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Kuestion

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asy
En
gin
ee rin
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et
Control Systems

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Contents

Manual for Kuestion .......................................................................... 2

Type 1: Transfer Function ................................................................ 3
Type 2: Signal Flow Graph and Block Diagram Algebra .................. 4
Type-3: Routh Stability Criterion ..................................................... 7
Type 4: Time Response Analysis ...................................................... 9
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Type 5: Root-Locus Technique ....................................................... 11

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Type 6: Polar Plot ............................................................................ 15
Type 7: Bode Plot ............................................................................ 18
asy
Type 8: Nyquist Stability Criterion ................................................. 20
En
Type 9: Properties of Root-Locus ................................................... 23
gin
Type 10: Gain Margin and Phase Margin ....................................... 25

eer
Type 11: Compensators .................................................................. 27

ing
Type 12: State Variable Analysis ................................................... 29
Type 13: Controllability and Observability .................................... 32
.ne
Type 14: Steady State Error ............................................................ 34
t
Answer key ...................................................................................... 37

© 2014 Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved.

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Manual for Kuestion

Why Kuestion?

It’s very overwhelming for a student to even think about finishing 100-200 questions per
chapter when the clock is ticking at the last moment. This is the reason why Kuestion serves
the purpose of being the bare minimum set of questions to be solved from each chapter
during revision.

What is Kuestion?

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A set of 40 questions or less for each chapter covering almost every type which has been

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previously asked in GATE. Along with the Solved examples to refer from, a student can try
similar unsolved questions to improve his/her problem solving skills.

asy
When do I start using Kuestion?

En
It is recommended to use Kuestion as soon as you feel confident in any particular chapter.
Although it will really help a student if he/she will start making use of Kuestion in the last 2
months before GATE Exam (November end onwards).
gin
How do I use Kuestion?
eer
ing
Kuestion should be used as a tool to improve your speed and accuracy chapter wise. It should
be treated as a supplement to our K-Notes and should be attempted once you are comfortable
.ne
with the understanding and basic problem solving ability of the chapter. You should refer K-
Notes Theory before solving any “Type” problems from Kuestion.
t

© 2014 Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved.

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Type 1: Transfer Function

For Concept, refer to Control Systems K-Notes, Basics of Control Systems
Pre-requisites: Laplace Transform (Signals and Systems)

Sample Problem-1:
A linear time invariant system initially at rest, when subjected to a unit step input, gives a
response y(t)  te t , t>0 . The transfer function of the system is
1 1 s 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(s  1)2
s(s  1)2
(s  1)2
s(s  1)
Solution: (C) is correct option.
Step input =u(t)

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Output y(t)  te t
L[output] L[te  tu(t)]

w.E
 TF=
L[input]
1

L[u(t)]

 TF=
(s  1)2
1

s
(s  1)2 asy
s
En
Unsolved Problems:
gin
Q.1 For the circuit shown in figure, the initial conditions are zero. Its transfer function
V (s)
H(s)  0 is?
V(s) eer
(A) 2
1
i

(B) 2
106 ing
s  106 s  106
103
s  103 s  106
106 .ne
(C) 2
s  103 s  106
(D) 2
s  106 s  106

Q.2 A disturbance input d(t) is injected into the unity feedback control loop shown in the
t
figure . Take the reference input r(t) to be unit step .If the disturbance is measureable ,its
effect on the output can be minimized significantly using a feed forward controller G ff(s). To
eliminate the component of the output due to d(t)=sin(t). Gff (j) should be
1

1 3 1 
(A)  (B) 
2 4 2 4

(C) 2 (D) 2
4

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K(1  0.3s)
Q.3 The transfer function to the given electrical network, shown in figure, is The
(1  0.17s)
values of R1 and R2 are respectively.
(A) 300k and 300k
(B) 300k and 400k
(C) 400k and 300k
(D) 400k and 400k

Q.4 For the given system below, the feedback does not reduce the closed loop sensitivity due

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to variation of which one of the following?
(A) K (B) A

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(C) α (D) β

asy
En
gin
Q.5 For the systems shown in figure below if the G changes by 10% , the % changes in C 1 and
C2 respectively are
(A) 10%, 1%
(B) 10%, 2% eer
(C) 5%, 3%
(D) 5%, 10% ing
.ne
Q.6 The response y(t) of a linear system to an excitation x(t)=e-3tu(t) is y(t)=(2t+1)e-2tu(t). Poles
and zeroes will be at?
(A)-1,-1 and -2,-2 (B)-2,-2 and -3,-4 (C)-3,-3 and -4,-5 (D) None of these
t
Type 2: Signal Flow Graph and Block Diagram Algebra
For Concept, refer to Control Systems K-Notes, Signal Flow Graphs

Common Mistakes:
If two touching loops have been counted individually then they must not be counted as part
of a single loop again.
The input to a signal flow graph cannot be connected to any loops it should have only one
outgoing branch. If no such input is given we have to assume a hypothetical input. (Refer Q.5)

