EDC LAB

MANUAL

(CSE2433)

ENGG. M.FURQAN

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

1

THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE

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 Contents

1. Experiment 1 P-N JUNCTION DIODE CHARACTERISTICS ...................................................4

2. Experiment 2 ZENER DIODE CHARACTERISTICS AND ZENER DIODE AS AVOLTAGE
REGULATOR .............................................................................................................................15
3. Experiment 3: CLIPPER ....................................................................................................23
4. Experiment 4: CLAMPER ..................................................................................................29
5. Experiment 5 : HALF -WAVE RECTIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT FILTER............................35
6. Experiment 6 FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT FILTER ...............................43
7. Experiment 7: VOLTAGE DOUBLER..................................................................................50
8. Experiment 8: CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON EMITTER TRANSISTOR
CONFIGURATION .....................................................................................................................54
Tutorial 1 The OSCILLOSCOPE: EXPERIMENT GUIDE ...............................................................64
MULTISIM TUTORIAL ...............................................................................................................74

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1. Experiment 1 P-N JUNCTION DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

OBJECTIVE:

1. To observe and draw the Forward and Reverse bias V-I Characteristics of a P-N

Junction diode.

2. To calculate static and dynamic resistance in forward and reverse Bias Conditions.

APPARATUS:

1. P-N Diode

2. Regulated Power supply (0-30V)

3. Resistor 1KΩ.

4. Ammeter (0-20 mA)

5. Ammeter (0-200μA)

6. Voltmeter (0-20V)

7. Bread board

8. Connecting wires

THEORY:

A P-N junction diode conducts only in one direction. The V-I

characteristics of the diode are curve between voltage across the diode

and current flowing through the diode. When external voltage is zero,
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circuit is open and the potential barrier does not allow the current to flow.

Therefore, the circuit current is zero.

When Ptype (Anode) is connected to +ve terminal and n type (cathode) is

connected to –ve terminal of the supply voltage is known as forward

bias.

The potential barrier is reduced when diode is in the forward biased

condition. At some forward voltage, the potential barrier altogether

eliminated and current starts flowing through the diode and also in the

circuit. Then diode is said to be in ON state. The current increases with

increasing forward voltage.

When N-type (cathode) is connected to +ve terminal and P-type (Anode)

is connected –ve terminal of the supply voltage is known as reverse bias

and the potential barrier across the junction increases. Therefore, the

junction resistance becomes very high and a very small current (reverse

saturation current) flows in the circuit. Then diode is said to be in OFF

state. The reverse bias current is due to minority charge carriers.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

A) Forward bias:
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B) Reverse Bias:

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EXPECTED GRAPH:

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OBSERVATIONS:

A) FORWARD BIAS:

S.NO Applied Forward Forward

Voltage(V) Voltage(Vf) Current(If(mA))

B) REVERSE BIAS:

S.NO Applied Reverse Reverse

Voltage(V) Voltage(Vr) Current(Ir(uA))

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Calculations:

Calculation of Static and Dynamic Resistance for a given diode.

In forward bias condition:

Static Resistance, Rs = Vf/If =

Dynamic Resistance, RD = ΔVf/ ΔIf =

In Reverse bias condition:

Static Resistance, Rs = VR/IR =

Dynamic Resistance, RD = ΔVR/ ΔIR =

PROCEDURE:

A) FORWARD BIAS:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. For forward bias, the RPS +ve is connected to the anode of the diode

and RPS –ve is connected to the cathode of the diode

3. Switch on the power supply and increase the input voltage (supply

voltage) in steps of 0.1V

4. Note down the corresponding current flowing through the diode and

voltage across the diode for each and every step of the input voltage.

5. The reading of voltage and current are tabulated.

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6. Graph is plotted between voltage (Vf) on X-axis and current (If) on Y-

axis.

B) REVERSE BIAS:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. For reverse bias, the RPS +ve is connected to the cathode of the diode

and RPS –ve is connected to the anode of the diode.

3. Switch on the power supply and increase the input voltage (supply

voltage) in steps of 1V.

4. Note down the corresponding current flowing through the diode

voltage across the diode for each and every step of the input voltage.

