A

Practical Training Report

On
132 KV G.S.S CHAMPAPURA, JAIPUR (RRVPNL)
RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LIMITED
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Electrical Engineering

2018-2019
(17th May,2018 – 15th July,2018)
Under the guidance of Seminar in charge
Ms. Anamika Bhadauriya Ms. Anamika Bhadauriya
Submitted to: - Submitted by: -
Mr. Deepak Sharma Anuj Saini
(Head of Department) 15EAIEE017
Electrical Engineering B.Tech. IV Yr. / VII Sem.
RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
SP-40, RIICO INDUSTRIAL AREA, KUKAS, JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
SP-40, RIICO INDUSTRIAL AREA, JAIPUR
(RAJASTHAN) – 302028

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Practical Training report for Practical Training taken at 132 kV Grid
Sub Station (Champapura),R.R.V.P.N.L. form 17th april 2018 to 15th July 2018 is submitted
by Mr. Anuj Saini (15EAIEE017) in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electrical Engineering has been found satisfactory and is approved for submission.

Ms. Anamika Bhadauriya Ms. Anamika Bhadauriya

(PTS GUIDE) (PTS INCHARGE)
Dept. Of Electrical Engg. Dept. Of Electrical Engg
.
Mr. Deepak Sharma
(Head of Department)
Dept. Of Electrical Engineer

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere thanks to Assistant Engineer Mr. M.K. Saini for his enthusiastic
cooperation to make my training possible.
I would also like to thank Ms. Anamika Bhadauriya (PTS in charge and Assistant Professor of
Electrical Deptt.) for his contribution in preparing my practical training report and to guide me for
delivering the seminar. I would also like to thank Ms. Anamika Bhadauriya (PTS Guide.) for
his contribution in preparing my practical training report and to guide me for delivering the
seminar. I express sincere thanks to Mr. Deepak Sharma, Head of Electrical Department,
A.I.E.T. for giving me an opportunity for conducting the seminar of my summer training at 132
KV GRID SUBSTATION, CHAMPAPURA, JAIPUR.
I would like to express my deep gratitude to Management and Principal of Arya Institute of
Engineering & Technology for extending me the opportunity for vocational training and
providing all the necessary resources for this purpose.

ANUJ SAINI
B.Tech, 4th Year/VII Sem.
Electrical Engineering

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 ABSTRACT

Practical Training For a Period of 60 days in a Part of the B.Tech. (7th Sem.) Degree course in
“Electrical Engineering”. According to the Syllabus Worked out Practical cum industrial training
to which my Department is affiliated. I took a 60 working days at “132 GRID SUB-STATION
(G.S.S) CHAMPAPURA, JAIPUR. It is the one of 132 KV GSS of RVPNL in Rajasthan, The
Report is submitted as a Summary of what I observed and learnt there. The training was undergone
from 132KV Grid Sub-Station (G.S.S) Champapura, Jaipur.
The duration of this training was 60 days. Champapura gives the insight of real instrument like,
Transformer, CT, PT, CVT, LA, Relay, PLCC, Bus Bar, Reactor, Insulator, Isolator, control room
etc. There are various problems seen in substation while handling these instrument. There are
various occasion when relay operate and circuit breaker open, load shedding, shut down of feeder
in case of fault, shout down of total system , overheating of transformer, blasting of current
transformer in case of excessive current, transformer oil replacement aging of transformer oil,
wireless communication, insulator classification as per current rating, conductor requirement as
per rating, 2line and 3line transmission, how to put system on load and how to remove the system
from load, automatic resetting of relay, insulator operation on off-load.
GSS is the mean of connection between generating station and consumer by providing safety and
reliability of system in case of fault. This sub-station step-down the incoming voltage power
transmission to the required value and then is supplied to the consumer feeder or GSS done by
connecting auto transformer operation and requirement of various equipment have been include in
detail, further in case of report is the bus bar. Arrangement of different feeder level and
switchyards included information of bus bar arrangement of different level isolator and growing
substation also power transformer circuit breaker oil, filtration plant, and compression protection
control room and place are level.

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 CONTENT

DEPARTMENT CERTIFICATE 02
TRAINING CERTIFICATE 03
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 04
ABSTRACT 05
CONTENT LIST 06
FIGURE LIST 10
TABLE LIST 11
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 12-14
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF RRVPNL 12
1.2 132 KV GRID SUBSTATION CHAMPAPURA 12
1.3 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM 13
Chapter 2 LIGHNING ARRESTOR 15-18
2.1 INTRODUCTION 15
2.2 TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION 15
2.2.1 MOUNTING 16
2.2.2 HEALTH MONITORING OF THE LIGHTNING ARRESTER 16
2.3 SURGE MONITOR 17
2.4 OPERATING PRINCIPAL 17
2.5 RATING OF L.A. 17
2.6 GENERAL RATING OF L.A. 18
Chapter 3 TRANSMISSION LINE 19-20
3.1 TRANSMISSDION LINE 19
3.2 CONDUCTOR 19
3.3 THE WORK INVOLVEMENT IN LYING EHT 19
3.4 SELECTION OF TOWER 19
3.5 STARTING OF CONDUCTORS 20
Chapter 4 BUS BAR 21
4.1 SINGLE BUS BAR 21
4.2 SINGLE MAIN TRANSFER BUS 21

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Chapter 5 TRANSFORMER 21-17
5.1 INTRODUCTION. 22
5.2 POWER TRANSFORMER. 23
5.3 CONSTRUCTIONAL PART 25
5.4 CORE CONSTRUCTION 25
5.5 CONSTRUCTIONAL FRAME WORK 25
5.6 WINDING 26
5.7 INSULATION 26
5.8 LEADS AND MATERIAL 26
5.9 BUSHING 27
5.10 CONSORVATOR 27
5.11 TRANSFORMER OIL 27
5.12 SYNTHETIC TRANSFORMERS 28
5.13 TRANSFORMER OPERATION 28
5.13.1 NOISE 28
5.14 SPECIFICATION OF TRANSFORMER 28
Chapter 6 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER 30-33
6.1 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER 30
6.1.1 WORKING. 31
6.2 CURRENT TRANSFORMER 31
6.3 SELECTION OF C.T. 32
6.4 TYPES OF C.T. 32
6.4.1 TYPES OF C.T. 32
6.4.2 ROUTINE TEST 32
6.5 RATING OF C.T. 33
6.6 AUTO TRANSFORMER 33
Chapter 7 CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER 34
7.1 INTRODUCTION 34
7.2 RATING OF CVT 34

Chapter 8 ISOLATORS 35-36

8.1 INTRODUCTION 35
8.2 OPERATION 36
8.3 CONTROL 36
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 8.4 RATING OF ISOLATOR 36
Chapter 9 CIRCUIT BREAKERS 37-42
9.1 INTRODUCTION 37
9.2 PRINCIPLE 37
9.3 CLASSIFICATION OF CIRCUIT BREAKER. 37
9.4 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER. 38
9.4.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 38
9.4.2 CHAMICAL PROPERTIES 38
9.5 CONSTRUCTION 39
9.6 DEMERITS 39
9.7 APPLICATION 40
9.8 VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER. 40
9.8.1 PRINCIPAL 40
9.8.2 WORKING 41
9.8.3 ADVANTAGES 42
9.8.4 APPLICATION 42
9.9 RATING OF CIRCUIT BREAKER 42
Chapter 10 POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION 43
10.1 INTRODUCTION 43
10.2 WAVE TRAP 43

Chapter 11 ERATHING OF G.S.S 44

11.1 INTRODUCTION 44
11.2 REQUIRMENT OF EARTHING 44
11.3 SOFTWARE USED TO DESIGN OF EARTHING 44
Chapter 12 CAPACITOR BANK 45
12.1 INTRODUCTION 45

Chapter 13 RELAYS 46
13.1 PROTECTIVE RELAYS 46
Chapter 14 DC SUPPLY SYSTEM OF G.S.S 47-48
14.1 DC SYSTEM BATTERY SYSTEM 47
14.1.1 FLOAT CHARGER 47
14.1.2 BOOST CHARGER 47
14.1.3 DC POWER 47
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 14.2 BATTERY SET 48
14.3 SPECIFICATION OF BATTERY 48
Chapter 15 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE 49-51
15.1 POWER TRANSFORMERS 49
15.2 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE 50
15.3 MAINTENANCE TEST 51
Chapter 16 ANNUNCIATOR AND METERING 52
16.1 ANNUNCIATOR 52

16.2 METER SECTION 52

16.2.1 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 52

16.2.2 ENERGY METER 52

Chapter 17 SAP ERP MODULE 53-59

17.1 INTRODUCTION 53
17.2 PLANT MAINTENANCE 53
GSS LAYOUT 60
CONCLUSION 61
REFERENCES 62

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 FIGURE LIST

FIG.NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

Fig.1 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 132 KV GSS, CHAMPAPURA 13
Fig.2 LIGHTNING ARRESTORS ON SUBSTATIONS 15
Fig.3 BUS BAR 21
Fig.4 LARGE POWER TRANSFORMER 22
Fig.5 POWER TRANSFORMER 26
Fig.6 CURRENT TRANSFORMER 31
Fig.7 ISOLATORS 35
Fig.8 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER 38
Fig.9 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER 39
Fig.10 WAVE TREP 43
Fig.11 COUPLING CAPACITOR AND DRAIN COMBINATION 45
Fig.12 SAP ERP MODULE 54/55/57
Fig.13 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF GSS 47

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 TABLE LIST
TABLE TABLE NAME PAGE NO.