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Sample Problem 2:
Y(s)
The signal flow graph for a system is given below. The transfer function for this system is
U(s)
s 1
(A)
5s  6s  2
2

s 1
(B) 2
s  6s  2
s 1
(C) 2
s  4s  2
1
(D) 2
5s  6s  2

ww
w.ESolution: (A) is correct option
Forward paths
P1=U-X1-X2-X3-Y=S-2
P2=U-X1-X2-X3-Y=S-1
Loops: asy
L1=X1-X2-X3-X1=-2S-2
L2=X1-X2-X3-X1=-2S-1 En
L3=X2-X3-X2=-4S-2
L4=X2-X3-X2=-4 gin
∆1=1, ∆2=1
s 2  s 1
eer
T.F. 
1  (2s 2  2s 1  4s 1  4) ing
 2
s 1
5s  6s  2 .ne
Unsolved Problems: t
Q.1 The transfer function relating E and R for the block diagram given below is

1
(A)
1  (G1  G2 )H
1
(B)
1  G1G2H
G1G2
(C)
1  (G1  G2 )
G1G2
(D)
1  G1G2H

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Q.2 The number of forward paths and the number of non-touching loop pairs for the signal
flow graph given in the figure are, respectively,
(A) 1, 3
(B) 3, 2
(C) 3, 1
(D) 2, 4
C(s)
Q.3 Fig shows the signal flow graph of the system. Find the transfer function ?
R(s)

ww
(A)
K 1
s  (K  1)s  1
2

w.E
(B) 2
s(K  1)
s  (K  2)s  1

(C) 2
s
s  (K  1)s  1
s(K  1)
asy
(D) 2
s  2s  1
En
gin
G  G3 (1  G1G2 )
is 1 eer
Q.4 Three blocks G1, G2 & G3 are connected in some fashion such that overall transfer function
.The blocks are connected in the following manner
1  G1G2
ing
(A) G1, G2 with negative feedback and combination in parallel with G3
(B) G1, G3 with negative feedback and G2 in parallel
.ne
(C) G1, G2 in cascade & combination in parallel with G3
(D) G1, G3 in cascade & combination in parallel with G2 t
Q.5 find Y/X
G GH2
(A) (B)
1  H1 1  H1

G GH1
(C) (D)
1  H2 1  H2

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Q.6 The overall transfer function relating C and R for the system whose block diagram as
shown in figure is
G1G2  G1G3
(A)
1  G2  G3  G1G2H1

G1G3  G2H1
(B)
1  G2G3H1  G1G3

G2G3  G1H1
(C)
1  G2G1H1  G3  G2

G1G3  G3H1
(D)

ww 1  G2G1H1  G3  G2

w.E
Type-3: Routh Stability Criterion

asy
For Concept, refer to Control Systems K-Notes Control System Stability

Common Mistake:
En
gin
A row of zeroes does not guarantee the existence of poles on jw axis, we must first calculate
the roots of auxiliary polynomial and then decide.

Sample Problem 3:
eer
Figure shows a feedback system where K > 0, the range of K for which the system is stable will
be given by
ing
(A) 0 < K < 30
(B) 0 < K < 39 .ne
(C) 0 < K < 390
(D) K > 390 t
Solution: (C) is correct option .

Characteristic equation for the system S3 1 30

S2 13 K
K
1 0 S1 (13  30)  K
s(s  3)(s  10)
13
s(s  3)(s  10)  K  0 S0 K
s  13s  30s  K  0
3 2

Applying Routh’s stability criteria.

For stability there should be no sign change in first column
So, 390 − K > 0 & K < 390
K > 0 ,  0< K < 390

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Unsolved Problems:
K(s  4)
Q.1 The open loop transfer function of a system is G(s)H(s)  , the root locus will
s(s2  2s  2)
intersect the imaginary axis at

(A) j2 (B) j√2 (C)  j√10 (D)  j√102

Q.2 The Routh – Hurwitz array is given for a third order characteristic equation as follows
S3 a b 0
S2 c d 0
S1 10  k 0
2

ww S0 k

w.E
The values of a, b, c, d are respectively, for which the system should be marginally stable
(A) 1 5 2 10 (B) 2 10 1 5
(C) 10 1 2 5
asy (D) 1 2 5 10
K(s  10)
En
Q.3 The open loop transfer function of a control system is given by
s(s  2)(s  )
.The smallest

gin
possible value of “” for which this system is stable in the closed-loop for all positive values
of k is
(A) 0 (B) 8 (C) 10
eer (D) 12

ing
Q.4 The no of right hand, left hand, and jω axis poles are respectively T(s) 
s2  7s  10
s6  2s 4  s2  2
(A)3,1,2 (B)2,1,2 (C)4,0,2
.ne
(D) 1,1,4