5. The readings of voltage and current are tabulated

6. Graph is plotted between voltage (VR) on X-axis and current (IR) on Y-

axis.
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RESULT:

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Answer the Following

Define depletion region of a diode.

What is meant by transition & space charge capacitance of a diode?

Is the V-I relationship of a diode Linear or Exponential?

Define cut-in voltage of a diode and specify the values for Si and Ge diodes.
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What are the applications of a p-n diode?

Draw the ideal characteristics of P-N junction diode.

What is the diode equation?

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What is PIV?

What is the break down voltage?

What is the effect of temperature on PN junction diodes?

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2. Experiment 2 ZENER DIODE CHARACTERISTICS AND
ZENER DIODE AS AVOLTAGE REGULATOR

Objective:

a) To observe and draw the static characteristics of a zener diode

b) To find the voltage regulation of a given zener diode

APPARATUS:

1. Zener diode - 1No.

2. Regulated Power Supply (0-30v) - 1No.

3. Voltmeter (0-20v) - 1No.

4. Ammeter (0-20mA) - 1No.

5. Resistor (1K ohm)

6. Bread Board

7. Connecting wires

THEORY:

A zener diode is heavily doped p-n junction diode, specially made to

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operate in the break down region. A p-n junction diode normally does not
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conduct when reverse biased. But if the reverse bias is increased, at a

particular voltage it starts conducting heavily. This voltage is called

Break down Voltage. High current through the diode can permanently

damage the device to avoid high current, we connect a resistor in series

with zener diode. Once the diode starts conducting it maintains almost

constant voltage across the terminals whatever may be the current

through it, i.e., it has very low dynamic resistance. It is used in voltage

regulators.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

A) STATIC CHARACTERISTICS :

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 B) REGULATION CHARACTERISTICS:

EXPECTED GRAPH:

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OBSERVATIONS:

A) Static characteristics:

S.NO APPLIED FORWARD FORWARD

VOLTAGE VOLTAGE CURRENT

B) Regulation Characteristics:

S.NO APPLEID 𝑉𝐹𝐿 𝑉𝑁𝐿 𝑅𝐿 %

VOLTAGE REGULATION

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PROCEDURE:

A) Static characteristics:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The Regulated power supply voltage is increased in steps.

3. The Forward current (lf), and the forward voltage (Vf.) are observed

and then noted in the tabular form.

4. A graph is plotted between Forward current (lf) on X-axis and the

forward voltage

(Vf) on Y-axis.

B) Regulation characteristics:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. The load is placed in full load condition and the zener voltage (Vz),

Zener current

(lz), load current (IL) are measured.

3. The above step is repeated by decreasing the value of the load in steps.

4. All the readings are tabulated.

5. The percentage regulation is calculated using the below formula

6. The voltage regulation of any device is usually expressed as

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percentage regulation.
CALCULATIONS:

The percentage regulation is given by the formula

% Regulation = (VNL-VFL) /VFLX100

VNL=Voltage across the diode, when no load is connected.

VFL=Voltage across the diode, when load is connected.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The terminals of the zener diode should be properly identified

2. While determined the load regulation, load should not be immediately

shorted.

3. Should be ensured that the applied voltages & currents do not exceed

the ratings of the diode.

RESULT: The percentage regulation of the Zener Diode is _______

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Answer the following

What type of temp coefficient does the zener diode have?

If the impurity concentration is increased, how does the depletion width get
effected?

Does the dynamic impendence of a zener diode vary?

Explain briefly about avalanche and zener breakdowns.

Draw the zener equivalent circuit.

Differentiate between line regulation & load regulation.

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Which region zener diode can be used as a regulator?

How the breakdown voltage of a particular diode can be controlled?

What type of temperature coefficient does the Avalanche breakdown has?

By what type of charge carriers the current flows in zener and avalanche
breakdown diodes?
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3. Experiment 3: CLIPPER

Objective: Understanding the working of Clipper through diode.

Theory:

Clipper circuits have the ability to “clip” off a portion of the input signal

without distorting the remaining part of the alternating waveform. The

half wave rectifier is an example of the simplest form of diode clipper.

