LESSON1: DEFINING GLOBALIZATION

Globalization
 Refers to the process by which more people across large distances become connected in more and different ways.
 Symbolizes a world in motion providing people with resources to new ways of being human in the fast changing world.
 It identifies with the process by which capitalism expands across the globe as powerful economic actors seek profit in
global markets and impose their rules everywhere, a process often called as Neoliberalism.

The Meaning of Globalization to Different People

According to Lechner (2015), globalization means different things to different people.
 To a Korean Pentecostal missionary, it means a new opportunity to spread the faith and convert lost souls abroad.
 To a Dominican immigrant in the United States, it means growing new roots while staying deeply involved in the
home village.
 To an Indian television viewer, it means sampling a variety of new shows, some adapted from foreign formats.
 To a Chinese apparel worker, it means a chance to escape rural poverty by cutting threads off designer jeans.
 To an American shoe company executive, it means managing a far flung supply chain to get products to stores.
 To a Filipino global justice advocate, it means rules of the global game that favor the rich North over the poor
South.

Examples of Globalization
1. For the Philippines, globalization can be seen in the increase of literacy. The influence of the United States and
“Uncle Sam” lead to high levels of English literacy in the Philippines after World War II. This is considered
globalization because the influence of the United States created an increase of English literacy, it introduced
a new culture to the Philippines. The increase in literacy allowed the Philippines to communicate and trade
with more countries.
2. Another example of Globalization in the Philippines is the remittance sector of the economy. Overseas
workers send about 10.7 billion dollars back home to their families. Which in return helps the Philippine’s
economy. This is considered an example of globalization because it opened the economy to foreign trade and
policy.
3. Lastly, Globalization in the Philippines can be seen in the increase of industry. After the Philippines joined the
WTO, World Trade Organization, there has been several opportunities for other countries to trade and create
work for those in the Philippines. These foreign companies have helped boost the economy. This an example of
globalization because through foreign trade countries have helped boost each other’s economies. (BPO’s)

Theories of Globalization
1. World-System Theory – focuses on looking at a world as a unit rather than looking at individual country. It
divides the world into 3 regions; core countries (Western Europe and US), peripheral countries (Latin America
and Africa)and semi-peripheral countries (India and Brazil).
2. World Polity Theory – state remains an important component of the world society, but primarily attention goes
to the global cultural and organization environment in which states are embedded.
3. World Culture Theory – agrees that world culture is indeed new and important and focuses with the problem of
globality.

Reasons why globalization will not make the world homogenous

1. General rules and models are interpreted in light of local circumstances.
2. Growing similarity provokes reactions.
3. Cultural and political differences have themselves become globally valid.

Is Globalization harmful? (debatable)

The Five Core Claims of Market Globalism

1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets.
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
3. Nobody is in charge of globalization.
4. Globalization benefits everyone.
5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world.
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
 Increasing integration of economics around the world.
 Movement of people and knowledge across international borders
 Qualitative transformation than just a quantitative change.
 It is nothing but a process making the world economy and “organic system” by extending transnational
economic process and economic relations to more and more countries and by deepening the economic
interdependencies among them

INTERNATIONALIZATION
 It is the extension of economic activities of nation states across borders

INTERCONNECTED DIMENSIONS
 Trade of goods and services
 Financial and capital markets
 Technology and communication
 Production

ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION PHENOMENON

 creates an “organic system” of the world economy.
SILK ROAD – best example of archaic globalization. It connected Asia, Africa and Europe.

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM

 most central area in international economy
 Includes trade, investment and finance
 Rely on the existence of separate national currencies

FOUR MONETARY REGIMES

1. Classical Gold Standard
2. Gold exchange Standard
3. Bretton Woods System
4. Non-system of Floating & Fixed exchange rates

G-10 Members – group of countries that agreed in the General Agreements to Borrow (GAB), an international
agreement to provide the IMF with additional funds to increase its lending ability
1. Belgium
2. Canada
3. France
4. Germany
5. Italy
6. Japan
7. Netherlands
8. Sweden
9. United Kingdom
10. United States
11. Switzerland

Global Actors in Economic Globalization

1. International Governmental Organizations
2. International Non-Governmental Organizations
3. Multinational Corporation

The Effects of Economic Globalization on Developing Countries

1. Increased Standard of Living
2. Access to New Markets
3. Widening Disparity in Incomes
4. Decreased Employment
LESSON 2 MARKET INTEGRATION

International Financial Institutions

 are institutions that provide financial support via grants and loans for economic and social development activities
in developing countries. international financial institutions include public banks, such as the world bank,
international monetary fund, and regional development banks.

