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Course Overview
Remote Sensing and GIS Module Module Name
1 Remote Sensing Data and Corrections

2 Satellite Image Corrections-I

3 Digital Image Processing-I
Lecture 01
4 Digital Image Processing-II
O ve r v i ew a n d I n t ro d u c t i o n
5 Thermal and Microwave

Dr. Rishikesh Bharti 6 Imaging Spectroscopy-I

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 7 Imaging Spectroscopy-II & GIS-I

8 GIS-II and Application

Questions? What is an Image?

 What is remote sensing?

 What do we measurement?

 What kind of output (data) we get?

Lets start from very basic…

Source: Google Images

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What is an Image? Digital Image

 Produced by Electro-Optical Sensors,
 Composed of tiny equal areas, or
picture elements abbreviated as
pixels or pels arranged in a
rectangular array,
 With each pixel, value is associated,
known as Digital Number (DN) or
Brightness Value (BV) or Gray Level
which is a record of variation in
radiant energy in discrete form,
 An object reflecting more energy
records a higher number for itself on
the digital image and vice versa. Histogram?
Source: Google Images

Remote Sensing Electromagnetic Wavelength Range

Remote sensing is the art and science of making measurements Radio Ultra Gamma
EM Wave Microwave Infrared Visible X-Rays
about an object or the environment without being in physical Waves Violet Rays
contact with it.… Wavelength (m) 103 10-2 10-5 0.5x10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12

Size Comparison

Building Human Bee Pinpoint Microbes Molecule Atom Nuclei

Frequency (Hz) 104 108 1012 1015 1016 1018 1020

Thermal energy
for emission (K)
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Electromagnetic Wavelength Range What happens when light hits an object?

Troughs are the place,
Reflected Light where things are happening
Incident Light

Microwave: 0.1cm - 1m
Scattered
Visible: 0.4µm – 0.7µm Light
VNIR & SWIR: 0.7µm – 2.5µm Emitted Energy

Thermal Infrared: 2.5µm - 16µm

Absorbed Energy

How to plot such spectrum?

Transmitted Light
Distribution of electromagnetic radiation
Reflection Emission Scattering emitted or absorbed by that particular object.
It is a function of wavelength…

Stages in Remote Sensing from space Stages in Remote Sensing from space
. .
Source .
Spacecraft .

.
Radiation to sensor .
. .

Irradiance

Atmospheric
Clouds Direct emission
Thermal
radiation Reflected emission
radiation Field data collection
Scattered
radiation

Reflection Processes Emission Processes

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Active Vs Passive Remote Sensing Orbits

Source
Receiver
Receiver
Source

Target

Target

SOURCE: https://gfycat.com/gifs/search/polar+orbiting

Passive Remote Sensing Active Remote Sensing

Orbits Orbits

Orbit
Inclination
Earth’s rotation

(Credit: NASA)
Satellite orbit
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Platforms Platforms (Airborne)

Satellite (700-900 km)) . .
.
. .
. Space Shuttle (185-575 km)) .
Spaceborne . . .

Airborne SAR (10-12 km)

Airborne Aerial Photography (1.2-3.5 km)

Aerial Television (0.3 km)

UAV (100-150m)

Application of Remotely Sensed Images Application of Remotely Sensed Images

Site Selection Studies
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Application of Remotely Sensed Images Application of Remotely Sensed Images

Paleochannels Identification

Environmental Studies

Natural Hazard Monitoring

Source: Google Images Source: Google Images

Application of Remotely Sensed Images Application of Remotely Sensed Images

LULC

Monitoring

National Security

Source: Google Images Source: Google Images

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Application of Remotely Sensed Images Application of Remotely Sensed Images

Flood Hazard
Monitoring

River Morphology 1992 2002

1988 1988

Application of Remotely Sensed Images Application of Remotely Sensed Images

Planetary
Exploration

Credit: www.nasa.gov Credit: www.nasa.gov

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Strength of Satellite Remote Sensing

Temporal Resolution

17 Jan 13 Feb 17 Mar 02 Apr 05 May 25 May

11:30 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

5:30 8:30 16:00

Credit: Dr. R. R. Navalgund, Former Director, SAC Credit: Dr. R. R. Navalgund, Former Director, SAC
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Temporal Resolution Temporal Resolution

1972 2002

1992 2002 2014

1988 1988 1988

Credit: Dr. R. R. Navalgund, Former Director, SAC

Spectral Resolution
I N S AT 3 A - Vi s i b l e i m a g e

It refers to the number and dimension of

specific wavelength intervals in the
electromagnetic spectrum to which a
sensor is sensitive …
Aug 22, 2012 02:00 Aug 22, 2012 06:00 Aug 22, 2012 10:00

Low Spectral
Resolution High Spectral
Resolution

Aug 22, 2012 16:00 Aug 22, 2012 20:00 Aug 22, 2012 23:00

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Spectral Resolution Panchromatic, Multispectral and Hyperspectral

1.0
Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM)

0.5
FWHM

1 c 2

Why Spectral Resolution is important? Spatial Resolution

0.5m×0.5m
2.5m×2.5m
23m×23m
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Concept of IFOV and FOV Radiometric Resolution

1 bit 2 bit 3 bit 4 bit

Radiometric Resolution Significance of Resolutions

 Spatial resolution,  Panchromatic Image,

 Spectral resolution,  Multispectral Image,
 Radiometric resolution,  Hyperspectral Image.
 Temporal resolution.

8 Grey Levels 256 Grey Levels

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Sensor Technology: Types of imaging sensors for Earth Observation Sensor Technology: Types of imaging sensors for Earth Observation

Frame Scanning

Credit: Dr. R. R. Navalgund, Former Director, SAC Credit: Dr. R. R. Navalgund, Former Director, SAC

Texts/References