TABLE 1 RATING OF LIGHTNING ARRESTER. 17/18

TABLE 2 CONDUCTOR 20

TABLE 3 TRANSFORMER EQUIPMENT 24

TABLE 4 SPECIFICATION OF TRANSFORMER 28/29

TABLE 5 RATING OF CT 33

TABLE 6 RATING OF CVT 34

TABLE 7 RATING OF SOME ISOLATORS 36

TABLE 8 RATING OF CIRCUIT BREAKER 42

TABLE 9 SPECIFICATION OF BATTERIES 48

TABLE 10 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TRANSFORMER 49/50/51

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CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
As well as food, water, air, shelter etc. for the live hood, we also need electricity in stable and
continuous form. In modern civilization we cannot think of life without electricity as it has
acquired it place next to oxygen. Though a big part of central and state revenue is being utilized
in power sector still the gape in demand and availability of electrical power is getting winder
and winder. the reason being date the rat of rise in demand in many fold then the total plant
availability in the system plus new plants under such a situation the best solution is to maintain
,operate and utilize the plant in most economical manner with high degree of efficiency and
stability ,which in other words Leeds to energy conservation .The network of electricity supply
to the consumer end is very complex one comprising of generating plant ,transmission and
sub- transmission lines ,grid sub-station, Sub-stations, Distribution network etc .each element
of the n/w has got direct bearing on the quality and continuance of electric power, but G.S.S is
the pivotal point it may be considered analogs to a railway N/w in pure Electrical Engg.
Terminology GSS is called a node.

1.2 GRID SUB-SATION

An electrical GSS is place having infrastructure to control flow of power, parameter and
isolation of faulty element as stated earlier. all the transmission line are terminated at Gss with
the designing of sub-station is vast in itself .Also, depends upon many factor viz. selection of
site ,orientation of switch yard, alignment of feeders ,position of control room and allied
auxiliaries orientation/placement of electrical equipment, case of operation, switching
flexibility and safety of the operating personnel but selection of switching scheme, commonly
called bus bar arrangement is a challenging work with required not only technical experience
but must be economical too. At 132 kV GSS Champapura have four bus bars provided at both
voltages that is 132kv and 33kv.These bus bars are called as main Bus-Bars & auxiliary Bus-
Bars.

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SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF CHAMPAPURA G.S.S

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There are two feeders/lines of 132 kV voltage level:-
132 KV Heerapura-Champapura
132 KV Hingonia-Champapura
There are four O/G feeders of 33kv voltage level:-
33kv Kalwar
33kv Sunderiyawas
33kv Champapura
33kv Hathoj
Again power is synchronized and the step down here by Power Transformer (132/33KV,
20/25MVA)
Including above the yard consists of following equipment:-
 Bus bar i.e. Main & Auxiliary.
 Lightning arrester
 Current transformer
 Potential transformer(PT)/Capacitive Voltage transformer(CVT)
 Wave trap
 Isolator
 Circuit breaker
 132/33kv power transformer
 Insulators
 Control Panel
 Miscellanies Kiosk (M.K.)
 Capacitor

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CHAPTER 2
REPORT ON LIGHTNING ARRESTER PERFROMANCE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
High voltage power systems in general exp. Over voltages that originate from the system
instability/fault conditions, switching operations and lightning discharges. The duration of the
over voltages varies from microseconds depending upon the type of surges.Besides direct
lightning stroke, the sub station equipment have also to be protected against traveling waves due
to lightning strokes on the lines entering the sub station. The most commonly used equipment for
this purpose is the lighting arrester.
The lightning arrester should be installed as near to the equipment as possible particularly the
transformers, which is the costlier equipment in a sub station against direct lightning strokes the
spikes and earth wire should be suitably placed so as to provide coverage to the entire sub station
equipment. Generally angle of shield of about 45 degrees for the area between two spikes and
earth mats or ground wires and dig. For other areas is considered adequate for the lightning
protections system.

FIG2.1:- LIGHTNING ARRESTER

2.2 TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION:-

Along the way some of the current may dissipate to ground through utility equipments when the
traveling wave reaches tower the line insulator can undergo flashover resulting in interruption.
Note that several poles are generally sub. To the insulation flashover in the transmission line can
be reduced by increasing the insulation, using multiple overheads shielding wires or by reducing
the tower footing resistance. however, these method do not eliminate flashover problems
completely installation of zinc oxide arresters across the line insulation.
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2.2.1 MOUNTING:-
The lightning arrester is mounted on an insulting base where surge monitor is to be connected in
series with the arrester .if surge monitor is not used for any reason bottom, the arrester should be
directly to station earth. The surge monitor is to be fixed at a height of 1.5mtr. from the ground
level for better view.
1. For effective discharge of the high surge current the arrester should be Proper connected
ground of a good low resistance grounding system without a proper grounding system, there
is no way to protect against surges.
2. The arrester should be connected with shortest possible directly on both the line and ground
side to reduce the inductive effects while discharging large surge current.
3. The connecting lead between lightning arrester and surge monitor should be insulating for
voltage up to 3 kv insulating aluminum cable of 35 sq mm cross section is adequate as
connecting lead.
4. The surge connector housing should be connected to the common earth system.
5. Each lightning arrester should also be separately connected to nearest earth electrode by
shortest straight connections.
For transformers winding protection it is desirable to inter-connect the ground lead of the arrester
with tank and also the neutral of the secondary. The inter connection reduces the stress imposed
on the transformers winding by the surge current to the extent of the drop across the earth
resistance and the inductive drop across the ground lead.

2.2.2 HEALTH MONITORING OF THE LIGHTNING ARRESTER:-

The lightning arresters normally do not require any maintenance during their lifetime. The
measurements of the resistive component of the continuous leakage current provide the most
accurate method. for checking of the arrester condition in service under normal system condition
the arrester conducts less than 1 mA.t hence it dictates the life of the arrester increased leakage
current increases the temperature of zinc oxide elements ,which the turn increases the leakage
current further . Once the leakage current reaches a critical level, the arrester would result in a
thermal run away condition resulting in the failure. Therefore the Rate of change of leakage
current is an important parameter from the view point of reliability the leakage current of an
arrester is known to increase with time.

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2.3 SURGE MONITOR:-
The primary function of the discharge counter is to count the surge that appears across the
arrester. The surge counter operates only at impulse current above certain amplitude of 100 Amp.
and above the surge monitor is an instrument used in conjunction with lightning arrester to
continuously keep track of the condition of the arrester while it is energized . arrester under steady
state voltage condition, while the counter indicates the number of operations under by the arrester.
2.4 OPERATING PRINCIPLE:-
When the arrester discharges any surge, the capacitor gets charged before the gap spark over. later
the gap spark over and the surge are now bypassed to ground through this .the charged capacitor
then discharged through the electro-mechanical counter which counts the discharged .
2.5 RATINGS OF L.A:-

RATING OF ARRESTER PRAMETERS IN MM NUMBER OF GRAD

HOLES & ING
H E P RING
P.C.D. (mm) DIA (mm)
&
HIEGHT
(mm)

3 TO 21 KV 540 460 620 3-300 ----

24 TO 42 KV 735 700 880 3-300 ----

45 TO 72 KV 995 820 1050 3-300 ----

96 T0 144 KV 1935 1700 2100 3-300 1050 350

198 TO 240 KV 2875 2900 3300 3-300 1050 800

TABLE 2.5: RATING OF L.A.

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2.6 GENERAL DISPLAY/RATING OF LIGHTING ARRESTER:-

MAKE ZINC OXIDE SURGE ARRESTER CROMPTON GREAVES

Modal no. ZLAX 25c

Sr. no. 85945

Mfg. date 2009

Sysem voltage 132kv

Rated votage 120kv(rms)

Maxm continuous operation votage 102kv

Pre. refit current 40 Ka

Nomial discharge current 10 Ka

LD class 3

Approx. weight 120 kg

TABLE NO.: 2.6 RATING OF L.A.