Depending on the orientation of thy diode, the positive or negative region

of the input signal is “clipped” off. There are two general categories of

clippers: series and parallel. The series c configuration is defined as one

where the diode is in series with the load, while the parallel variety has

the diode in branch parallel to the load.

Clippers are useful for protecting circuits from exceeding various

voltages (either positive or negative).

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TASK1:

• Connect the circuit shown in figure, set the function generator to

20 Vp-p. 1kHz, sine wave.

• Connect the oscilloscope to Vo.

VDC Max Value of Vo Min Value of Vo

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Questions

• Compute Vo mathematically and plot the output for

VDC =5?

• Compare the theoretical values with your practical

results.

• What will affect the 5V DC source if it is connected in reverse

explain the operation of the circuit in that case and draw the

output wave shape.

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TASK2:

3 3

• Connect the circuit shown in figure, set the function generator to

20 Vp-p. 1kHz, sine wave.

• Connect the oscilloscope to Vo.

VDC Max Value of Vo Min Value of Vo

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
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TASK3:

• Connect the circuit shown in figure, set the function generator to

20 Vp-p. 1kHz, sine wave.

• Connect the oscilloscope to Vo. And fill the following table

EXPECTED OUTCOME:

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VDC Max Value of Vo Min Value of Vo

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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4. Experiment 4: CLAMPER

Objective: Understanding the working of clamper through diode

Theory:

Sometimes you may want to leave the waveform unchanged, but modify

its DC level up or down. To accomplish this, you use a clamper circuit.

The beauty of clampers is that they can adjust the DC position of the

waveform without knowing what the waveform actually is.The positive

clamper shown in the figure below works as follows:

In the positive half of the first cycle, the voltage across the capacitor

cannot change instantaneously; therefore as the voltage on the input

moves up, the voltage on the top of the diode has to follow this voltage.

This reverse biases the diode causing it to act as an open, thus the output
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voltage follows the input voltage. As the input voltage drops into the
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negative half of the first cycle, the diode is going to be forward biased. In
the positive half of the first cycle, the voltage across the capacitor cannot

change instantaneously; therefore as the voltage on the input moves up,

the voltage on the top of the diode has to follow this voltage. This reverse

biases the diode causing it to act as an open, thus the output voltage

follows the input voltage. As the input voltage drops into the negative

half of the first cycle, the diode is going to be forward biased. This

causes the diode to behave like a wire, which cannot dissipate any

voltage. This causes to inter-related effects. First, the output voltage is

held steady at 0V. Second, because there are 0V dissipated across the

diode (and resistor) all of the voltage has to be dissipated across the

capacitor. This charges the capacitor to the magnitude of the input signal .

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TASK 1:

1. Connect the circuit shown in figure, set the function generator to

20 Vp-p. 1kHz, sine wave.

2. Connect the oscilloscope to Vo.

VDC Max Value of Vo Min Value of Vo

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
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Questions

1. Discuss how lowering of RL on the clamper circuit affects the

output.

2. Does the input wave shape of the clamper affect the value of DC

shift on the output wave

TASK 2: Negative Clamper

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 1. Connect the circuit shown in figure, set the function generator to

20 Vp-p. 1kHz, sine wave.

2. Connect the oscilloscope to Vo.

VDC Max Value of Vo Min Value of Vo

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Questions

1. Discuss how lowering of RL on the clamper circuit affects the

output.

2. Does the input wave shape of the clamper affect the value of DC

shift on the output wave

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Task #3

1. Connect the circuit shown in figure, set the function generator to

20 Vp-p. 1kHz, sine wave.

2. Connect the oscilloscope to Vo.

VDC Max Value of Vo Min Value of Vo

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
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5. Experiment 5 : HALF -WAVE RECTIFIER WITH AND
WITHOUT FILTER

Objective: To examine the input and output waveforms of half wave

Rectifier and also calculate its load regulation and ripple factor.

1. with Filter

2. without Filter

APPARATUS:

Digital multimeter

Transformer (6V-0-6V)

Diode, 1N4001

Capacitor 100μf/470 μf

Decade Resistance Box

Breadboard

CRO and CRO probes

Connecting wires

THEORY:
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In Half Wave Rectification, When AC supply is applied at the input, only

Positive Half cycle appears across the load whereas, the negative Half Cycle

is suppressed. How this can be explained as follows:

During positive half-cycle of the input voltage, the diode D1 is in forward

bias and conducts through the load resistor RL. Hence the current produces

an output voltage across the load resistor RL, which has the same shape as

the +ve half cycle of the input voltage.

