash, 11.73; others, 10.42; HV =33,365 kJ/kg

Analyzed:
C, 59.07; H2, 3.71; N2, 0.95%; H20, 13.31; Ash, 11.73; others, 11.23; HV 24,612 kJ/kg

Estimate of air required for combustion:


Total Hydrogen = 4.11 + 13.31/9 = 5.59 %
Sulphur = 3.75%
Oxygen = 11.23 -3.75% = 7.48%
Total Oxygen = 7.48+8 x 13.31/9 = 19.31

Estimate of air required for combustion = 11.5(0.5926) +34.5(0.0559 0.1931/8) = 7.91 kg/kg of coal
At 50% excess air= 1.5 x 7.91 =11.86 kg/kg of coal
SOLVED BY: SAMUEL OMPAD

11.Given a coal with proximate analysis as follows, find the heating value and kg air required per
kg coal at 50% excess. Moisture, 4.47; volatile, 22.74; fixed carbon, 53.72; ash, 19.07.

Proximate analysis:
Moisture = 4.47%
Volatile Matter = 22.74%
Fixed Carbon = 53.72%
Ash = 19.07%

To reduce the proximate analysis to a combustible basis divide by


1-ash-moisture = 1-0.1907 - 0.0447 = 0.7646

Proximate analysis of the combustible


Volatile matter = 22.74/0.7646 = 29.74% = 0.2974
Fixed carbon = 53.72/0.7646 = 70.26% = 0.7026

Table 5-5
H = 0.0457+0.0206V = 0.0457+0.0206(0.2974) = 0.0518
C = 0.953-0.362V = 0.953-0.362(0.2974) = 0.8453
For Bituminous coal
N = 0.0210-0.012V = 0.0210-0.012(0.2974) = 0.0174

Ultimate Analysis of combustible


C, 0.8453; H, 0.0518; N, 0.0174

Multiply by 1-0.1907-0.0447 = 0.7646


Carbon = 0.8453 x 0.7646 = 0.6463 = 64.63%
Hydrogen = 0.0518 x 0.7646 = 0.0396 = 3.96 %
Nitrogen = 0.0174 x 0.7646 = .0133 = 1.33%

HV = (16,160-2,250V) (2.326) kJ/kg


HV = [16,160-2,250(0.2974)] (2.326) kJ/kg
HV = 36,032 kJ/kg

Converted:
C, 64.63; H2, 3.96; N2, 1.33%; H20, 4.47; Ash, 19.07; others, 6.54; HV = 36,032 kJ/kg

Estimate of air required for combustion:


Total Hydrogen = 3.96 +4.47/9 = 4.46 %
Sulphur = neglect
Oxygen = 6.54%
Total Oxygen = 6.54 +8 x 4.47/9 = 10.51
Estimate of air required for combustion = 11.5(0.6463) + 34.5(0.0396-0.1051/8) = 8.35 kg/kg of coal
At 50% excess air = 1.5 x 8.35=12.53 kg/kg of coal
SOLVED BY: GRINT LOUIE GABATO

12. Predict the flue gas analysis to be obtained when a coal of following proximate analysis
completely burned with 85% excess air. Moisture, 1.75; volatile, 21.70; fixed carbon, 69.13; ash,
7.42.

Solution:

Proximate analysis:

Moisture =1.75%
Volatile Matter= 21.70%
Fixed Carbon =69.13 %
Ash= 7.42%

To reduce the proximate analysis to a combustible basis divide by


1-ash-moisture =1-0.0742-0.0175=0.9083

Proximate analysis of the combustible


Volatile matter =21.70/0.9083=23.89%=0.2389
Fixed carbon =69.13/0.9083=76.11% =0.7611

Table 5-5
H=0.0457+0.0206V=0.0457+0.0206(0.2389)=0.0506
C=0.953-0.362V=0.953-0.362(0.2389)=0.8665
For Bituminous coal
N=0.0210-0.012V=0.0210-0.012(0.2389)=0.0181

Ultimate Analysis of combustible


C, 0.8665; H, 0.0506; N, 0.0181

Multiply by 1-0.0742-0.0175=0.9083
Carbon=0.8665 x 0.9083=0.7870=78.70%
Hydrogen =0.0506 x 0.9083=0.0460=4.60%
Nitrogen =0.0181 x 0.9083=.0164=1.64%
Moisture= 1.75%
Ash=7.42%
Neglecting sulfur
Oxygen =100-78.70-4.60-1.64 1.75=13.31%
Total Hydrogen= 4.60 +1.75/9 =4.79%
Total Oxygen =13.31 + 8 x 1.75/9=14.87 %

Ultimate Analysis:
C, 78.70; H2, 4.79; N2, 1.64 %; O2, 14.87 %
Theoretical combustion air=11.5(0.7870) + 34.5(0.0479 0.1487/8)=10.06 kg/kg of coal