Q.5 Consider the characteristic equation D(s) = s5 + S4 + 3s3 + 3s2 + 6s + 4 .Then system is stable
or unstable and if unstable, then how many poles lie in the right half of s-plane.
t
(A) Unstable, 3 poles lie in the right half of s plane
(B) Stable, 0 poles lie in the right half of s plane
(C) Unstable, 2 poles lie in the right half of s plane
(D) None of these

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Type 4: Time Response Analysis

For Concept, refer to Control Systems K-Notes,Time Response Analysis

Sample Problem 4:
For the system shown in figure, with a damping ratio  of .7 and an un-damped natural
frequency 0 of 4 rad/sec, the values of ‘K’ and ‘a’ are

(A)K=4,a=.35 (B)K=8,a=.455

ww
(C)K=16,a=.225

Solution: (C) is correct option

(D)K=64,a=.9

w.E
Characteristic equation
1  G(s)H(s)  0

1
K(1  as)
(s  2)
0
asy
S  2s  Kas  K  0
2

S2  s(Ka  2)  K  0 En
Compare with s tandard equation
gin
S2  2ns  n2  0
n2  K  42  16 eer
K  16
Ka  2  2n ing
 2(.7)(4)
.ne
a
2(.7)(4)  2

a  .225
16
 .225
t
Unsolved Problems:
K(s  a)
Q.1 A controller of the form Gc (s)  is designed for a plant with transfer function
(s  b)
1
G(s)  such that the un-damped natural frequency and the damping ratio of the closed
s(s  3)
loop 2nd order system are 2 rad/sec and 0.5 respectively. When the steady state error to a
unit step input is zero, then the controller parameters are
(A) k = 4, a = 3, b = 2 (B) k = 1, a = 3, b = 2
(C) k = 4, a = 2, b = 3 (D) k = 1, a = 2, b = 3

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Q.2 A feedback system has un-damped frequency of 10 rad/sec and the damping ratio is 0.4
the transfer function is?
100 10 100 10
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(s  8s  100)
2
(s  8s  10)
2
(s  4s  100)
2
(s  8s  100)
2

Q.3 A system is required to have a peak overshoot of 4.32 % and a natural frequency of
5 rad/sec. The required location of the dominant pole is:
(A)– 3.535 + j 5.535 (B)– 2.535 + j 2.525 (C)– 2.535 + j 3.535 (D)– 3.535 + j 3.535

Q.4 Match List – I (Location of roots) with List – II (Step response) and select the correct

ww
answer using the codes given below the lists:

(A)
w.E P
4
Q
1
R
2
S
3
(B) 5 1 2 asy 3
(C) 4 2 1 3
En
(D) 5 2 3 4
gin
eer
ing
.ne
Q.5 The open loop transfer function of a system is G(s) 
100
(s  1)(s  100)
for a unit step input to t
the system, the approximate settling time for 2% criterion is
(A) 100 sec (B) 4 sec (C) 1 sec (D) none

Q.6 Consider the R-L-C circuit shown in figure For a step-input ei, the overshoot in the output
eo will be
(A) 0 (B) 5 %
(C) 16 % (D) 48 %

10

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Type 5: Root-Locus Technique

For Concept, refer to Control Systems K-Notes, Root Locus Technique

Common Mistake:
For positive feedback the properties of root-locus are reversed. Refer GATE-2014 EE-01
Solutions Ques-18

Sample Problem 5:
A closed-loop system has the characteristic function (s2− 4) (s + 1) + K(s − 1)=0. Its root locus
plot against K is

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
Solution: (C) is correct option

Closed loop transfer function of the given system is,

s2  4
T(s) 
(s  1)(s  4)
j2  4
T(j) 
(j  1)(j  4)

11

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If system output is zero

4  2
T(j)  0
(j  1)(j  4)
4  2  0
2  4
  2 rad / sec

Unsolved Problems:

Q.1 Which one of the following is the root locus of a open loop transfer function of

ww
G(s)H(s) 
K(s  1.5)
s(s  1)(s  5)

w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
K(s2  10)
Q.2. OLTF of an unity feedback system is . The RLD is
s(s2  4)

12

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2
Q.3 The root locus plot for a system, with transfer function , is shown in Figure.
s(s  1)(s  2)
A unity feedback proportional control system is built using this system. The maximum possible
controller gain, for which the unity feedback system is stable, is approximately

ww
(A) 6.0

w.E
(B) 3.0
(C) 0.4
(D) 0.2 asy
En
gin
eer
Q.4 A unity feedback system is shown in Fig. below. The root-locus of its characteristic
equation is shown in Fig. below

ing
.ne
t

If P (-5, 0) is a point on the root-locus, the variable parameter K of the system at P is?
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8

13

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Q.5 Figure shows the root locus plot (location of poles not given) of a third order system
whose open loop transfer function is

K
(A)
s3
K
(B)
s (s  1)
2

K
(C) 2
s(s  1)
K
(D) 2
s(s  1)

ww K(1  s)
w.E
Q.6 RLD of the system with loop TF
s(s  2)
, when K is varied from 0 to ∞ is

asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

14

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Type 6: Polar Plot

For Concept, refer to Control Systems K-Notes, Frequency Response Analysis

Common Mistake:
Remember the direct polar plot but also remember how to calculate the intersection with real
axis as you may be given two options with same shape of polar plot but different intersection
point.