During the negative half-cycle of the input voltage, the diode is reverse

biased and there is no current through the circuit. i.e., the voltage across R L

is zero. The net result is that only the +ve half cycle of the input voltage

appears across the load. The average value of the half wave rectified o/p

voltage is the value measured on dc voltmeter.

For practical circuits, transformer coupling is usually provided for two

reasons.

1. The voltage can be stepped-up or stepped-down, as needed.

2. The ac source is electrically isolated from the rectifier. Thus preventing

shock hazards in the secondary circuit.

The efficiency of the Half Wave Rectifier is 40.6%

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Theoretical calculations for Ripple factor:

Without Filter:

Vrms=Vm/2

Vm=2Vrms

Vdc=Vm/П

Ripple factor r = √ (Vrms/ Vdc )2 -1 =1.21

With Filter:

Ripple factor, r=1/ (2√3 f C R)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

A) Half wave Rectifier without filter:

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B) Half wave Rectifier with filter:

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

A) INPUT WAVEFORM

B) OUTPUT WAVFORM WITHOUT FILTER

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 C) OUTPUT WAVEFORM WITH FILTER:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to ac mains and the

secondary side to the rectifier input.

3.By the multimeter, measure the ac input voltage of the rectifier and, ac

and dc voltage at the output of the rectifier.

4. Find the theoretical of dc voltage by using the formula,

Vdc=Vm/П

Where, Vm=2Vrms, (Vrms=output ac voltage.)

5. The Ripple factor is calculated by using the formula

r = ac output voltage/dc output voltage.

REGULATION CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

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2. By increasing the value of the rheostat, the voltage across the load and
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current flowing through the load are measured.

3. The reading is tabulated.

4. From the value of no-load voltages, the %regulation is calculated using

the formula,

%Regulation = [(VNL-VFL) /VFL]*100

RESULT:

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_______

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

What is the PIV of Half wave rectifier?

What is the efficiency of half wave rectifier?

What is the rectifier?

What is the difference between the half wave rectifier and full wave Rectifier?

What is the o/p frequency of Bridge Rectifier?

What are the ripples?

What is the function of the filters?

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What is TUF?

What is the average value of o/p voltage for HWR?

What is the peak factor?

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6. Experiment 6 FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT
FILTER

Objective: To examine the input and output waveforms of Full Wave

Rectifier and also calculate its load regulation and ripple factor.

1. with Filter

2. without Filter

APPARATUS:

Digital Multimeter

Transformer (6V-0-6V)

Diode, 1N4001

Capacitor 100μf/470 μf

Decade Resistance Box

Breadboard

CRO and CRO probes

Connecting wires

THEORY:

The circuit of a center-tapped full wave rectifier uses two diodes D1&D2.

During positive half cycle of secondary voltage (input voltage), the diode
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D1 is forward biased and D2is reverse biased. So the diode D1 conducts and

current flows through load resistor RL.

During negative half cycle, diode D2 becomes forward biased and D1

reverse biased. Now, D2 conducts and current flows through the load

resistor RL in the same direction. There is a continuous current flow through

the load resistor RL, during both the half cycles and will get unidirectional

current as show in the model graph. The difference between full wave and

half wave rectification is that a full wave rectifier allows unidirectional (one

way) current to the load during the entire 360 degrees of the input signal

and half-wave rectifier allows this only during one half cycle (180 degree).

THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:

Vrms = Vm/ √2

Vm =Vrms√2

Vdc=2Vm/П

(i)Without filter:

Ripple factor, r = √ (Vrms/ Vdc) 2 -1 = 0.812

(ii)With filter:

Ripple factor, r = 1/ (4√3 f C RL)

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

A) FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER:

B) FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER:

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EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

A) INPUT WAVEFORM

B) OUTPUT WAVEFORM WITHOUT FILTER:

C) OUTPUT WAVEFORM WITHOUT FILTER:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the ac mains to the primary side of the transformer and the

secondary side to the rectifier.