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CHAPTER 3
3.1 TRANSMISSION LINES

In the category of EHV line viz. Extra high voltage line of 400 kv , 220 kv & 132 kv are
considered/are used for voltage from one grid substation to other grid sub -station through
various types of conductors.
3.2 THE CONDUCTORS USED FOR:-
1. For 400 kv line : tarantulla and marculla conductor
2. For 220 kv line : zebra conductor is used composite of aluminum strands and steel wires
3. For 132 kv line : panther conductor is used composite of aluminum strands and steel wires

The material used in these conductor is generally aluminum conductors steel

reinforced(ACSR).The conductors run over the tower cross arms of sufficient height with the
consideration to keep safe clearance of sagged conductor from ground level and from object
(trees, building etc.) both side. i.e. vertical as well as horizontal clearance.

3.3 THE WORK INVOLVEMENT IN LAYING EHT ( EXTRA HIGH

TENSION) LINE:-
The survey of the route is done keeping view the shortest route as may be economical and feasible
too per load necessity .The shortest between the two sub station on which transmission line route
is surveyed keeping in view to that survey of the route is done as may be economical and feasible
too per load necessity is called BILINE, care is taken for legal matters as may be due near by
habitants .when route is finalized and approved by the authorities on the profiles plotted according
to the data obtained at site by used of the the odolite ,dumpy level, staff level & measuring chain
type .

The steps following in laying the transmission lines are as follows:-

3.4 SELECTION OF TOWER :

Foundation is selected as per the requirement of the tower to be used like:-

1. The ‘A‟ type for straight conductors called as SUSPENSION TOWERS can be used also for 2
maximum deviation.
2. The B type angle tower of(0-15) for turning /deviation points.
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3. The C type angle tower (0-30) for turning /deviation points.
4. The D type angle tower (0-60) for turning /deviation points and dead/cut ends. these may be
double circuit also with six cross arms other then these sometime extension parts of the main
height are used for 3m or 6m as may require /to maintain clearance from the raised ground or
building or crossing and road. Tower are help in transmission line for providing electricity.

3.5 STARTING OF CONDUCTORS :-

1. Paving out of conductors above the tower is done by tractor/winch machine manually by
turning the conductors drum for unwind on turn table and earth wire is also paved out in same
manner.
2. Suspension of disc insulators is made to the x-mars of towers in suitable quantity. The quantity
of disc insulators used generally in the suspension of conductors in 132 kV tower is 9 in numbers
and in 220 kV tower is 12-14 disc insulator in numbers.
3. After paving out the conductors one by one is lifted to the height of the cross arm for hanging
in the disc and thereafter these are given tension pulling thought the tractor/winch machine and is
finally sagged as per span finally profile the sag between tower is different span thus for double ckt
six conductors are drawn and single ckt three conductors are used.
4. The earth wire is also given tension for final sag running on top of the tower for protections
from the line lightning strokes in rainy season.
5.The earthing of each tower is done by connecting the leg to the earthed pipe by means of steel
leads for protection in case of fault.
6. Finally all trees falling in the danger zone of the line either side is cleared for 13.5 meters
from the center of tower to avoid earth fault and falling on the conductors.
Main consideration is to maintain the proper clearance for post & telegraphs line by seeking
permission from the PTCC wing meant only for approval.
7. The line 33 kv /11 kv or L.T are lowered or removed which are pasting under extra high
voltage (EHV)lines for maintaining clearance is also noticed as per below detail.
8. After fulfilling all conditions the testing of the line by use of meggarring is done to check
continuity or obstacles if any. TABLE 3.4 :CONDUCTOR
S.NO. LINE MINIMUM CLEARANCE MINIMUM CLEARANCE OTHER
FROM EARTH PHASE TO PHASE LINE
1. 132 KV 1270 1473 3500
2. 220 KV 2082 2388 4270
3. 400 KV 3350 4660 6000

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CHAPTER 4
4.1 SWITCHING SCHEME BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT:-
4.1.1 SINGLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT:-
The switching-scheme is a life line of GSS in fact a Gss is considered in technical as extension of
generating unit i.e. there is infinite source of power behind the grid .So the Gss must have all
feature to efficiently, effectively and selectively control &monitor parameters of each network
element in straight forward terms, we may say that the Gss must have highest degree of stabilized
,selectivity &safety in insulation co-ordination with the highest B.I.L IS that of the bus bar
arrangement be done judiciously keeping all related requirement and codes of standard practical in
consideration various types of switching –schemes, generally in operation are being discussed in
following paragraphs.
This is operation simplest type of bus bar arrangement and is the cheapest one .Every feeder has
got its own terminal equipment‟s and hence in case of outage of any element of the terminal
equipment the feeder will remain off although each feeder has its own protection circuit failure of
the faulty feeder in isolating its faulty element may lead to collapse of the complete Gss due to its
simplest and cheapest one this form of bus bar arrangement is common at sub –transmission level
of 33 kv &11 kv and LT distribution system in rural area.

4.1.2 SINGLE MAIN TRANSFER BUS SCHEME:-

This special type of single bus arrangement having one

extra feeder with terminal equipment to connect the main
bus to transfer bus bar .whenever terminal equipment of a
feeder are required to be taken out of the ckt .this special
feeder called “bus coupler “ takes over the control of the
feeder and supply to the main feeder remains s unaffected
.this scheme is common in urban area where continuation
of power supply is prime requirement but metering to the
feeder (connected to its C.T) will remain disturbed for the
period of outage of the terminal equipment while
protection of feeder shall be that of the bus-coupler.
FIG. 4.2 BUS BAR
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CHAPTER 5
TRANSFORMERS
5.1 INTRODUCTION:-
A transformer is a static (or stationary) piece apparatus by means of which electric power of one
ckt is transferred on same frequency into another circuit.
In brief, a transformer is device that:
It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction where the two electric circuits are in mutual
inductive influence of each other.
A high voltage is desirable for transmitting large powers in order to decrease the I2R losses and
reduce the amount of conductor material. A very much lower voltage, on the other hand, is
required for distribution, for various reasons connected with safety and convenience .The
transformers make this easily and economically possible.
At Champapura Gss have two IMP make power transformer with the rating of 132/33 KV, 20/25
MVA Transformer –I and Transformer –II with ONAF (Oil Natural Air Force)cooling system.
Both transformers are operated in parallel .One of them show in picture as below:-

FIG 5.1: 132/33 KV, 20/25 MVA POWER TRANSFROMER-I

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5.2 POWER TRANSFROMER:-
The x-mar is oil immersed with triple rating of 100 MVA auto under ON (natural cooling) (oil
immersed with natural air- cooling) or (oil immersed with forced oil cooling). The tertiary is
suitable for 11 MVA continues synchronous condenser loading ,when the tertiary is load the
secondary load should be limited, such that no industrial individual winding is over loaded and are
also that total losses are not exceeds.
However a simultaneous loading of 100MVA at 0.8P.F. (lag) on the low voltage and 65MVA at
0.8p.f. (lag) on the territory is fissible the tertiary can also be loaded to 20MVA 0.8p.f on low
voltage without exeedary temperature rise. The x-mer is suitable for simultaneous parallel
operation.
It is ensured that the tertiary winding will also operate satisfactory with each other. The x-mer is
provided with separate tank of radiators, fans, pumps and associated control equipments. The
control equipment‟s are housed in a tank mounted marshalling commercial .it is provided
with on load tap changer (OLTC).
The magnetic circuit is a 3 limbed core type construction each being inter leaved with joints with
top and bottom yoke.
The winding surrounded the three limbs the conditions from high greed caused “cold rolled grain
oriented “silicon alloy steel.
The insulation on laminations is of varnish, this has steeped sections with legs and yokes having
100% area cooling ducts are provided parallel to the plan of laminations. The yoke lamination is
clamped with clamp plates are legs by Means of clamping – cum –sling plates. They are clamped
with bolts.
For lifting the core with winding high numbers of lifting bolts are provided the core clamp plates
are insulated from each other to with stand plates a test pressure of 2kv,50Hz, AC for one
minutes.
The innermost coil i.e. nearest to the core transformer is the testing winding this is wounded
helical on a bakelite cylinder with redial coil ducts for cooling purpose. Axial oil ducts are
provided inside and outside the coil means to tertiary winding is would as a no. of continuous
discs with redial oil dusts in between discs. Thus , static shields rings are provided one at the top
and other at the bottom to control the electrostatic stress distribution in the winding.

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The marshalling box is a weather proof steel box mounted on the side of x-mer tank, the
marshalling box is Provided with heater for the prevention of moisture condensation, beside this
the inside of box is provided with anti condensation point.The following equipment is mounted
inside the marshaling box:-

S.NO. NAME OF EQUIPMENT

1. Temperature indicators
2. Auxiliary gear for tap changer control
3. Cooler Control gear
4. Heater switches illumination lamps etc.