International Financial Institutions(IFIs)

The World Bank
 is the world's largest development Institution. It has worked to help more than 100 developing countries and
countries in transition adjust to these changes by offering loans and tailored knowledge and advice.
 it was found in 1944; the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development – soon called the World Bank –
has expanded to a closely associated group of five development institutions.
Goal of World Bank
1. End extreme poverty by decreasing the percentage of people living on less than $1.90 a day to no more
than 3%.
2. Promote shared prosperity by fostering the income growth of the bottom 40% for every country.

Departments of World Bank

1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)- It lends to government of middle-income and
creditworthy low-income countries.
2. International Development Association (IDA) - It provides interest free loans – called credits – and grants to
governments of the poorest countries. Together, IBRD and IDA make up the World Bank.
3. International Finance Corporation (IFC) - It is the largest global development institutions focused exclusively on the
private sector.
4. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) - Created in 1988 to promote foreign direct investment into
developing countries to support economic growth, reduce poverty, and improve people's lives, MIGA fulfills this mandate
by offering political risk insurance (guarantees) to investors and lenders.
5. International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) - The ICSID provides international facilities for
conciliation and arbitration of investment disputes.

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)

 Established as part of the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1945.
 189 member countries.

To ensure the stability of the International Monetary System, the following are their SERVICES:
1. SURVEILLANCE
- IMF monitors the economic and financial policies
- IMF gives advice on how to achieve economic stability, prevent financial crises and improve living standard.
2. LENDING
- IMF provides financial support and works with governments to ensure responsible spending.
3. CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
- IMF works with member countries to modernize their economic policies and institutions.

Note: IMF loans are provided by member countries, primarily through their quotas.

Types of Loan
 MULTILATERAL LOAN -involves numbers of lenders and a single borrower.
 BILATERAL LOAN -involves a single borrower and a single lender.

LENDING CAPACITY OF IMF

 IMF can use its quota-funded holdings of currencies of financially strong economies to financial lending.
MARKET INTEGRATION
 A term that is used to identify a phenomenon in which markets of goods and services are somehow related to one
another being to experience similar patterns of increase or decrease in terms of the prices of those products.
 It can also refer to a situation in which the prices of related goods and services in a defined geographical location
also begin to move in some sort of similar pattern to one another.
 It may also occur with just about any type of related markets and can be achieved by different means.
 According to Koester (2017), market integration is a state of affairs or a process involving attempts to combine
separate rational economies into larger economic regions.
 Integration as a means of stimulating trade and improving divisions of the labor among countries has been
recommended by many economists.

Forms of Integration
1. Preferential Agreement – involves lower trade barriers between those countries which have signed the
agreement.
2. Free Trade Agreement – reduces barriers to trade among member countries to zero, but each member country
still has autonomy in deciding the external rate or tariff for its trade with non-member countries
3. Customs Union – a higher stage of economic integration as the member countries adopt a common external tariff.
Countries agree to abolish tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade in goods flowing between them.
4. Customs Market – allows for free movement of labor and capital within the Union. The intention is to integrate
both product and factors markets of member countries.
5. Economic Union – highest form of economic integration. Member countries integrate monetary, fiscal and other
policies.

European Union, an Economic Union to Political Union

 European Union law is the system of laws operating within the member states of the European Union. The EU has
political institutions and social and economic policies. According to its Court of Justice, the EU represents "a new
legal order of international law".
 The EU has a population of 510 million people, the largest combined economy in the world, and a very high rate
of human development.

A Union Of Single Century

 A currency union (also known as monetary union) involves two or more states sharing the same currency without
them necessarily having any further integration (such as an economic and monetary union, which would have, in
addition, a customs union and a single market).

The Benefits of Euro

Used by almost 340 million EU citizens, the single currency benefits everybody:
1. People no longer need to change money when travelling or doing business within the euro area, saving time and
transaction costs.
2. It cost much less (or nothing at all ) to make cross-border payments.
3. Consumers and businesses can compare prices more easily, which encourages businesses charging higher prices to
bring them down.

A Union Of Human Rights And Equality

 One of the UE's main goals is to promote human rights both internally and Around the World.
CORE VALUES:
1. Human dignity
2. Freedom
3. Democracy
4. Equality
5. The rule of law and
6. Respect for Human rights
ASEAN Integration
 The Association of South East Asian Nation (ASEAN) is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising ten
Southeast Asian countries that promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political,
security, military, educational, and sociocultural integration amongst its members and other Asian states. It also
regularly engages other states in the Asia-Pacific region and beyond.