3. Measure the ac voltage at the input side of the rectifier.

4. Measure both ac and dc voltages at the output side the rectifier.

5. Find the theoretical value of the dc voltage by using the formula

Vdc=2Vm/П

6. Connect the filter capacitor across the load resistor and measure the

values of

Vac and Vdc at the output.

7. The theoretical values of Ripple factors with and without capacitor are

calculated.

8. From the values of Vac and Vdc practical values of Ripple factors are

calculated. The practical values are compared with theoretical values.

RESULT:

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________
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VIVA QUESTIONS:

Define regulation of the full wave rectifier?

Define peak inverse voltage (PIV)? And write its value for Full-wave rectifier?

If one of the diode is changed in its polarities what wave form would you get?

Does the process of rectification alter the frequency of the waveform?

What is ripple factor of the Full-wave rectifier?

What is the necessity of the transformer in the rectifier circuit?

What are the applications of a rectifier?

What is meant by ripple and define Ripple factor?

Explain how capacitor helps to improve the ripple factor?

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Can a rectifier made in INDIA (V=230v, f=50Hz) be used in USA (V=110v,
f=60Hz)?

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7. Experiment 7: VOLTAGE DOUBLER

Objective: Understanding of voltage doubler in the case of half-wave

rectifier & full-wave rectifier.

Theory:

A) Half-Wave Voltage Doubler: A voltage doubler is a voltage multiplier

with a multiplication factor of two. A half-wave voltage doubler is shown in

Figure. During the positive half-cycle of the secondary voltage, diode D1 is

forward-biased and D2 is reverse-biased. Capacitor C1 is charged to the

peak of the secondary voltage (Vp) less the diode drop with the polarity

shown in part (a). During the negative half-cycle, diode D2 is forward-

biased and D1 is reverse-biased, as shown in part (b). Since C1 can’t

discharge, the peak voltage on C1 adds to the secondary voltage to charge

C2 to approximately 2Vp. Applying Kirchhoff’s law around the loop as

shown in part (b), the voltage across C2 is

Neglecting the diode drop of D2, VC1 = Vp. Therefore,

VC2 = Vp + Vp = 2Vp
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Under a no-load condition, C2 remains charged to approximately 2Vp. If a

load resistance is connected across the output, C2 discharges slightly

through the load on the next positive half-cycle and is again recharged to

2Vp on the following negative half-cycle. The resulting output is a half-

wave, capacitor-filtered voltage. The peak inverse voltage across each diode

is 2Vp. If the diode were reversed, the output voltage across C2 would have

the opposite polarity.

Observation:

Input 𝑽𝒑𝒑 Output 𝑽𝒑𝒑

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Draw the expected outcome:

B) Full-Wave Voltage Doubler: A full-wave doubler is shown in Figure.

When the secondary voltage is positive, D1 is forward-biased and C1

charges to approximately Vp, as shown in part (a). During the negative half-

cycle, D2 is forward-biased and C2 charges to approximately Vp, as shown

in part (b). The output voltage, 2Vp, is taken across the two capacitors in

series.

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Observation:

Input 𝑽𝒑𝒑 Output 𝑽𝒑𝒑

Draw the expected outcome:

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8. Experiment 8: CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON EMITTER
TRANSISTOR CONFIGURATION

OBJECTIVE:

To draw the input and output characteristics of common Emitter configuration for

a given transistor and find the input and output resistance.

THEORY:

In this arrangement, input is applied between base and emitter and output is

taken from the collector and emitter. Here emitter is common to both input and

output circuits and hence the name common emitter connection.

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

It is the curve between base current (IR) and base – emitter voltage VBE at

constant collector – emitter voltage (VCE)

This characteristic resembles that of a forward biased diode curve.

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

It is the curve between collector current (IC) and collector – emitter voltage (VCE)

at constant base current (IB). The collector current IC varies with VCE for VCE
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between O and IV only. After this, collector current becomes almost constant
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and independent of VCE. This value of VCE up to which collector current IC

changes with VCE is called the knee voltage (Vknee).