Gaseous products of combustion area


CO2 = (44/12) (0.7870) = 2.886 kg
H20 = (9/1)(0.0479)=0.431 kg
N2 = (10.06) (1.85)(0.768) + 0.0164=14.310 kg
O2= (10.06) (0.85) (0.232) = 1.984 kg

In moles
CO2 =2.886/44 =0.0656
H20 =0.431/18 =0.0239
N2 =14.310/28 =0.5111
O2 =1.984/32 = 0.0620
Total =0.0656+ 0.0239 +0.5111 + 0.0620 = 0.6626
Flue gas analysis
CO2 = (0.0656/0.6626) (100%) = 9.90%
H20 = (0.0239/0.6626) (100%) = 3.60 %
N2 = (0.5111/0.6626) (100%) = 77.14%
O2 = (0.0620/0.6626) (100%) = 9.36%
SOLVED BY: EDDELBERT HIJARA
13. The as-fired proximate analysis is taken of a coal of West Virginia origin. Moisture, 1.75;
volatile, 21.70; fixed carbon, 69.13; ash ,7.42. When burned with what is presumed to be
sufficient air for complete combustion, the CO2 tests 10%by volume. When percent excess air is
indicated?

Solution:

Proximate analysis:
Moisture = 1.75%
Volatile Matter = 21.70%
Fixed Carbon = 69.13 %
Ash = 7.42%

To reduce the proximate analysis to a combustible basis divide by


1-ash-moisture = 1-0.0742 0.0175 = 0.9083

Proximate analysis of the combustible


Volatile matter = 21.70/0.9083 = 23.89% = 0.2389
Fixed carbon = 69.13/0.9083 = 76.11% = 0.7611
Table 5-5
H = 0.0457+0.0206V = 0.0457+0.0206(0.2389) = 0.0506
C = 0.953-0.362V = 0.953-0.362(0.2389) = 0.8665
For Bituminous coal
N=0.0210-0.012V = 0.0210-0.012(0.2389) = 0.0181

Ultimate Analysis of combustible


C, 0.8665; H, 0.0506; N, 0.0181

Multiply by 1-0.0742-0.0175 = 0.9083


Carbon = 0.8665 x 0.9083 = 0.7870 = 78.70 %
Hydrogen = 0.0506 x 0.90830 = .0460 = 4.60%
Nitrogen = 0.0181 x 0.9083 = .0164 = 1.64%
Moisture = 1.75%
Ash = 7.42%
Neglecting sulfur
Oxygen = 100-78.70-4.60-1.64-1.75 = 13.31 %
Total Hydrogen = 4.60 1.75/9 = 4.79%
Total Oxygen = 13.31 + 8 x 1.75/9 = 14.87 %

Ultimate Analysis:
C, 78.70; H2, 4.79; N2, 1.64%; O2, 14.87 %
Theoretical combustion air = 11.5(0.7870) + 34.5(0.0479-0.1487/8) = 10.06 kg/kg of coal

Gaseous products of combustion area


CO2 = (44/12) (0.7870) = 2.886 kg
H20 = (9/1) (0.0479) = 0.431 kg
N2 = (10.06) (1+x) (0.768) 0.0164 = 7.726x + 7.742 kg
O2 = (10.06) (x) (0.232) = 2.334x kg

In moles
CO2 = 2.886/44 = 0.0656
H20 = 0.431/18 = 0.0239
N2 = (7.726x7.742)/28 = 0.2759x + 0.2765
O2 = 2.334x/32 = 0.0729x
Total = 0.0656+0.0239+0.27759x+0.2765+0.0729x = 0.3660 + 0.3488x

Flue gas analysis

x = excess air = 0.8314 = 83.14%


SOLVED BY: SAMUEL OMPAD

14. Apply the data of Table 5-3 to a coal designated from Table 5-4 and fix its rank thereby.

Solution:

Penna. Anthracit (Table 5.4)


Proximate analysis:
Moisture = 2.19 %
Volatile Matter = 5.67 %
Fixed Carbon = 86.24 %
Ash = 5.9%

Dry FC = (86.24)/ (1-0.0219) = 88.17%


Dry VM = (5.67)/(1-0.0219) = 5.80 %
Table 5-3
Dry FC is 86 percent or more and less than 92 percent

RANK
Class I. Anthracite
Group 3. Semi-Anthracite
SOLVED BY: EDDELBERT HIJARA
15. Predict the Orsat analysis resulting from the combustion of a coal designated from Table 5-4,
with 50% excess air. 10% combustible in the refuse.