TABLE NO. 5.2: EQUIPMENT

The X-mer is in the yard has many tapping on ways every one about 5 Tapping. when the load on
x-mer increase due to regulation of the voltage 90 Down to increase the voltage on the secondary
side by the changing their tapping to higher position. For changing tap simply we have to close the
supply and taken change the tap by mechanically means. In champura G.S.S. there are on load tap
changer and it is totally remote control. There is one panels at control room for X-mer and by
pushing button, once we increase or decrease which we can see the number of tap on meter at the
panels.
The on load tap changer design is a part of X-mer unit wdg (e.g. as line and connection & switch )
The on load tap changer consist load divider(diverter switch) and a selector switch ,the desire wdg
is first select current legs by as low switching selector switch then flow the charge over by mean of
load diverter connection ,the natural point has even and odd number selector and contact plates
alternatively .This adjustment scheme shows a symmetrically design and mod of operation of the
tapping center.
power transformers are installed with various fittings and devices which are necessary for their
proper function and protection. some of the fitting which are normally provide depending upon
the size of transformer are as:
1. Magnetic type /simple oil level indicator(MOG)
2. Pressure relief vent(PRV)
3. Buchholz relay
4. Tap changer gear(OLTC)
5. Oil filling, drain valves and plugs like butter fly valve, circular type valve.
6. Oil filters valves/Terminal kiosk/ Earthing terminal, name plate, radiators, rollers,etc.
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5.3 CONSTRUCTIONAL PART:-
The main elements of the construction are:
MAGNETIC CKT : comprising limbs ,yokes and clamping structure.
ELECTRICAL CKT: the primary, secondary and (if any) tertiary winding, transformers
insulation and bracing devices.
TERMINALS: tapping switches, tapping, terminal insulator and leads.
TANK: oil, cooling device conservators, dryers and auxiliary apparatus

5.4 CORE CONSTRUCTION:-

Specially alloy steel of high resistance and low hysterics loss is used almost exclusively in
transformers cores .induction densities up to 1.35 - 1.55 wb/m2 are possible ,the limit for 50c/s is
being the loss and the magnetizing current .
As the flux in cores is a pulsating one the magnetic circuit must be laminated and the separate
lamination insulated in order to order retain the advantages of sub division, paper Japan varnish
,china clay or phosphate may be used.
Burring of edges of plate may cause a considerable increase in core loss by providing path for
eddy current should the sharp edges cut through the insulation and stabilize contact between
adjacent plate .burrs are remove before core assembly .silicon alloy steel hard, and cause wearing
of the is made punching tools, so that the removal of burns needs special attention.
Transformer shut sheet are cut as far as possible along the grain which is in the direction in which the
material has a higher permeability.

5.5 CONSTRUCTIONAL FRAME WORK:-

Considerable use is made of channel and angle section rolled steel in the framework of core type
transformers a typical construction is to clamp the top and bottom yokes between channel
sections, held firmly by tie-holts, the bottom pair of channel has cross channel as feet. The upper
pair carries clamps for the high and low voltage connections.

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 FIG 5.5:- Block Diagram Of Transformer

5.6 WINDING
Classification of winding may be done as:
1. Circular or rectangular
2. Concentric or sandwiched

5.7 INSULATION:-
The insulation between the H.V and L.V winding and between L.V. winding and core compresses
Bakelite paper cylinders or elephantine wrap.
The insulation of conductors may be of paper, cotton or glass tape being used for air insulated
transformers. The paper is wrapped round the conductors in a suitable machine, preferably
without overlap of adjacent turns. In the power transformers, owing to strain on the insulation
between turns the line end of the high voltage wdg about 5 percent of the turns are reinforced with
the extra insulation material.
5.8 LEADS AND MATERIAL:-
The connections to the winding are copper rod or bars, insulation wholly or in part and taken to
the bus bars directly in the case of oil cooled transformers .The shape and size of the conductors
important in Very high voltage systems, not on account of the current carrying capacity, because
dielectric stresses, corona, etc. at sharp bends corners with such voltages.

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5.9 BUSHINGS:-
Up to voltages of 33 kv, ordinary porcelain insulators can be used. Above this voltage the use of
conductor and oil filled terminal bushings, or for certain cases, a combination of the two has to be
considered. Of course, any conductor can be effectively insulated by air provided that it is a
sufficient distance from other conducting bodies and sufficiently proportioned to prevent corona
phenomena .such conditions are naturally UN-obtainable with transformers where the conductor
has to be taken through the cover of the containing tank, although common enough with overhear
transmission lines. The oil filled bushing consists of a hollow porcelain cylinder of special shape
with a conductor (usually a hollow tube) through its center at champapura GSS this type bushing
used in HV Side.
The capacitor type bushing is constructed of thick layers of Bakelite paper alternating with thin
graded layers of then foil .the result is a series of capacitors formed by the conductors and the first
tin foil layer, the first and second tin foil layers so on. The capacitance of the capacitors is
controlled by their length and the radial separation of their tin foil plates. The oil immersed ends
of HV bushing maybe reentrant from, reducing the immersed length and permitting as more
uniforms distribution of the axial and radial electric stress components.

5.10 CONSERVATOR:-

Conservator is required to take up the expansion and contraction of the oil to come in contact with
the air, from which it is liable to take up moisture. The conservator may consist of an airtight
cylindrical metal drum supported on the transformer lid or a neighboring wall, or of a flexible flat
corrugated dies drum. The tank is filled when cold and the expansion is taken up in the
conservator. A Air cell made by the leather material is provided in to conservator with air filled
and connected to silica gel breather, so no any air or moisture can come to contact with oil of
conservator. when it is fully airtight then the level in pressure matic glass of conservator will be
show full if there is any air leak then it will not fully inflated and level will become down.

5.11 TRANSFROMER OIL:-

Oil in transformers construction serves the double purpose of cooling and insulating in the choice
of oil for transformers use the following characteristics have to be considered. Viscosity,
insulating property, flash point, fire point, purity, slugging audity.

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5.12 SYNTHETIC TRANSFORMERS OIL:-
These have been developed to avoid the risk of fire and explosion, present always with normal
mineral oils. Chlorinated biphenyl, a synthetic oil suitable for transformers is chemically stable,
nonoxidizing, rather voltage, and heavier than water. Its dielectric strength is higher than that of
mineral oil, and moisture has a smaller tendency to migrate through it .The permittivity is 4.5,
compared with an about 2.5.

5.13 TRANSFORMERS OPERATION:-

5.13.1 NOISE:-
Under „no load condition‟ the „hum‟ developed by energized power a transformer originates in
core, where the laminations tend to vibrate by magnetic forces. The essential factors in noise
production are consequently:
1. Magnectostriction i. e. the very small extension, with corresponding reduction of cross section,
of sheet steel strips when magnetized.
2. The degree of mechanical vibration developed by the laminations, depending upon the tightness
clamping, size, gauge, associated structural parts etc.
3. The mechanical vibration of the tank walls.
4. The damping ratio
5. The total noise immersion may be reduced by:
(a) Preventing core plate vibration which necessities the use of lower flux density and such as
Clamping bolts , proportions of the, steps in plate width , tightness of clamping and uniformit
of plates.
(b) Sound insulating the transformers from the tank by cushions, padding, or oil barriers.
(c) Preventing vibrations of the tank walls by suitable design of tank and stiffness.
(d) Sound insulating the tank from the ground or surrounding air.

5.14 SPECIFICATION OF TRANSFROMER AT CHAMPAPURA

Capacity rating in MVA 20/25 TRF-I

No. of unit (s) ONE
Make Imp power ltd
Tr. Spec. ret I.S 2026-81
Tr. Sr. no. PT 6358
AMPERE in H.V. side 87.48/109.35 Amp
AMPERE in L.V. side 349.92/437.4 Amp
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 Temperature rise Oil 50 degree c
Winding 55 degree c
s.c. level Hv/Lv 10000/1000
s.c. duration 3
% impedance at Tap 1 10.23%
% impedance at Tap 5 9.87%
% impedance at Tap 17 9.38%
Mass of core and winding 32000kg
Mass of tank and fitting 12500kg
Mass of copper (approx) 10300 kg
Mass of oil 13000 kg
Volume of oil 14857 kg
Total mass 57500 kg
Total Tap in Transformer 17 nos
Date of Mfg. 11/3/10
PO. No. 3850
Connection Star-star
Phases 3
Frequency 50 Hz

No. of taps H.V voltage H.V. amp. L.V voltage

1 138600 104.14 33000
2 136950 105.37 33000
3 135300 106.68 33000
4 133650 108.00 33000
5 132000 109.35 33000
6 130350 110.73 33000
7 128700 112.15 33000
8 127050 113.61 33000
9 127050 115.10 33000
10 123750 116.64 33000
11 122100 118.21 33000
12 120450 119.23 33000
13 118800 121.50 33000
14 117150 123.21 33000
15 115500 124.97 33000
16 113850 126.78 33000
17 112200 128.64 33000

TABLE NO.: 5.14 SPECIFICATION OF TRANSFROMER AT CHAMPAPURA

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CHAPTER 6
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
Precision measurement and metering has assumed increasing importance as of the growth of the
supply and particularly where energy interchanging between different power systems is concerned
with large quantities of energy transferred of the financial effect of measuring error assume
considerable importance. It is also importance and required that small fraction of the rated primary
current should be measured with adequate accuracy some of the meters beyond rated current is
also necessary to make consideration of the normal system overload. The instrument transformers
is therefore, required to maintain the accuracy class within says 50%to 120%of the rated current
and small measuring errors with the ranges evident.