Sample Problem 6:
The frequency response of

ww G(s) 
1
s(s  1)(s  2)

w.E
plotted in the complex G(jω) plane (for 0 < ω < 3) is

asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
Solution: (A) is correct option
1
Given G(s) 
s(s  1)(s  2)
1
G(s) 
j(j  1)(j  2)
1
G(j) 
 2  1 2  4

G(j)  900  tan1 ()  tan1 ( )
2

15

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In Nyquist plot
For = G(j)  0
For =0 G(j)  
G(j)  900  900  900  2700
G(j)  90 0

Intersec tion at real axis

1
G(s) 
j(j  1)(j  2)
1

j(  3j  2)
2

32 j(2  2 )
 4 
9  2 (2  2 )2 94  2 (2  2 )2

ww
At real axis
ImG(j)  0

So,w.E (2  2 )
94  2 (2  2 )2
0

(2  2 )  0    2 rad/sec
asy
At = 2 rad / sec,magnitude response is

G(j) at = 2 
1 1 3
  En
2 21 2 4 6 4
gin
Unsolved Problems:
eer
Q.1 The polar plot for a transfer function is shown below:
ing
An addition of a zero will change the plot as .ne
t

16

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Q.2 Fig shows the polar plot of a system. The transfer function of the system is
(A) 5(1  0.1s)

ww
(B) (1  0.5s)

w.E
(C) 5(1  10s)

(D) 5(1  s)

asy
En
Q.3 The magnitude plot for minimum phase system is shown in figure

gin
eer
ing
.ne
The polar plot of the above system is
t
Q.4 The polar plot of G(s)H(s) for K=10 is given below . The range of ‘K’ for stability is?
(A) 0 < K < 10
(B) 0 < K < 103
(C) 0 < K < 102
(D) 0 < K < 1

17

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Q.5 The polar plot of frequency response of a linear damped second order system is shown
in the figure given. What is the transfer function of this system?

8
(A)
s  10s  1
2

8
(B) 2
s  8.48s  10
100
(C) 2
s  8.48s  100
100
(D) 2
s  10s  8.48

ww
Type 7: Bode Plot

w.E
For Concept refer to Control System K-Notes, Bode Plots

Common Mistake:
asy
Remember the x-axis is always in terms of logω and not in terms of ω, this is a common
mistake while calculating slope.
En
Sample Problem 7: gin
eer
The asymptotic approximation of the log-magnitude v/s frequency plot of a system containing
only real poles and zeros is shown. Its transfer function is

(A)
10(s  5) ing
s(s  25)(s  2)
1000(s  5) .ne
(B) 2

(C)
s (s  25)(s  2)
100(s  5)
s(s  25)(s  2)
t
80(s  5)
(D) 2
s (s  25)(s  2)

Solution: (B) is correct option

Since initial slope of the bode plot is −40 dB/decade, so no. of poles at origin is 2.
Transfer function can be written in following steps:
 Slope changes from −40 dB/dec. to −60 dB/dec. at ω1 = 2 rad/sec., so at ω1 there is a
pole in the transfer function.
 Slope changes from −60 dB/dec to −40 dB/dec at ω2 = 5 rad/sec., so at this frequency
there is a zero lying in the system function.

18

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 The slope changes from −40 dB/dec to −60 dB/dec at ω3 = 25 rad/sec, so there is a
pole in the system at this frequency.

Transfer Function
K(s  5)
T(s) 
s (s  25)(s  2)
2

Cons tant term can be obained as :

T(j) at =.1  80
 K(5) 
So, 80  20log  2 
 (.1)  50 
K  1000

ww
therefore the Transfer Function is

w.E T(s) 
1000(s  5)
s (s  25)(s  2)
2

Unsolved Problems:
asy
En
Q.1 The Bode plot of a system is given its transfer function is

(1  0.1s)(1  0.01s)
gin
(1  0.1s)(1  s)
(A)
(1  s)(1  0.001s)
(B)
(1  0.01s)(1  0.001s) eer
(C)
(1  10s)(1  s)
(1  0.1s)(1  0.001s)
(D)
(1  0.001s)(1  s)
s(1  10s)
ing
Q.2 What is the transfer function for given bode plot shown in the figure .ne
4(s  0.5)2 16000(s  0.5)2
t
(A) (B)
(s  10)3 (s  10)3

160(s  0.5)2 1600(s  0.5)2

(C) (D)
(s  10)3 (s  10)3

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K
Q.3 The asymptotic Bode plot of the transfer function T(s)  is given in figure. The error
s
(1  )
a
in phase angle and dB gain at a frequency of ω = 0.5a are respectively