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS MODEL GRAPH:-

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Tabulation:

Input characteristics:

Sl. No VCE (V) = VCE (V) =5 VCE (V) =

VBE (V) IB (μA) VBE (V) IB (μA) VBE (V) IB (μA)

PROCEDURE:

I/P Char:

1. Rig up the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set VCE = 5 V, Vary VBE insteps of 0.1 V & note down the corresponding

IB.

3. Repeat the above procedure for 10 V, 15 V etc.

4. Plot the graph VBE Vs IB for a constant VCE

5. Find the input resistance.

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Formula:

ΔVBE

Input resistance Ri = ------- At constant VCE

Δ IB

O/P Char:

1. Rig up the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set IB =20 micro Amps, Vary VCE insteps of 1 V & note down the

corresponding IC.

3. Repeat the above procedure for 40 micro Amps, 80 micro amps etc.

4. Plot the graph Vce Vs IC for a constant IB

5. Find the output resistance.

Formula:

ΔVCE

Output resistance Ro = ------- At constant IB

Δ IC

Application:

Main application of transistor is as an amplifier.

Used as switch

Oscillator circuits

Logic circuits

Modulation circuits

Buffer
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CE amplifier are used in audio, radio

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OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS MODEL GRAPH:-

Tabulation:

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

Sl. No IB= IB= IB=

VCE (V) Ic μA VCE (V) Ic μA VCE (V) Ic μA

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

What is transistor?

Why transistor is called bipolar junction transistors?

What is the advantage of transistor?

What is transistor configuration?

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Why transistor is used as an amplifier?

Why the transistors is used as a switch?

How many terminals in the transistors?

What are the three regions?

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What mode of operation is used has amplification action?

What type of mode of operation condition the C-B forward bias, E-B junction

reverse bias?

What is active region?

What is cut-off region?

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What is saturation region?

Define amplification factor?

What is gain?

What is the difference between BJT & UJT?

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TUTORIALS

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 Tutorial 1 The OSCILLOSCOPE: EXPERIMENT GUIDE

I. Objective: Understand how to use the function generator and

oscilloscope.

II. Theory

1. The Function Generator

The front panel of the function generator is shown in Figure 1. This

instrument outputs a time-varying periodic voltage signal (OUTPUT

connector). By pushing the appropriate buttons on the front panel, the user

can specify the following characteristics of the signal:

• Shape: sine, square, or triangle waves. These are all mathematical

functions of time.

• Frequency: inverse of the period of the signal; units are cycles per

second (Hz)

• Amplitude: peak to peak value of the time-varying component of the

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signal
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• DC Offset: constant voltage added to the signal to increase or decrease

its mean or average level. In a schematic, this would be a DC voltage

source in series with the oscillating voltage source.

In terms of math, a sine wave of frequency f, peak to peak amplitude VPP,

and DC offset VDC, is written as v(t) = (VPP/2) * sin (2πf) + VDC

When the function generator is turned on, it outputs a sine wave at 1 kHz

with amplitude of 100 mVPP. You must specify the characteristics of the

signal you need. For example,

• To set the frequency of the signal:

1. Enable the frequency modify mode by pressing the Freq button.

2. Enter the value of the desired frequency by pressing the Enter

Number button and entering the appropriate numbers on pads labeled

with green numbers, or by using the wheel and the left and right

arrows to move the tens place.

(To cancel the number mode, press Shift and Cancel.)

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3. Set the units to the desired value by using the arrow keys (up or
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 down) on the right side of the front panel.

IMPORTANT NOTE:

There is an internal resistor RS=50 ohms in series with the oscillating

voltage source. Thus, if you connect the function generator to an external

resistor RL, it will form a voltage divider with RS. The purpose of RS is to

have impedance matching especially important for high frequency circuits.

The front panel meter assumes

RS= RL and displays VPP of half the actual voltage source.

Once again, we have not detailed all the capabilities of your function
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generator. Please refer to the function generator User’s Manual for details
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3. The Oscilloscope

An oscilloscope is a device that graphs voltage versus time. The display

shows voltage on the vertical axis as a function of time on the horizontal

axis. The user can control the scale of both the time and the voltage axes.