6.1 POTENTIAL TRANSFROMER:-

Potential transformers are instrument transformers. They have large number of primary turns and
a few number of secondary turn. They have used to measure the large value of voltage. Capacitive
Voltage transformers (CVT) or potential transformers (PT) are another type of instrument
transformer, used for metering and protection in high-voltage circuits. They are designed to
present negligible load to the supply being measured and to have a precise voltage ration to
accurately step down high voltages so that metering and protective relay equipment can be
operated at lower potential. Typically the secondary of voltage transformer is rated for 69 V or 120
V at rated primary voltage, to match the input ratings of protective relays.

The transformer winding high-voltage connection points are typically labeled as H1, H2
(sometimes H0 if it is internally grounded) and X1, X2 and sometimes an X3 tap may be present.
Sometimes a second isolated winding (Y1, Y2, Y3) may also be available on the same voltage
transformer. The high side (primary) may be connected phase to ground or phase to phase. The
low side (secondary) is usually phase to ground.

The terminal identifications (H1, X1, Y1, etc.) are often referred to as polarity. This applies to
current transformers as well. At any instant terminals with the same suffix numeral have the same
polarity and phase. Correct identification of terminals and wiring is essential for proper operation
of metering and protective relays.

Some meters operate directly on the secondary voltages at or below 600 V. VTs are typically used
for higher voltages (for example, 132/220/400/765 kV for power transmission)

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There are primarily three types of voltage transformers (VT): electromagnetic, capacitor, and
optical. The electromagnetic voltage transformer is a wire-wound transformer. The capacitive
voltage transformer uses a capacitance potential divider and is primarily used at higher voltages
due to a lower cost than a electromagnetic VT. An optical voltage transformer exploits the
electrical properties of optical materials.

6.1.1 WORKING:-
The potential transformer works on the same principle of other transformers. It converts voltages
from high to low. It will take the thousands of volts behind power transmission systems and step
the voltage down to something that meters can handle. These transformers work for single and
three phase systems and attached at a point where it is convenient to measure the voltage.

6.2 CURRENT TRANSFROMER:-

FIG 6.2:- OF 132 KV CT OF TRANSFORMER-I

On construction basis that the current transformers may be sub divided as:

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(a) Bar type : a current transformers in which the primary winding consist of a bar suitable size
and material form an integral part of transformers.
(b) wound type : a current transformer having a primary winding of more than one full turn
wound on core.
The rated current of the apparatus and the rated burden required determines the use of one of the
other.
6.3 SELECTION OF C.T.
The following points need to be considered while selecting a CT.
1. Type
2. Number of secondary
3. Accuracy class of each secondary
4. Rated burden
5. Accuracy limited factor rating
6. Short time current raring
7. Insulation values e.g. power frequency dry and wet withstand values, impulse withstand values.

6.4 TEST FOR C.T.

The Indian standard IS: 2705 lays down the following for the C.T.
6.4.1 TYPE OF TEST:-

1. Verification of terminal making and polarities

2. High voltage power frequency tests on primary windings
3. H.V. Power frequency tests on secondary windings
4. Short time current tests
5. Temperature rise test
6.4.2 ROUTINE TEST:-

1. Verification of terminal making and polarity

2. High voltage power frequency test on primary winding
3. Over voltage inter. Turn ratio test
4. High voltage power frequency test on secondary winding

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6.5 RATING OF C.T.:-

MAKE MEHRU ELECTRICAL AND

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Sr.no. OC 2882/124/10
Date of Mfg. 2010
Max. voltage 145kv
Insulation level 175/650kv
CT ratio 250-500/1-1 Amp or 250-500/5-5 Amp
Core type 3
Std. ISS 2705/1992

TABLE NO.: 6.5 RATING OF C.T.

6.6 AUTO TRANSFORMERS:-

Basically auto X‟mer comprises of only one winding per phase ,part of which is used by both
primary and secondary winding .This arrangement result in to an appreciable saving in cost as
well as higher operation efficiency is achieved ,but their extensive use is not being favored by
power utilities due to certain inherent disadvantage which are as follows :-

It has got low inherent reactance as such is subjected to severe short circuit condition since
primary and secondary side uses same winding there is always possibility of in position of higher
voltage on secondary in case of fault both the winding make use of common neutral, as such
neutral is required to be earthed or isolator on both side, Provision of additional insulation on
secondary side and increased frame size when adjustable tap are provided erodes the initial
advantage of low cost.

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CHAPTER 7
CAPACTIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFROMER (CVT)
7.1 INTRODUCTION

Capacitive voltage transformer is used for line voltage metering, synchroscops, protective relays,
tariff meter, etc. The performance of CVT is inferior to that of electromagnetic PT. Its
performance is affected by the supply frequency,
Switching transient, magnitude of connected burden, etc. The CVT is more economical than PT
when the nominal system voltage increases above 66KV. The carrier current equipment can be
connected via the capacitor of the CVT. So there is no need of separate coupling capacitors.
CVT is used for voltage 66KV and more. At such voltage the cost of PT is high. The capacitor is
connected in series act like potential divider provides the current taken by his burden is negligible
compared with the current passing through the series connected capacitor. However the burden
current becomes relatively larger & ratio error and also phase error is introduced. Compensation is carried out
by tuning. The reactor is connected in series with the burden is adjusted to such a value that at
supply frequency is resonates with the sum of two capacitor. This is eliminating the error.

7.2 RATINGS OF CVT:-

MAKE AREVA T&D INDIA LTD

S.T.D IS-3156/9348

SR. NO. 21101001795

DATE OF MFG. 2010

RATED VOLTAGE 132/√3 KV

HIGHEST SYSTEM VOLTAGE 145 KV

TOTAL BURDEN 100VA

TERMINAL BURDEN 500VA

NOMIAL INTERMIDATE VOLT 21 KV/S

APPROX WEIGHT 340 KG

TABLE NO. : 7.2 RATING OF C.V.T.

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CHAPTER 8
ISOLATOR
8.1 INTRODUCTION:-
When carrying out inspection to disconnect reliably the unit or section on which the work to be
done from all other live parts in the Grid Sub-station in order to ensure completely safety of the
working staff.
To afford against minute mistakes it is desirable that it should be done by an apparatus which
makes a visible break in the circuit such an apparatus is the isolating switch called isolator. It may
be defined as device used to open a circuit either when negligible current is interrupted or when no
significant charge the voltage across the terminals of each isolator will result from the operation.
Isolator may be classified as single pole of the isolator and three pole isolator i.e. according to the
number of poles & service type, these are:
 Indoor type
 Outdoor type
The doubling break rotating center part isolating switches has three isolating parts per phase
mounted on a base of fabricated construction.

FIG 8.1 : 33KV ISOLATOR

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The center part carries the moving contact arms tabular or fault with the intact assembles at the
extra meters .The moving contacts engage the fixed contacts on the outer fixed insulator part .The
designs of moving and fixed contacts vary from manufactures to the other the variants are
generally simple one of the contact is the male contact with the other is female contact the
rotating center part of the three phase are interconnected by operating rods that simultaneous
movement of each part , connected by operating rods and driven from one post by operating
mechanism through an adjustable lever drive rod and torque shaft supporting structure.
The design of contact could be different with different manufacturers for closing or both the
isolator part rotate causing movement of contact. The contact at extremely which enrages with
isolator contact the line side. The earthing blade when provided are so interlocked with the main
line blade that there can be close only when the main blade are in fully open position. similarly it
possible to close blade only when earthing blade are in open position .The earthing blade of line
switch have a separate operating mechanism as well as gallery switch indicate in control room the
open and close position of Earthing blade by semaphore on the panel.