(A) 4.90, 0.97 dB (B) 5.70, 3 dB (C) 4.90, 3 dB (D) 5.70, 0.97 dB

ww
Q.4 The asymptotic magnitude Bode plot of an open loop system G(s) with K>0 and all poles

w.E
and zeroes on the s-plane is shown in the figure. It is completely symmetric about ωc . The
minimum absolute phase angle contribution by G(s) is given by

(A) 78.60
(B) 900
asy
(C) 101.40 En
(D) 1800
gin
eer 100(s  100)
ing
Q.5 The open loop transfer function of a system is given by G(s)H(s) 
s(s  10)
in the

 3
.ne
straight –line approximation of the Bode plot G(j)H(j) and G(j) at =100 rad/sec are

3 
(A) 0 dB and
4
rad (B) 0 dB and rad
4
(C) 20 dB and
4
rad (D) 20 dB and
4
rad
t
Type 8: Nyquist Stability Criterion
For Concept, refer to Control Systems K-Notes, Frequency Response Analysis

Common Mistake:
N = P – Z, we often confuse between the terms P and Z so try to remember them clearly.

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Sample Problem 8:
Consider the following Nyquist plots of loop transfer functions over ω = 0 to ω = 3. Which of
these plots represent a stable closed loop system?

ww
w.E
asy
(A) (a) only (B) all, except (a)
En (C) all, except (c) (D) (a) and (b) only

Solution: (A) is correct option gin

eer
In the given options only in option (a) the nyquist plot does not enclose the unit
circle (− 1, j0), So this is stable.

Unsolved Problems: ing

.ne
Q.1 The nyquist plot of a closed loop system is shown in the given figure. The plot indicates
that the
(A) System is unstable
t
(B) System is stable
(C) System is critically stable
(D) Stability of the system can’t be determined

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Q.2 The Nyquist plot of G(s) H(s) which is given below. The corresponding closed loop system
is unstable with two right hand poles. The number of open loop right hand poles are?
(A) 1

(B) 2

(C) 3

(D) 0

Q.3 Suppose the Nyquist plot of the loop transfer function G(jω)H(jω) for ω=0 and ω=∞ for a
single loop feedback control system is shown in the figure . The gain K appears as a multiplying

ww
factor in G(s)H(s). One pole of G(s)H(s) lies in the right half of the s-plane and no pole is on
the jω axis .Which of the following statements is true in the case of closed loop stability

w.E
(A) The closed loop system is stable for 0.25<K<0.5
(B) The closed loop system is stable for K>0.5

asy
(C) The closed loop system is unstable for all values of K

En
(D) The closed loop system is stable for K=0.25

gin
Q.4 The Nyquist plot of G(s)H(s) which has no RHP on given below, the corresponding closed
loop to be stable (-1, j0) should lie in the region
eer
(A)1
(B)2 ing
(C)3 .ne
(D)4
t
Q.5 The Nyquist plot shown in the figure below, what is the type of the system?

(A)1
(B)2
(C)3
(D)4

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Type 9: Properties of Root-Locus

For Concept, refer to Control Systems K-Notes, Root Locus Technique

Common Mistake:
Try to remember clearly how to distinguish between Breakaway and Break-in points.

Sample Problem 9:
K(s2  2s  2)
The transfer function of this system is G(s)  .The break point is
(s  2)(s  3)
(A) Break-away at s =- 1.29
(B) Break-in at s =- 2.43

ww
(C) Break-away at s =- 2.43
(D) Break-in at s =- 1.29

w.E
Solution: (C) is correct option
The point, at which multiple roots are present, are known as break point. These
are obtained from:
dK asy
ds
0
En
Here, characteristic equation is
1  G(s)H(s)  0
gin
1
K(s2  2s  2)
(s  2)(s  3)
0 K  2
(s  2)(s  3) (s2  5s  6)
(s  2s  2)
 2
(s  2s  2) eer
Now, differentiating eq(1) w.r.t s and equating zero we have
dK (s2  2s  2)(2s  5)  (s2  5s  6)(2s  2) ing
ds


7s2  8s  22  0
(s2  2s  2)2
0
.ne
which gives s=+1.29 and s=-2.43 out of which s=-2.43 is break-away point t
Unsolved Problems:
K
Q.1 The open loop transfer function of a system is G(s)  the value of k at
s(s  4)(s2  4s  8)
(s = -2) in the root locus is
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 16 (D) 32

K
Q.2 The OLTF of a unity feedback control system is G(s)  .The angle of
(s  1)(s  4s  5)
2

departure at the pole (2  j1) is

(A) + 600 (B)  600 (C) + 450 (D)  450

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Q.3 A unity feedback system has open loop poles at s = 2  j2, s = 1, and s = 0; and a zero
at s = 3. The angle made by the root locus asymptotes with the real and the point of
Intersection of the asymptotes are
(A) (600,  600, 1800) and  3 / 2 (B) (600,  600, 1800) and  2 / 3
(C) (450,  450, 1800) and  2 / 3 (D) (450,  450, 1800) and  4 / 3