Solution:

Example is Ark. Semi-Anthracite


C = 77.29%
H = 3.74%
O = 3.36%
S = 2.01%
A = 12.21%
N = 100-77.29-3.74-3.36-2.01-12.21 = 1.39 %
Combustible in refuse = 10% = 0.10
Ash = 0.1221 of the coal = 0.90 of the refuse
Refuse per kg coal = 0.1221/0.9 = 0.1357
C in refuse = 0.1357 –0.1221 = 0.0136 kg/kg

Carbon actually burned = C' = 0.7729 -0.0136 = 0.7593


Theoretical combustion air = 11.5(0.7593) + 34.5(0.0374-0.0336/8)+4.3(0.0201) = 9.97 kg/kg

Gaseous products of combustion area


CO2 = (44/12) (0.7593) = 2.784 kg
H20 = (9/1) (0.0374) = 0.337 kg
N2 = (9.97) (1.50)(0.768)+ 0.0139 = 11.500 kg
O2 = (9.97) (0.50) (0.232) = 1.156 kg
In moles
CO2 = 2.784/44 = 0.0633
H20 = 0.337/18 = 0.0187
N2 = 11.500/28 = 0.4107
O2 = 1.156/32 = 0.0361
Total without moisture = 0.0633 + 0.4107 +0.0361 = 0.5101

Orsat Analysis
CO2 = (0.0633/0.5101) (100) = 12.41 %
O2 = (0.0361/0.5101) (100) = 7.08%
N2 = (0.4107/0.5101) (100) = 80.51%
SOLVED BY: GRINT LOUIE GABATO
16. A coal is analyzed in a plant laboratory and found to have Q h = 14866 kJ; C, 58.93; VM,
31.81; ash, 9.26. All on a dry basis. Find the rank of this coal. Estimate the A-F ratio used when a
CO2 meter shows12%. Use approximate methods.

Solution:

Qh = 14,866 kJ/kg
FC = 58.93%
VM = 31.81%
Ash = 9.26%
CO2 = 12%

Dry FC is less than 69% and Dry VM is more than 31 %. Moist Q h is more than 14,700 kJ/kg.
Therefore the rank is High Volatile A Bituminous Coal, Rank II-3
For semi-bituminous coal, R is between 16 and 20, use R = 18

Table 5-5
Combustible basis: divide by 1-0.0926 = 0.9074
VM = 31.81/0.9074 = 35.06
H = 0.0457+0.0206V = 0.0457+0.0206(0.3506) = 0.0529
C = 0.953-0.362V = 0.953-0.362(0.3506) = 0.8261
For Bituminous coal
N = 0.0210-0.012V = 0.0210-0.012(0.3506) = 0.0168
Dry basis:
H = 0.0529 x 0.9074 = 0.0480
C = 0.8261 x 0.9074 = 0.7496
N = 0.0168 x 0.9074 = 0.0152
O = 1-0.0480-0.7496-0.0152 = 0.1872

Theoretical A-F ratio = 11.5(0.7496) + 34.5(0.0480-0.1872/8) = 9.469


Estimated A-F ratio = (1.523) (9.469) = 14.422 kg/kg (answer)
SOLVED BY: SAMUEL OMPAD

17. A Kansas coal, reported on combustible basis, has 5.7% S, 79.6% C. As-fired, the moisture is
11%, ash 14%. Orsat of combustion gases is: CO 2, 12; O2, 7.1; CO, 0.8; N2, 80; carbon in refuse,
10%. Find dry gas per kg coal burned (a) neglecting SO2 and (b) including SO2.
Solution:

Ash = 0.14 of the coal = (1-0.1) of the refuse


Refuse per kg coal = 0.14/0.90
C in refuse = (0.14/0.90)-0.14 = 0.01556 kg
C’ = 0.796-0.01556 = 0.78044

(a) Neglecting SO2

(b) Including SO2

SOLVED BY: EDDELBERT HIJARA

18. From the analysis of a coal sample taken during a test it is estimated that the as-fired total
carbon was 76.5% and free hydrogen was 4.7%. From other tests C = 0.7263, Orsat: 10.53; O 2,
3.74; CO, 0.49; N2, 85.24. Find A:F ratio.

Solution:

SOLVED BY: GRINT LOUIE GABATO

19. Boiler plant test data, in part: Proximate analysis as fired: FC, 60.65; VM, 33.45; Moist.,
0.83; Ash, 5.07. Combustible in dry refuse, 29.8%. Orsat: CO 2, 11.3; O2, 6.75; CO, 0.2. Find the
air-fuel ratio and the percent excess air.
Solution:

FC = 60.65%
VM= 33.45%
Moisture =0.83%
Ash= 5.07%
Combustible in dry refuse = 29.8%
CO2 =11.3
O2 =6.75
CO =0.2
N2= 100-11.3-6.75-0.2=81.75%
Reduce the proximate analysis to a combustible basis
1-ash-moisture =1-0.0507- 0.0083 = 0.9410
Proximate analysis of the combustion
VM = 33.45/0.9410=35.5473
FC= 60.65/0.9410=64.4527