8.2 OPERATION:-

The operation of isolator may be manual (i.e. by hand without using any other supply or storage
of energy meter) or power operated isolators.
During the cause of operation utilize energy which is not supplied by the operator. The energy
may be electrical, pneumatic or the energy previously stored in spring or counter weight.
8.3 CONTROL:-
In case power operated(motorized) isolator are purchased for any installation it may be worthwhile
to examine further weather control should be local in switch yard or remote in the control room
the extra cost enrolled in the isolated is quite substantial particularly at voltage 132 kv and below
it should therefore considered in detail weather any installation really in stifles the procurement of
remote operate isolators keeping in view the fast frequency of operation of isolator is rather low.
8.4 RATING OF ISOLATOR:- TABLE NO. 8.4
MAKE EXCEL ASSOCIATE PVT. LTD
Rated voltage 145kv
Rated current 800amp
Auxiliary switch 6 no.+6 nc
10 amp 110 v
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CHAPTER 9
CIRCUIT BREAKER

9.1 INTRODUCTION:-

A circuit breaker is equipment which can open or close circuit under all condition viz. No load,
full loads or fault conditions. It so designed that it can be operated manually under normal
conditions and automatically under fault conditions, for the later operation, relay circuit is used.
Circuit breaker can be defined as an electrical device, which protects the system from short
circuits or over load with the help of relays. In case, circuit breaker is not of adequate capacity, its
failure may result into interruption of power, shut downs, injury to personals and damage to
property. Installation of over rated circuit breakers or extra sensitive and costly protective devices
will mean un-wanted expenditure. It is therefore necessary that calculations in respect of short
circuit currents for the concerned system be made before correctly rated circuit breakers are
selected or steps are taken to improve the existing system.
9.2 OPREATING PRINCIPLE: -
A circuit breaker consists of fixed and moving contacts under normal operating conditions these
contacts remains closed. In this condition, the emf in the secondary winding of currents
transformer (C.T) in sufficient to operate the trip coil of the breaker but the contacts can be
opened by manual or automatic control.
When fault occurs on any part of the system the resulting over current in the primary winding
increases the secondary winding emf and hence the current flow through relay operating coils. The
relay contacts are closed and the trip coil (tripping coil) of the breaker is energized. The moving
contacts are pulled apart by some mechanism thus operating the circuit breaker.
When the contacts of the circuit breaker are separated under fault conditions, arc is produced
between them (male and female contacts). The current is thus able to continue until the arc ceases.
This arc generates enormous heat, which may cause damage to the system or to the breaker itself.
Therefore, the main problem in a circuit breaker is to extinguish the arc within the shortest 6 time
so that heat generates by it may not reach a dangerous value.
9.3 CLASSIFICATION OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS FOR VARIOUS
VOLTAGES:
1. Bulk oil circuit breaker.
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2. SF-6 circuit breaker.
3. Air blast circuit breaker.
4. Minimum oil circuit breaker.
5. Vacuums circuit breaker

9.4 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKERS:-

Sulphur hexa fluoride [SF6] is an inert gas and heavy gas having good dielectric and arc
extinguishing properties the dielectric strength gas increases with pressure and is more than that of
dielectric oils at a pressure of 3Kg/cm2 the gas liquefies at certain low temperature the
liquefactions temp increases with the pressure.
9.4.1 PHISICAL PROPERTIES OF SF6 GAS:
1. Colorless and odorless.
2. Non-toxic.
3. Inflammable.
4. State gas at normal temp & pressure.
5. Density heavy gas 5 times that of air 20 & atmospheric pressure.
6. Inert and thermally stable.

FIG 9.4: 132 KV SF-6 CB CGL Make

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The heat transferability of gas is 2-5times that of air at the same temperature & pressure SF6has
low arc time constant. The time constant of medium is defined as the “medium time between
current t zero and the instant the conductance of contract space reaches zero value.” Due to the
electro negativity of SF6dielectric strength is high.

FIG 9.4.1: CIRCUIT BREAKER

9.4.2 CHAMICAL PROPERTIES OF SF6 GAS:-

1. Inert & Stable up to 500°C.

2. Electro negativity.
3. Does not react with structural material up to 500°C.
4. During arc extinguishing process SF6 is broken down to extent into SF4, SF2 the product of
decomposition recombine upon cooling to from the original gas.
9.5 CONSTRUCTION:-
The cylindrical large size steel tanks are mounted horizontally parallel to each other. Each tank
consists of SF6 under pressure. The interruption is of multi break type &is placed along the each
axis of each tank. The interruption assembly is supported inside the tank by the vertical bushings
which are mounted near the end of each tank. Gas at high pressure is supplied to the interrupter
from a gas reservoir.
The bushings are also insulated with SF6 the conductor is in the form of copper tube supported at
both end by porcelain shields. SF6 gas is supplied from the high pressure tanks. Shields are
provided with gasket seals to eliminate leakage of gas from beginnings.
9.6 DEMERITS OF SF6 CIRCITE BREKER:-

1. Sealing problem arises to the type of the construction used.

2. Presence of moisture in the system is very dangerous to SF6 circuit breaker.
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3. Arced SF6 gas is poisonous & should not be let out.
4. The double presence SF6 CB is cost liner due to complex gas system.
5. The internals parts should be cleaned thoroughly during periodic maintenance under clean dry
environment.
6. Dust of Teflon & sulfide should be removed.
7. Special facilities are needed for transporting the gas.

9.7 APPLICATIONS:-
A typical SF6 circuit breaker consists of interrupter units each capable of dealing with currents up
to 60 ka and voltages in the range of 50-80kv. A number of units are connected in series according
to the system voltage.SF6 circuit breaker have been developed for voltages 115kv to 230kv,
power ratings 10MVA to 20MVA and interrupting time less than 3 cycles.

9.8 VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER (VCB) :-

In this breaker, vacuum is being used as the arc quenching medium. Vacuum offers highest
insulating strength. It has far superior arc quenching properties than any other medium. When
contacts of a breaker are opened in vacuum, the interruption occurs at first current zero with di -
electric strength between the contacts building up at a rate thousands of times that obtained with
other circuit breakers.

9.8.1 PRINCIPLE :-
When the contacts of the breaker are opened in vacuum (10 -7 to 10 -5 torr), an arc is
produced between the contacts by the ionization of metal vapours of contacts. The arc is quickly
extinguished because the metallic vapours, electrons and ions produced during arc condense
quickly on the surfaces of the circuit breaker contacts, resulting in quick recovery of dielectric
strength. As soon as the arc is produced in vacuum, it is quickly extinguished due to the fast rate
of recovery of dielectric strength in vacuum.

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9.8.2 WORKING:-
When the breaker operates the moving contacts separates from the fixed contacts and an arc is
struck between the contacts. The production of arc is due to the ionization of metal ions and
depends very much upon the material of contacts. The arc is quickly extinguished because the
metallic vapours, electrons and ions produced during arc are diffused in short time and seized by
the surfaces of moving and fixed members and shields. Since vacuum has very fast rate of
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recovery of dielectric strength, the arc extinction in a vacuum breaker occurs with a short contact
separation.

9.8.3 ADVANTAGES:
a. They are compact, reliable and have longer life.
b. There are no fire hazards.
c. There is no generation of gas during and after operation.
d. They can interrupt any fault current. The outstanding feature of a VCB is that it can break any
heavy fault current perfectly just before the contacts reach the definite open position.
e. They require little maintenance and are quiet in operation.
f. Can withstand lightning surges.
g. Low arc energy.
h. Low inertia and hence require smaller power for control mechanism.
9.8.4 APPLICATIONS:
For outdoor applications ranging from 22 kV to 66 kV. Suitable for majority of applications in
rural area.
9.9 RATINGS OF CIRCIT BREAKER:

Type 120-SEM-32B
Make Crompton greaves limited (CGL)
Sr. NO. 31240C
Rated voltage 145 KV
Rated current 1600A
Rated gas pressure 7 kg/cm-g
Malary capacity 1000KAP
Motor voltage 230v
Rated operating duty 0-0.3 sec-Co-3 min-CO
No. of breaks per pole 1
Operation- tripping Pneumatic
Closing Charged Spring

date of Mfg. Nov.-2010

STD IEC 6227/-100
TABLE NO: 9.9 CIRCUIT BREAKER
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CHAPTER 10
POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION (PLCC)
10.1 INTRODUCTION
As electronic plays a vital role in industrial growth. communication is also a backbone of any
power station .com between various generating and receiving station very essential for proper
operation of power system this is more so in case of a large interconnected system where a control
load dispatch station as to coordinate the working of various units to see that the system is
maintained in the optimum working condition, power line communication is the most economical
and reliable method of communication for medium and long distance in a power n/w PLCC
system in Rajasthan. At this GSS also provided the PLCC System in among:-
1. HEERAPURA-CHAMPAPURA-HINGONIA-RENWAL

10.2 WAVE TRAP:

Rejection filters are known as the line traps consisting of the parallel resonance circuit (L&C in
parallel) tuned to the carrier frequency are connected in series at each end of the protected line
such a CKT offers high impedance to the flow of carriers frequency current thus prevelenting the
dissipation .

The carrier current uses for PLCC have to be prevented from entering the power equipments
such as attenuation or even complete loss of communication signals.
For this purpose wave trap or line trap are used between transmission line and sub- station equip
ment to –
1. Avoid carrier power dissipation in power plant
2. Reduced cross talks with other PLCC CKT
connected to the same power station.