Q.4 Consider the points S1 = -3 + j4 and S2 = - 3 -j2 in the S – plane, then for a system with the
K
open loop transfer function G(s)H(s) 
(s  1)4

(A) S1 is on the root locus, but not S2 (B) S2 is on the root locus, but not S1

ww
(C) Both S1 and S2 are on the root locus (D) Neither S1 nor S2 is on the root locus

w.E
Q.5 Figure shows the asymptote, root locus on real axis and location of poles and centroid.

asy
Break-in point of the root locus is

En
(A) -3
(B) -2 gin
(C) -1.18
eer
(D) -2.82
ing
.ne
Q.6 OLTF of an unity feedback system is

centre, whose coordinates are

K(s  1)
s(s  1)
. For complex roots, the RLD is circle of t
(A) – 0.5, 0 (B) 1, 0 (C)  1.5, 0 (D)  1, 0

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Type 10: Gain Margin and Phase Margin

For Concept, refer to Control System K-Notes, Frequency Response Analysis

Sample Problem 10:

The frequency response of a linear system G (jω) is provided in the tubular form below

G(j) 1.3 1.2 1.0 .8 .5 .3

G(j) -1300 -1400 -1500 -1600 -1800 -2000

ww
Gain Margin and phase margin are
(A) 6 dB and 300 (B) 6 dB and −300

w.E
(C) −6 dB and 300

Solution: (A) is correct option

(D) −6 dB and −300

asy
Gain margin is simply equal to the gain at phase cross over frequency (ωp). Phase cross over
frequency is the frequency at which phase angle is equal to −1800. From the table we can see

En
that +G (jωp) =− 1800, at which gain is 0.5.
1
GM  20log10 (
G(jp )
)
gin
1
 20log10 ( )  6dB
.5 eer
ing
Phase Margin is equal to 1800 plus the phase angle φg at the gain cross over frequency (ωg).
Gain cross over frequency is the frequency at which gain is unity. From the table it is clear
that G(jωg) = 1, at which phase angle is −1500
φPM = 1800 + G(jg )
.ne
= 1800 – 1500 = 300
t
Unsolved Problems:
K
Q.1 The open loop transfer function of a system is . Determine the value
s(1  0.2s)(1  0.05s)
of ‘k’ such that the phase margin is 600?
(A) 2.3 (B) 3.3 (C) 3.2 (D) 5.2

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Q.2 The Bode plot of a unity feedback system is shown.

The system has
(A) +ve P.M. and ve G.M
(B) +ve P.M. and +ve G.M
(C) ve P.M. and ve G.M
(D) +ve P.M. and +ve G.M

ww
Q.3 A unity feedback system has OLTF G(s). Polar plot is shown in the figure. The gain margin
and phase margin are

w.E
(A) GM =  0.3, PM = 112.330
(B) GM = 0.3, PM = 112.330
asy
(C) GM = 3.33, PM = 67.670
(D)None of the above En
gin
eer
Q.4 The open loop transfer function of a unity feedback control system is given as
1
G(s)=
s(1  sT1 )(1  sT2 )
ing
.The phase crossover frequency and the gain margin are, respectively.

(A)
1
T1 T2
T T
and 1 2
T1 T2
(B)
1
T1  T2
T T
and 1 2
T1 T2 .ne
(C)
1
T1 T2
TT
and 1 2
T1  T2
(D)
1
T1  T2
TT
and 1 2
T1  T2 t
e0.25s
Q.5 In the G(s)H(s)-plane, the Nyquist plot of the loop transfer function G(s)H(s) 
s
passes through the negative real axis at the point
(A) (− 0.25, j0) (B) (− 0.5, j0) (C) 0 (D) 0.5

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Type 11: Compensators

For Concept, refer to Control System K-Notes, Design of Control Systems

General Tip: Memorize the formulas for maximum phase shift and frequency corresponding
to maximum phase shift.

Sample Problem:
The transfer functions of two compensators are given below:
10(s  1) (s  10)
C1 = , C2 =
(s  10) 10(s  1)

ww
Which one of the following statements is correct?
(A) C1 is lead compensator and C2 is a lag compensator
(B) C1 is a lag compensator and C2 is a lead compensator

w.E
(C) Both C1 and C2 are lead compensator
(D) Both C1 and C2 are lag compensator
Solution: (A) is correct option
asy
For C1 Phase is given by
 En
C1 =tan1 ()  tan1 (

 
10
)
gin

C1 =tan1 
 
10   tan1  9   0 (Phase lead)
1  
2  10  2  eer
 10 
ing
Similarly for C2 , phase is
 .ne
C2 =tan1 (
10


)  tan1 ()

 

 9 
t
C2 =tan1  10 2   tan1  2
 0 (Phase lag)
1    10   
 10 

Unsolved Problem:

Q.1 Which of the following in the transfer function of a load compensation network.
(s  5) (s  8) s(s  5) (s  8)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(s  8) (s  5) (s  8) s(s  5)

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(0.5s  1)
Q.2 Maximum phase lead of the compensator D(s)  is
(0.05s  1)
(A) 52 at 4 rad/sec (B) 52 at 10 rad/sec (C) 55 at 12 rad/sec (D) None of the above

Q.3 Which one of the polar diagram corresponds to a lag network?