H=0.0457+0.0206V=0.0457+0.0206(0.355473) = 0.05302
C=0.953-0.362V=0.953-0.362(0.355473) = 0.82432

For Bituminous coal


N=0.0210-0.012V=0.0210-0.012(0.355473) = 0.01673

Ultimate Analysis:
H= 0.05302 x 0.9410=0.04989
C= 0.82432 x 0.9410=0.77568
N= 0.01673 x 0.9410=0.01574
Ash=0.0507
O=1-0.04989-0.77568-0.01574-0.0507-0.0083=0.09969

Ash (dry) = 5.07/ (1-0.0083) = 5.1124%


Ash = 0.051124 of the coal = 1-0.298 or 0.702 of the refuse
Refuse per kg coal = 0.051124 /0.702 = 0.07283
C in refuse (dry) = 0.07283-0.051124 = 0.02171
C in refuse (wet) = 0.02171 (1-0.0083) = 0.02152

C’= 0.77568-0.02152 = 0.75416

Theoretical Air A:F =11.5 x 0.75416+34.5(0.04989-0.09969/8)=9.9641 kg/kg


Excess air = (16.2441-9.9641) (100)/9.9641 = 63 %
SOLVED BY: SAMUEL OMPAD

21. Further analysis of the coal mentioned in problem 20 reveals a sulfur content of 3.2%. Find
the kg dry gas produce kg coal during this test.

Solution:

Moisture = 0.83%
Ash = 5.07%
Sulfur = 3.2%
Combustible in dry refuse = 29.8 %
CO2 = 11.3
O2 =6.75
CO = 0.2
N2 =100 11.3-6.75-0.2 = 81.75%

Ash (dry) = 5.07/ (1-0.0083) = 5.1124%


Ash = 0.051124 of the coal = 1-0.298 or 0.702 of the refuse
Refuse per kg coal = 0.051124 /0.702 = 0.07283

C in refuse (dry) = 0.07283-0.051124 = 0.02171


C in refuse (wet) = 0.02171 (1-0.0083) = 0.02152

C' = 0.77568-0.02152 = 0.75416

SOLVED BY: EDDELBERT HIJARA

21. Using the test data mentioned in problem 19, change proximate to ultimate analysis and
calculate the weights of the individual products formed by the combustion of a kg of coal.

Solution:
FC = 60.65%
VM = 33.45%
Moisture = 0.83%
Ash = 5.07%
Combustible in dry refuse = 29.8 %
CO2 = 11.3
O2 = 6.75
CO = 0.2
N2 = 100-11.3-6.75-0.2 = 81.75%

Reduce the proximate analysis to a combustible basis


1-ash- moisture = 1-0.0507- 0.0083 = 0.9410
Proximate analysis of the combustion
VM = 33.45/ 0.9410 = 35.5473
FC = 60.65/ 0.9410 = 64.4527

H = 0.0457+0.0206V = 0.0457+0.0206(0.355473) = 0.05302


C = 0.953-0.362V = 0.953-0.362(0.355473) = 0.82432
For Bituminous coal
N = 0.0210-0.012V = 0.0210-0.012(0.355473) = 0.01673

Ultimate Analysis:
H = 0.05302x 0.9410 = 0.04989
C = 0.82432 x 0.9410 = 0.77568
N = 0.01673 x 0.9410 = 0.01574

Ash 0.0507
O = 1-0.04989-0.77568-0.01574-0.0507- 0.0083 = 0.09969

Ash (dry) = 5.07/ (1-0.0083) = 5.1124%


Ash = 0.051124 of the coal = 1-0.298 or 0.702 of the refuse
Refuse per kg coal = 0.051124 / 0.702 = 0.07283
C in refuse (dry) = 0.07283-0.051124 = 0.02171
C in refuse (wet) = 0.02171 (1-0.0083) = 0.02152

C = 0.77568-0.02152 = 0.75416

Theoretical Air A:F = 11.5 x 0.75416 +34.5(0.04989 0.09969 /8) = 9.9641 kg/kg

Actual Air A:F = 3.03C (N2/ CO2+CO)


Actual Air A:F = 3.03(0.75416)(81.75/ 11.3+0.2) = 16.2441
Excess air = (16.2441-9.9641) (100)/9.9641 = 63 %
Gaseous products of combustion area (answer)
CO2 = (44/12) (0.77568) = 2.8442 kg
H2O = (9/1) (0.04989) = 0.4408 kg
N2 = (9.9641) (1.63) (0.768) + 0.01574 = 12.489 kg
O2 = (9.9641) (0.63) (0.232) = 1.4564 kg

SOLVED BY: GRINT LOUIE GABATO

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