FIG10.2: WAVE TRAP

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CHAPTER 11
EARTHING OF G.S.S.
11.1 INTRODUCTION
Earthing of electric installation play an important role as regards the behavior of the network and
personal safety .The purpose of earthing is electric are protection of the installation, improvement
in the quality of service and safety of personnel. Earth is inherently a rather poor conductor whose
resistivity is around 1 billion times that of copper. An 8 feet*20 MM diameter ground rod driven
into earth might very likely represent a 25 ohm connected to earth. This resistance may be
imagined to be made up of the collective resistance of a series of equal thickness cylindrical shells
of earth. The inner shell will of course represent the largest incremental value of resistance, since
the resistance is inversely proportional to the shell diameter. Thus the central small diameter shell
of earth constitute of the bulk earthing terminal resistance.
11.2 REQUIREMENT OF EARTHING:-
Provision of adequate earthing in substation is extremely important for the safety of the operating
personnel as well as proper system operation. The primary requirements of a good earthing
system in a substation are:
1. The impedance of ground should be low as possible.
2. The touch potential and step should in safe limits.
3. Equipment framework and other nun-current carrying parts.

11.3 SOFTWARE USED TO DESIGN OF EARTHING:-

There gives the important details of input data, earthing rod, their spacing and complete earth
picture:
(a) Soil resistivity:
For normal soil 25-30 ohm-m
For hard soil 100-150 ohm-m
For rocky soil 300-400 ohm-m
(b) Gravel resistivity-Normal taken as 3000 ohm-m
(c) Yard length and width
(d) Fault charging time
(e) Initial spacing of earthing rods
(f) Gravel thickness: Normally taken as 0.08m

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 CHAPTER 12
CAPACITOR BANK

FIG 12.1 CAPACITOR BANK

12.1 INTRODUCTION
The capacitor bank is a bank of voltage via cell’s, When in a G.S.S voltage find low and the
control panel work not properly then for improving voltage as well as power factor using the
capacitor voltage. In the capacitor bank the energy store and charge; it is place in Main bus bar.
The capacitor bank use for short time when low voltage provide. In many G.S.S different rating
capacitor are use. In the capacitor bank the capacitor is charge and when using this then
discharges.
In the (33kv, 132kv, 220kv, 440kv) use of capacitor bank. By the use of this we can maintain of
voltage, power factor etc. at the GSS. At Champapura GSS one unit of 5.43 MVAR Capacity
Energy company make is installed for maintaining of voltage as well as power factor on 33 KV
side which is connected to 33 KV Main Bus.

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CHAPTER 13
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
13.1 BASIC EQUIPMENT OR REQUIREMENT OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS:-
Basic equipment or requirements of protective relays are as follows:-
13.1.1 SPEED:-
Protective relaying should do connect a faulty element as quickly as possible.

13.1.2 SELECTIVITY:-
The ability of the protective relay to determine the point of which have the fault occurs and select
the nearest circuit breaker tripping of which will lead the clearing of fault with min-or so damage
to the system.
13.1.3 SENSITIVITY:-
It is the capacity of the relaying to operate relay under the actual condition that produces the last
operating condition tendency.
Depending upon the method of element connected primary relay (series element connect directly
on the circuit protective element) and secondary relay (sensing element connected through a
current and voltage transformer) which are depending upon the time action and depending upon
the kind of contacts.These are called normally opened normally closed in GSS control room there
in panel in which the relays are set and there are many type of relays.
a. Over current relay
b. I.D.M.T.fault Relay
c. Impendence Relay
d. Earth Fault Relay
e. Buncheloz`s Relay
f. Differential Relay
g. Auxiliary Relay
h. Distance protection Relay
i. Under frequency Relay(UFR)
j. .Over voltage Relay
k. Under voltage Relay
l. Neutral Displacement Relay (NDR)

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CHAPTER 14
DC SUPPLY SYSTEM OF G.S.S.
14.1 DC SYSTEM HAS THREE MAIN PARTS AT G.S.S.:-
1. Rectifier
2. battery set
3. dc distributor board (DCDB)
 Rectifier have two parts:-
1. Float charger
2. boost charger
 Battery set have two types:-
1. Liquid type
2. Dry type like VRLA type
 Dc distribution board have mainaly Earth fault relay and low voltage alarm.

14.1.1 FLOAT CHARGER:-

 440V, 3- Ac input through rotary switches and fuses is given to float CON 1.
 1- ac input to motor control circuit which is connected to variance.
 For per phase output voltage regulation secondary of float transformer is connected in series of
secondary of boost transformer for necessary compensation.
 Output is filtered by filter circuit and protected by HRC fuses.
14.1.2 BOOST CHARGER:-
 3- Ac is given to CON. 2 through relay.
 Boost transformer P1 have tap and its secondary has multiple taps which can be used as per
requirement through course and trip selector switches.
 Output is protected by fuses and blanker diode, current is measured through shuts of ammeter.
14.1.3 DC POWER / CONTACTOR:-
 When boost contactor ON then this contactor should be OFF. This is because of no over
voltage should came when set is boost charged.
 When boost is OFF then dc contactor is ON.

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14.2 BATTER SET:-
There is a battery set (2.25V) of 54 batteries which are all of 110 volts. At some GSS two DC
system provided So in emergency or during shut down for maintenance work DC supply can be
maintain for the GSS maintenance is carried out on daily, monthly and yearly basis ,but during
now days most of GSS have VRLA type DC batteries which are almost maintenance free due to
dry type. The technical data of battery set is maintained by every GSS through measuring the
each cell voltage on monthly basis so that if any cell voltage may going towards downward may
be out of circuit or may give to boost etc. for safety of other cell’s as well as battery set. Because
the DC System is heart for the every GSS and it is very important part of GSS equipment’s.

14.3 SPECIFICATION OF BATTERY:-

Make Amara raja

AH capacity 200AH c10 to 1.75 ECV

Modal no. 1P9X21

Cell type 2v-200Ah

Voltage float 2.23VPC

Boost 2.30VPC

Current 20 to 40 amp

TABLE NO.: 14.3 SPECIFICATION OF BATTERY

(AIET/DOEE/2018-19/PTS/048)
CHAPTER 15
INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE:
15.1 POWER TRANSFORMERS:
In addition to the log sheet, which is maintained by the shift staff, each transformer should have
its own maintenance record register, with history card affixed to it. In RVPN these are maintained
as per IS : 2008 as the RVPNL is ISO:2008 certified company.
TABLE 15.1 ROUTINE INSPECTION SCHEDULE
(POWERTRANSFORMERS)

S.NO. ITEMES TO BE INSPECTED RECOMMENDED SCHEDULE

(OBSERVATION TO BE
RECORDED)
1. Current (load) Hourly
2. Voltage Hourly
3. Ambient temperature Hourly
4. Oil temperature Hourly
5. Winding temperature Hourly (Depends upon the
capacity of the transformer and
provision of the winding
temperature gauge)
6. Oil level in transformer Each shift
7. Oil level in bushing Each shift
8. De-hydrator or silica gel Each shift
9. Water cooling system Each shift
(a) Water temperature Each shift
incoming and out
Going
(b) Water pumps Each shift
(c) Oil circulating pumps Each shift
10. Blast air cooling system

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 (a) Fans and motors Each shift
(b) Bearing (Lubrication) (as per recommendations of)
(c) Heat exchanger Annually

15.2 DETAILED INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE

(POWER TRANSFORMERS)

S.NO. ITEM TO BE INSPECTED RECOMMENDED

MAINTENANCE

SCHEDULE
1. Leakage of oil Half yearly

2. Explosion vent Quarterly

3. Bushings Half yearly

4. Tap changing switches Half yearly

5. Ground Resistance Half yearly

6. Gas analysis Yearly

7. Pressure testing of the cooling Yearly

equipment if installed
8. Tightening of the contacts Half yearly

TABLE NO.: 15.2 DETAILED INSPECTION

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15.3 MAINTENANCE TESTS (POWER TRANSFORMERS)

S.NO TEST RECOMMEN- SATISFACTOR

DED Y REMARKS
SCHEDULE
VALUES
1. Di-electric strength of the Yearly 38 KV for one
oil minute for
untreated oil,50
KV
2. Neutralization number Yearly 8.4 maximum

3. Insulation Resistance Yearly Depends upon the

voltage or winding
4. Polarization Index Yearly 8 or less

5. Power Factor Yearly 2 percent or less at

20°
Measurement
or 0.00 at 90°C
(tan8)

TABLE NO.: 15.3 MAINTENANCE TESTS (POWER TRANSFORMERS)