Five Interrelated and Mutually Reinforcing Characteristics of AEC

1. A highly Integrated and Cohesive Economy
2. A competitive, Innovative, and Dynamic ASEAN
3. Enhanced Connectivity and Sectoral Cooperation
4. A Resilient, Inclusive, People-Oriented, and People-Centered ASEAN
5. A Global ASEAN

The Four Pillars of the ASEAN Economic Community

1. Single Market & Production Base - the region as a whole must become a single market and production base to
produce and commercialize goods and services anywhere in ASEAN.
2. Competitive Economic Region - the region must emphasize on the competitiveness of its product and capacity for
export, as well as the free competition inside of its frontiers.
3. Equitable Economic Development - to receive the benefits of the AEC, the people and business of ASEAN must be
engaged into the integration process of the AEC
4. ASEAN’s integration into the globalized economy - ASEAN must not be isolated but an integrated part of the
global economy.
Five core principle of ASEAN single market and production base
1. Free flow of goods
2. Free flow of services
3. Free flow of investment
4. Free flow of capital
5. Free flow of skilled labor

THE GLOBAL ECONOMY AND OUTSOURCING

 Outsourcing
- means finding a partner with which a firm can establish a bilateral relationship and having the partner
undertake relationship-specific investments so that it becomes able to produce goods or services that fir
the firm’s particular needs.
 Global Corporations
- A business that operates in two or more countries
- Also goes by the name “multinational company”
- Major motive of becoming a global corporation is to expand revenue opportunities and to diversity
business risks.
 LESSON3: THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
NATION
- It is the group of people who have shared cultural identity but no sovereignty.
STATE
- A fundamental actor in global politics.
- A community of persons, more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory,
independent of external control, and possessing a government to which a great body of the inhabitants render
habitual obedience; a politically organized sovereign community independent of outside control bound by ties of
nationhood, legally supreme within its territory, acting through a government functioning under a regime of law.

Montevideo Convention – a convention where the elements of the State were established.

Four elements of the State

1. Defined Territory – is the fixed portion of the surface of the earth inhabited by the people of the state.
NATIONAL TERRITORY- The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters
embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of
its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves,
and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless
of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines. (Art1. 1987 Phil Constitution)
2. Permanent Population - Inhabitants of the State
3. Government - The agency or instrumentality through which the will of the State is formulated, expressed and
realized.
4. Sovereignty – is the supreme and uncontrollable power inherent in a State by which a State is governed.
Two kinds of sovereignty:
a. Legal – authority which has the power to issue final commands. (Congress)
b. Political – power behind the legal sovereign, or the sum of the influences that operate upon it.
(different sectors that mold public opinion)
Two types of sovereignty:
a. Internal – refers to the power of the state to control its domestic affairs.
b. External – power of the state to direct its relations with other State

INTERNATIONALIZATION
- It is the growing interdependence between states.

Significant changes of the shift of “international” politics to “global” politics

1. New actors on the world stage
2. Increased interdependence and interconnected
3. Trend towards global governance
LESSON 4 : CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Global governance
– a complex phenomenon where there is an analysis of global activities and international problems.
- Order based on set rules even without government
- Sum of laws, norms, policies and institutions that define, constitute and mediate trans-border relations between
states, cultures, citizens, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations.

International Organization
– institution with states’ membership
- An institution with formal procedure and a membership comprising three or more states.
- They may be viewed as:
o instruments, - they are mechanisms through which states pursue their own interest
o arenas – permanent institution of conference diplomacy
o Actors -states are enable by IOs to take concerted action.

United Nations
- considered as the world’s leading international organization that has an indispensable part of the global
political arena

UN CHARTER’s basic principles of international relations:

1. to maintain international peace and security;
2. to develop friendly relations among nations;
3. to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights;
4. to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.

UN’s main six organs

1. The Security Council – primary responsible for maintaining international peace and security
2. The General Assembly - regarded as parliament of nations; meet to consider the world’s pressing problems.
3. The Secretariat – carries the administrative and substantive work
4. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) – mandated to coordinate the economic and social work of UN and
the UN family organizations
5. The Trusteeship Council – provides international supervision
6. International Court of Justice – main judicial organ of UN

Role of UN in Global Politics

1. Managing Knowledge
2. Developing Norms
3. Formulating Recommendations
4. Institutionalizing Ideas

Maritime Dispute in West Philippine Sea

Tribunal ruling in 2016:
- There was no legal basis for China to claim historic rights to resources within the sea areas falling within the nine-
dash line.
- None of the features claimed by China was capable of generating an exclusive economic zone, the areas are
within the exclusive economic zone of the Philippines, because those areas are not overlapped by any possible
entitlement of China
- China had violated the Philippines’ sovereign rights in its exclusive economic zone by:
o Interfering with Philippines fishing and petroleum exploration
o Constructing artificial islands, and
o Failing to prevent Chinese fishermen from fishing in the zone.
LESSON 5: GLOBAL DIVIDES – the North and the South

It highlights the imbalance distribution of global power as there are states wo take most of the advantages while others
are left behind.