The HP54645D oscilloscope can accept two voltage-signal inputs (A1

and A2 connectors) and graph them simultaneously. This is useful

because it allows us to compare two signals. For example, we can

graph the input signal to a circuit and compare it to the output signal.

In this lab, you will use the HP 33120A Function Generator to generate

voltage signals and you will use the HP 54645D oscilloscope to graph those

signals. You will build a circuit that takes an input signal from the function

generator, modifies that signal in some way, and outputs the modified

signal.

You will use two independent channels to graph both the input signal and

the output signal on the oscilloscope.

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III. Hands On

a. Graphing a signal on the oscilloscope

1. Build the circuit of Figure 5. RL=200 Ohms. Make sure the signal

across the resistor is 1.0Vpp, 500 Hz. The HP function generator

may end up saying 640 mVpp to achieve this.

2. Turn on the oscilloscope. Hit the Auto scale button. You should see

the signal

on the display.

The Auto scale button automatically scales the time and voltage axes

for the user. It senses the input signal, determines its maximum and

minimum voltage values and measures the frequency of the signal if it

is periodic. Based on this information, it adjusts the scales of the

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voltage and time axes so that the signal is comfortably displayed on

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 the display.

3. Verify the frequency and amplitude of the displayed signal. At

the top of the display you should see something similar to:

A1 500mv/ 500us/

These numbers indicate the scale of the voltage (vertical) and time

(horizontal) axes. Note that the grid is divided into “divisions”.

Observe that there are 10 divisions in the horizontal direction (time

axis) and 8 divisions in the vertical direction (voltage axis). In this

case, we have 500mV per vertical division and 500us per horizontal

division. These values represent the scale of the graph and are set

when the Auto scale button is hit.

4. You can adjust the voltage manually by turning the Volts/ Div knob

for the A1 signal. Turn this knob clockwise until the display reads

200.0mv/.

5. Now, change the frequency of the signal from 500 Hz to 5000 Hz.

This adjustment is made ONLY the function generator, by hitting the

Freq button and turning the dial. DO NOT CHANGE THE

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OSCILLOSCOPE. As you dial up the frequency, watch the

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 oscilloscope’s display. You can see the period of the sinusoid shrink.

6. You can manually adjust the horizontal (time) scale by turning the

Time/Div.

7. Play with the Position and Delay knobs. They shift the vertical

(voltage) and horizontal (time) scales respectively.

NOTE ABOUT OSCILLOSCOPE GROUND: The building earth

ground is connected to the outside ring of each of the BNC probe

connectors. This ground is also common to the ground wires of both input

probes. If you put the ground clips of probe A1 and probe A2 on two

different nodes, the ground will short both nodes together.

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Figure 5: Set-up to graph a signal on the oscilloscope. RL=200 Ohms

Figure 6: Set-up to graph the input & output signals of an RC circuit on the

oscilloscope.

b. Triggering

The display on the oscilloscope can only graph the voltage for a finite time

interval. The oscilloscope needs to know what time interval to graph.

“Triggering” determines the starting point of the interval. A voltage signal

(usually one of the input signals A1 or A2) serves as the “trigger source”.

The “trigger condition” is usually some sort of level-crossing condition of

the “trigger source”. For example, the oscilloscope can be set up to “trigger
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off the positive edge of A1” which means that a new time interval will be
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graphed when the voltage on the A1 input crosses the “trigger level” and is

increasing.

After triggering and drawing the graph of voltage for a single time interval,

the oscilloscope can do one of the following: stop; wait for another trigger

condition and then draw a new graph; or automatically re-trigger without

waiting for a new trigger. The action taken is determined by the “trigger

mode”.

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 MULTISIM TUTORIAL

Start Instruction for MultiSim

Click on Start  All ProgramsNational Instruments Circuit Design

Suite 10.0 Multisim.

1. Open/Create Schematic

A blank schematic Circuit 1 is automatically created. To create a new

schematic click on File – New – Schematic Capture. To save the schematic click

on File /Save As. To open an existing file click on File/ Open in the toolbar.

2. Place Components

To Place Components click on Place/Components. On the Select Component

Window click on Group to select the components needed for the circuit. Click

OK to place the component on the schematic.