(AIET/DOEE/2018-19/PTS/051)
CHAPTER16
ANNUNCIATOR AND METER SECTION
16.1 ANNUNCIATOR

In the control room the annunciate‟ is most control box as when the fault across and relay
trip by which we mean that the fault is occurred.
In this there is a box type thing in which probable fault at different feeder and different zone have
written and in front of them there are bulb/LED provided in each window of annunciator panel.
There is also an alarm system.
When same fault is occurred the relay is trip and is given two signal one for two circuit breaker
and second to annunciator auxiliary relays. This relays first signal trip the C.B and signal when
goes to relay i.e.auxilary type trip, that relay this relay i.e. seeds the signal to annunciator which
given alarm and the bulb is lighting in the front of the type of the fault, which is occurred. The
shift engineer can receives this signal and sees the annunciator at which feeder at which zone and
which type of fault is occurred.
Penal at which the C.B is open it trip again to see that weather it is instantaneous fault (like
monkey made short CKT or bird made a short CKT) the closes the circuits breaker and reset the
relay is trip or not. It is not other the system coil leak as much as it again announce that the CKT
is still faulty then as we know that suppose fault is at RPS Feeder zone earth fault send a
maintenance party to rectify the fault.
16.2 METER SECTION:

16.2.1 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

These are certain panel boards, which have the energy meter for differently feeder, wattmeter and
maximum demand indicator.
16.2.2 ENERGY METER

The energy meter is the meter, which measures the energy consumed by the particular feeder.
These are filled to different feeders and we note hourly reading how much amount we are
importing/exporting (KWH). These meters read in MWH/KWH. at champapura GSS two type
energy meters are provided one of them is multifunctional meter of various company make like
AE Ltd. on panel and other is also on panel but provided by the Protection wing of RVPN for
correct metering purpose with high accuracy company make like Genus ltd.
(AIET/DOEE/2018-19/PTS/052)
CHAPTER 17
SAP ERP MODULE
17.1 INTRODUCTION
The RVPNL now is moving toward digital technology and adopt a online software namely SAP
ERP which is the abbreviation for “Systems Applications and Products in Data processing.it is
used by RVPNL on very vast level and maximum data related to employees like attendance,
payroll activity ,loan requirement ,transfer-posting, all type of billing payment, tender’s, etc.as
well as technical data related to the Gss like stock balance, progress of old /new project of RVPN
etc. .log sheet data, will be available on real time basis for use in any further project/Scheme of
RVPN .The higher authority up to Top management of RVPN may check or analysis these data at
any time. In this system each GSS has a unique ID namely cost center /plant code/purchase grip.
profit center etc.as well as every account unit also have unique ID‟s. Similarly a unique ID also
given to the every employee of RVPN namely Employee Identification number by using this ID
every employee can see all over self- history in RVPN at any time.
In SAP ERP Module various module created for the various technical and Non- technical work of
GSS. one of them is important namely PM Module like as :-
17.2 PLANT MAINTENANCE (PM MODULE) –
It is a combination of all technical, administrative and management tasks carried out during the
life cycle of a technical object to keep it operational or to return it to this condition so it can work
as intended.

1. Getting Started
LOG ON:
Select SAP Log in Icon

On PC Desktop & press enter key or double click Or follow the menu path as shown in following
screen

(AIET/DOEE/2018-19/PTS/053)
 Select the QAS System
and Click on Logon
2. Logging onto the SAP system

You need to enter your USER NAME, PASSWORD to log-in to the system.

3. SAP Easy Access:

SAP easy access is the standard entry screen displayed after the logon You navigate through
the system using the tree structure.

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4. Selecting Functions:

(AIET/DOEE/2018-19/PTS/055)
 You can call functions in the SAP as follows:
Menu Option
Favorites
Entry in the SAP easy access Menu
/n -- ends the current session
/i -- delete the current session
/o<T-code> opens a new session and branches out to the transaction specified
<with reqd. T-code>

5. Elements of the screen layout

Command Field: Use command field to go to applications directly by entering the transaction
code.
Standard Tool Bar: the push buttons in the standard tool bar are found on every screen in an
SAP system. Any push buttons that cannot be used in a particular application are grayed out. If
you place your cursor on a push button for a while the system displays a quick info text that
explains the push button function.
The Application Tool bar: shows which functions are available in the current application.
A Tab page: provides a clearer overview of several information screens
Status bar: the status bar displays information on the current system status, for example.
Warning or error messages
Menu bar: the menus shown here depend on which application you are working in.
Title bar: the title bar displays the functions that are available for the user.

Checkboxes: checkboxes enable you to select several options simultaneously within a group.
Radio Buttons: allow you to choose exactly one item from a selection.

(AIET/DOEE/2018-19/PTS/056)
 menu
Command Field

Title bar
Standard tool bar
Application Tab

Input field &

check box

Status bar

6. SAP – Symbols or icons:

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7. SAP – Instructions:

Auto Log-Out
o The system logs you out automatically, if the screen is idle for 900 seconds (15 minutes). If
you are reading a screen or running a report please move your cursor to keep the screen
active.
Background Job
o All heavy reports should be run in the background. Reports tend to read a lot of data from the
database and hence can slow down the system. Background reports do not slow down the
system.
Sessions
o You can create up to 6 sessions with a single log-in. You may use this feature to increase
your productivity. However, be aware of the sessions you have created. You may actually be
locking yourself in one session, while you may be trying to edit an object in another session.
User Default
o You can set-up user parameters and defaults for your user name. However, only the
administrator is assigned this authorization. If you see decimal notation, date notation,
default printers and certain default organization units are not relevant to you, please get the
administrator to set them right.
Personalization
o You can personalize many screens. You may also use favorites. You can use the Options
feature to change some screen settings including the listing of keys along with the
description. Use these features carefully after you gain enough experience.
Password Protection
o Do not change your password if many people are using the same user name. If you are the
only one using it, change it once every month.
Excel Integration
o All your report outputs can be downloaded to excel to text files. Please use this feature if you
want to analyze certain reports. While you need to use SAP in real-time, you may choose to
work on some reports offline.

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8. System Messages: System gives 4 types of error messages:
o I – Information
o W – Warning
o E – Error
o A – System Error
„I‟ will allow you to work without interruption. „W‟ will need you to press “enter”. “E”
means you have missed some input etc. It prompts the user to correct him and hence does not
allow you to go to next step without correction. Error type “A” is a serious error and is because
of some system issues. Bring it up to the system administrator immediately.

(AIET/DOEE/2018-19/PTS/059)
GSS LAYOUT
132 KV GSS CHAMPAPURA KALWAR ROAD ,JAIPUR

[A BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 132KV GSS CHAMPAPURA JAIPUR]



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 CONCLUSION
The power sector of the country has been set on a path of vigorous and sustainable growth
with self- reliance in all technological aspect. The country has aim at energy self-sufficient
the growth in power sector helped millions of people in the country to secure employment. It
is anticipated that a large part of nation‟s wealth would be in power sector.
A necessary and important aspect of engineering course is practical training. It gives an
engage to phase and tackle actual problems in the industries and field. The institute where the
students studies can‟t provide that practical knowledge on all learning. Until and unless the
student has been exposed to its practical aspects. The study of the subjects is incomplete. The
artificial studies built the engg. in him by providing him pool of knowledge where as practical
application makes him agile and complete. If theoretical knowledge teaches principal and
polices, the practical expose tells how to use those policies and principle atmosphear.during
training session the students learn to work human laboratory.
As the case of practical training there is a major difference between theoretical and practical
knowledge, hence practical training is taken at a company or industry to get
familiar with Engg. Organizational and technical practices implementation is just like a bird
with one fan.
So, I thought to take my practical training at 132kv G.S.S R.V.P.N.L. Kalwar Road,
Champapura, Jaipur. Also, this GSS has been won the Trophy& award of “Best Maintained
GSS for the FY 2012-13” in RVPN.I learnt there a lot of to know about CT and PT,
distribution system, various transformers, relays, circuit breakers, conductors, LA etc. DC
system, PLCC, SAP ERP online system with installation and maintenance procedures used by
RVPNL.
In Champapura G.S.S. every event added a lot of to my practical knowledge during my
training session. As during the practical session, maintenance period was going on thus it
made a right direction to understand and make a clear and absolute approach about various
equipment‟s and their fittings, testing‟s, maintenance work, and features installed there. This
made a perfect relation between theoretical and practical knowledge.

(AIET/DOEE/2018-19/PTS/061)
 REFERENCES

1. Instruction manual of instrument transformer (TELK instrument transformer) provided by

R.V.P.N.L.
2. Instruction manual of Lighting Arresters (LAMCO’S metal oxide surge arrester molester)
provided by R.V.P.N.L.A
3. Text-book of ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY ( AC and DE machines) by B.L. Theresa
4. A Text-book of POWER SYSTEM by V.K. Mehta
5. C. L. Wadhwa “Electrical Power System”.

(AIET/DOEE/2018-19/PTS/062)