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
Q.4 The frequency response of controller is given below. The controller is

eer
ing
(A) Lead (B) Lag (C) Lead-lag .ne
(D) Lag-lead

K(s  a)
t
Q.5 The controller of the form Gc (s)  .A first order compensator is designed for a plant
(s  b)
1
with the transfer function G(s)  such that the un-damped natural frequency and the
s(s  3)
damping ratio of the closed loop second order system are 2 rad/sec and 0.5 respectively.
When the steady state error to a unit step input is zero then the controller parameters are
(A) K=4, a=3, b=2 (B) K=1, a=3, b=2 (C) K=4, a=2, b=3 (D) K=1, a=2, b=3

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Type 12: State Variable Analysis

For Concept, refer to Control Systems K-Notes, State Variable Analysis

Sample Problem 12:

A system is described by the following state and output equations
dx1 (t)
 3x1 (t)  x 2 (t)  2u(t)
dt
dx2 (t)
 2x 2 (t)  u(t) , y(t)=x1 (t)
dt
when u(t) is the input and y(t) is the output. The system transfer function and the state-

ww
transition matrix of the above system is

(s  2) e3t 0  (s  3) e3t e2t  e3t 

w.E
(A) 2 ,  3t
(s  5s  6) e  e

(2s  5)
2t 
e2t 
e3t e2t  e3t 
(B) 2 , 
(s  5s  6) 0

(2s  5)
e2t 


e3t e2t  e 3t 

(C) , 
(s2  5s  6) 0 e2t 

asy (D) , 
(s2  5s  6) 0 e 2t 


Solution: (C) is correct option

En
T.F.  C sI  A  B  D
1

gin
where
 3 1 
A
2 
, B=   , C= 1 0 
eer

 0  2 1 
ing
sI  A   
s  3
 0
1 
s  2 .ne
sI  A  
1
s  2
 0

1 
s  3
t
(s  3)(s  2)
s  2 1  2
1 0 
s  3 1 
T.F.  C sI  A  B 
1  0
(s  3)(s  2)
(2s  5)
T.F. 
(s  5s  6)
2

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State-transition matrix

eAt  L1 sI  A 
1

 1 1 
s  3 (s  3)(s  2) 
eAt  L1  ,
 0 1 
 s  2 
e3t e2t  e3t 
eAt   
0 e 2t 

Unsolved Problems:

ww
Q.1 Given the system

w.E 0 0 -20 

0 1 -9 

3 
X  1 0 -24  X  1  u
 0 
y = 0 1 0 asy
The characteristic equation of the system is
En
(A) s3 + 20 s2 + 24 s + 9 = 0
gin
(B) s 3 + 9 s 2 + 24 s + 20 = 0
(C) s 3 + 24 s 2 + 9 s + 20 = 0 (D) None of these
eer
 e2t 

ing
Q.2 For a system represented by state equation x(t) = Ax(t), response is x(t)   2t
-2e


 1 
When x(0)   
 -2 
 e t 
 -e 
1 
and x(t)    t  When x(0)    , system matrix ‘A’ is
-1 
.ne
 1 0
(A)  
 0 1
(B)  
 0 1
(C)  
 1 0
(D)  
t
-3 -2  -3 -5  -2 -3  -5 -3 

Q.3 The system is represented by state equations as follows.

X1  4x1  x 2  3u
X2  2x1  3x 2  5u
Y  x1  2x 2

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The poles and zeros locations are

ww
Q.4 The dynamic model of a pendulum is given by
d2 
 4   T , where ϴ is the displacement

w.E dt2
in rad/sec and T is the applied torque in N-m. Its representation in the time scale state variable
form X  X  u can have the constants?

 0 1
(A)    
0
, =  
asy  0 1
(B)    
1 
, =  
-4 0  1 
En -4 0  0 

 0 0
(C)    
 4 1
, =
0 
1 
 
gin  0 0
(D)    
-4 1
, =
1 
0
 
eer
Q.5 Obtain the response y(t) of the following system
ing
X1  -1 -0.5 X1  0.5
       u ,
 X 2   1 0   X2   0 
X1 (0)  0 
 X (0)   0 
 2   
.ne
X 
y=[1 0]  1 
X2 
t
(A) e0.5t cos(0.5t) (B) e2t cos(0.5t) (C) e0.5t sin(0.5t) (D) e2t sin(0.5t)

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Type 13: Controllability and Observability