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 Figure 1: Select Resistor Figure 2: Select DC voltage

For example to select resistors and the DC source shown in Figure 3 click on

Place/ Components. In Group select Basic scroll down to Resistors and select

the value of the resistor needed to construct the circuit, for this example

select 1k. To place DC source click on Sources in Group and select DC Source.

As shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 respectively.

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Figure 3: DC Source & Resistors

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Virtual Components

Components can also be place on the circuit using Virtual components.

Click on

View – Toolbars and select the toolbar needed for the

circuit.

Figure 4: Virtual

Components 77
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4.Rotate Components

To rotate the components right click on the Resistor to flip the component

on 90

Clockwise (Ctrl +R) and 90 Counter Clockwise

(Ctrl+Shift+R).

Figure 5: Rotate Components

5.Place Wire/Connect Components

To connect resistors click on Place/Wire drag and place the wire.

Components can also be connected by clicking the mouse over the terminal

edge of one component and dragging to the edge of another component.

Reference Figure 6.
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 Figure 6: Place/ Wire

6. Change Component Values

To change component values double click on the component this brings up a

window that display the properties of the component. Reference Figure 7.

Change R1 from 1k Ohm to 10 Ohms, R2 to 20 Ohms, R3 to 30 Ohms, and R4

to 40 Ohms. Also change the DV source from 0 V to 20 V. Figure 8 shows the

completed circuit
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 Figure 7

Figure 8 : Complete Circuit

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7. Grounding:

All circuits must be grounded before the circuit can be simulated. Click on

Ground in the toolbar to ground the circuit. If the circuit is not grounded

Multisim will not run the simulation.

Ground

Figure 9: Grounding

8. Simulation:

To simulate the completed circuit Click on Simulate/Run or F5. This

feature can also be accessed from the toolbar as shown in the Figure 10

below.

RUN PAUSE STOP

Figure 10: Simulation 81

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 Analyzing Components

Multisim offers multiple ways to analyze the circuit using virtual instruments.

Some of the basic instruments needed for this lab are described below.

1) Multimeter

Use the Multimeter to measure AC or DC voltage or current, and

resistance or decibel loss between two nodes in a circuit. To use the

Multimeter click on the Multimeter button in the Instruments toolbar

and click to place its icon on the workspace. Double-click on the icon to

open the instrument face, which is used to enter settings and view

measurements.

Figure 11:

Multimeter
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To measure Voltage place multimeter in Parallel with the component

(Resistor, Voltage etc.). To measure Current place the multimeter in

series with the component. Reference the Figure 12 and 13.

Figure 12: Measure Voltage Figure 13: Measure Current

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 2) Wattmeter

The wattmeter measures power. It is used to measure the

magnitude of the active power, that is, the product of the voltage

difference and the current flowing through the current terminals

in a circuit.

Insert in series with the

Load

Connect in Parallel with the Load

Figure 14:

Wattmeter

To use the instrument, click on the Wattmeter button in the Instruments

toolbar and click to place its icon on the workspace. The icon is used to wire

the Wattmeter to the circuit. Double-click on the icon to open the instrument
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face, which is used to enter settings and view measurements. Reference Figure

15 for more details.

Figure 15: Wattmeter Connection

3) Agilent Multimeter

1. The Agilent Mulitmeter Instrument can also be used to measure and

simulate circuits with more accuracy. To use the multimeter click on the

Agilent Multimeter tool button, place its icon on the workspace and

double-click on the icon to open the instrument. Click on the Power

button to switch on the instrument.

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For more information Reference MULTISIM Instruction Manual.pdf

Figure16: Agilent Multimeter.

Ammeter:

The ammeter offers advantages over the multimeter for measuring

current in a circuit. It takes up less space in a circuit and you can rotate

its terminals to suit your layout. Always connect the ammeter in series

with the load. To place Ammeter click on View--- Toolbar --- Select

Measurement Components. See Figure 17 on how to use the Ammeter.

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Figure 17:

Ammeter

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NAME: ID:

5) Voltmeter

The Voltmeter offers advantages over the multimeter for measuring

voltage in a circuit. Always connect the voltmeter in parallel with the load.

The voltmeter can be found in the measurement toolbar.

Ammeter

Voltmeter

Figure 18:

Voltmeter