For Concept, refer to Control Systems K-Notes, State Variable Analysis

Sample Problem 13:

dx
The second order dynamic system  PX  Qu , Y=RX has the matrices P, Q and R as
dt
follows:
 1 1 0 
P  , Q    , R=[0 1]
 0  3 1 

ww
The system has the following controllability and observability properties:
(A) Controllable and observable
(B) Not controllable but observable

w.E
(C) Controllable but not observable
(D) Not controllable and not observable

asy
Solution: (C) is correct option
Controllability Matrix:
C = [Q PQ] En
0   1 1 0   1 
Q    ; PQ       
gin
1   0  3 1   3
eer
 0 1
C 
1  3  ing
det (C) = 3 × 0 – 1 = – 1 ≠ 0 hence controllable .ne
Observability Matrix
R 
O 
t
RP 
 1 1
R=[0 1] : RP  [0 1]   = Q  0 -3
 0  3
 0 1
O 
 0  3
det (O) = 0 not observable

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Unsolved Problems:

Q.1 A state variable model of a system is given by

 X1   1 1   X 1  0 
       u ,
 X2   2  1 X 2  1 
X 
y=[1 0]  1 
X2 
The system is
(A) Controllable and observable (B) Controllable but unobservable

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(C) Observable and uncontrollable

dx
(D) Uncontrollable and unobservable

1 0  p 

w.E
Q.2 Consider the system
dt
 AX  Bu with A= 
0 0 
 and B=   where p and q are
q 
arbitrary real numbers. Which of the following statements about the controllability of the
system is true?
asy
(A) The system is completely state controllable for any nonzero values of p and q.

En
(B) Only p=0 and q=0 result in controllability.
(C) The system is uncontrollable for all values of p and q.

gin
(D) We cannot conclude about controllability from the given data.

X1  0 a1 0  X1   0   X1  eer

Q.3 The state variable description of an LTI system is given by

         
X2   0 0 a2   X2    0  u , y=[1 0 0]  X2 
X  a3 0 0   X 3  1   X 3 
ing
 3
where y is the output and u is the input. The system is controllable for .ne
(A) a1  0,a2  0,a3  0
(C) a1  0,a2  0,a3  0
(B) a1  0,a2  0,a3  0
(D) a1  0,a2  0,a3  0 t
Q.4 The state diagram of a system is shown in the given figure:

The system is
(A) Controllable and observable (B) Controllable but not observable
(C) Not Controllable but observable (D) Neither Controllable nor observable

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 X 1   0 1 0   X1   0   X1 
       
Q.5 Consider the system defined by X2    0 0 1   X2    0  u , y=[C1 C2 C3 ]  X2 
X  -6 -11 -6   X3  1   X 3 
 3
except for an obvious solution choice C1=C2=C3=0 , find an example of a set of C1,C2,C3 that
will make the system unobservable
(A) C=[1 1 1] (B) C=[0 1 1] (C) C=[0 1 0] (D) C=[1 1 0]

Type 14: Steady State Error

For Concept, refer to Control Systems K-Notes, Time Response Analysis

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Common Mistake:

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We do not need to convert a non-unity feedback system to a feedback one to find the steady
state error using error constants.

Sample Problem 14:

asy
A unity feedback is provided to the system G(s) 
1
to make it a closed loop system as

En s(s  2)
shown in figure .For a unit step input r(t), the steady state error in the input will be
(A) 0
(B) 1 gin
(C) 2
(D) 3 eer
ing
Solution: (A) is correct option
G(s) 
1 .ne
s(s  2)
, H(s)=1

Error to step input 

1
1  Kp
t
Kp  limG(s)H(s)  
s0

1
ess  0
1
ess  0

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Unsolved Problems:

K
Q.1 The open loop transfer function of a system is . Determine the value of
s (s  1)(s  10)
2

‘k’ such that steady state error due to unit acceleration input is 0.2
(A) 10 (B) 0.1 (C) 100 (D) 0.2

Q.2 The Bode plot of a OLTF is given below

The steady state error for unit ramp input is
(A) 10
(B) 0.1

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(C) 0.01

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(D) 0.001

Q.3 Steady state error to both input R(s) 

1 1
and disturbance D(s)  acting simultaneously
is?
asy s s

(A)
11
K En
(B)
1
gin
K
10 eer
(C)
K
ing
(D) 0
.ne
Q.4 Nyquist plot a certain stable system is given below. The acceleration error coefficient is
(A) 0
t
(B) 

(C)  

(D) 102

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Q.5 When subject to a unit step input, the closed loop control system shown in the figure will
have a steady state error of
(A) -1.0
(B) -0.5
(C) 0
(D) 0.5

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w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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Answer key

1 2 3 4 5 6
Type 1 D B B D A B
Type 2 A C B A C A
Type 3 A A A D C
Type 4 A A D B D C
Type 5 C B B C A A
Type 6 B A C C C
Type 7 A B A D A
Type 8 B D B B C

ww Type 9
Type 10
C
A
C
A
B
C
B
A
C
B
D

w.E
Type 11
Type 12
Type 13
A
B
A
D
C
C
D
B
D
C
A
B
A
C
D
Type 14
asy
A C B D C

En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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ww
w.E
a syE
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et

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