First World – capitalist

Second World - communist
Third World - non- aligned countries
e.x Africa, Asia and Latin America
- vision was significantly observed on Bandung Conference with 28 participants, in which there is an
assembly of Asian and African states, wanting to change the structure of global economy that would promote
economic independence and well-being. They united based on their generalized affirmation that they value
freedom and universal human rights.

Global South
- Can be found between the objective realities of global inequality and the subjective responses to these.
- Not a directional designation or a point due to south from a fixed north.
- It is a symbolic designation meant to capture the semblance of cohesion that emerged when former colonial
entities engaged in political projects of decolonization and moved towards the realization of postcolonial
international order

GLOBAL NORTH GLOBAL SOUTH

- USA, Japan, Russia, Italy, United Kingdom, - Africa
Germany, France, Canada - Latin America
- France, Russia, UK, USA - Developing Asia including Middle East
- Western Europe, developed parts of Asia,
Australia, and New Zealand
- Rich, Industrialized, wealthy nations - Developing nations
- Democratic, Capitalist Countries - Non-democratic countries

Human development indicators:

- food
- jobs
- crime
- personal distress
- political participation

Note:
-Richer countries are almost all located in the Northern Hemisphere, with the exception of Australia and New Zealand.
- Poorer countries mostly located in tropical regions and in the Southern Hemisphere.

Major Lenses of Global Relations

A. Realism
- Pessimistic; international system is uneven, highly conflictual and marked by power struggle which based from
how the human nature is being characterized; selfishness and greed.
- States prioritizes self-interest and survival.
- States in the Global North and interacting with the countries in the global South in order to promote their very
own interest.
B. Liberalism/Constructivism
- Opposite of realism because of a more optimistic vision in international system;
- Offer the principle of balance and harmony
- Universal and perpetual peace is possible because states are capable of cooperation and value mutual respect.
- Through trade and economic interdependence, division and war are less likely to happen.
- Convey cooperation, trust, and peace among international actors.
 C. Marxism
- Distinctive approach by highlighting the structures of economic power rather than patterns of conflict and
cooperation
- Suggest inequalities in global system
- Unequal benefits with global south and global north.
- Global North tend to dominate and exploit the global South
D. Post Modernism
- Debunks the ideas of hierarchy, dogmas or existing structures in global relations.
- Based on the belief that truth is always contested in language which itself is caught in complex relations of
power.
- Use of language is referred as “idea of discourse power”-human interactions which can disclose or illustrate
power relations.

ASIAN REGIONALISM

Regionalization
 It is sometimes termed as localization;
 it is a strategy in economics which focuses on a particular region or area;
 it is the use of some business strategies by multinational companies in all the markets they operate in,
 a way of recognizing our own identity.

New Regionalism – is a process of construction and deconstruction by different players and changes according to the
global processes-firms are established in particular region that can be collectively react to global pressures, tensions, and
challenges.

ASEAN
- the collective will of the nations of Southeast Asia to bind themselves together in friendship and cooperation and,
through joint efforts and sacrifices, secure for their peoples and for posterity the blessings of peace, freedom and
prosperity.
- Slogan : “Unity in Diversity”

GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES

- Globalization could not occur without media since they are partners throughout the history of man.
- Globalization is a process that has worked silently for millenia without having been given a name – it has been
with us since the beginning of history and that a multitude of threads connect us to faraway places from an ancient
time.

Media – it is used to deliver or a passage of communication.

Five periods to study globalization and media

A. Oral
1.75M years ago – language developed with stone tools, a disorganized set of signs that could have differenct
meanings to each other;
30000BC – communication reached its formal, intentional format.

Forms of communication:
1. Cave painting – first form of communication;
2. Storytelling
3. Songs
4. Chants
5. Drums
6. Smoke signals

Importance of Language:
1. It helps man to settle down, improve his economic, social and political life;
2. Helps them to pass warnings and information, travel and adapt to their environment;
 3. Man is not only confined with his territory but created a cross-continental trade which creates cities and
later civilization.

B. Script
- Script is any particular system of writing or the written means of human communication.
- Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh – first recording writing
- Papyrus – a system of writing discovered by Egyptians

C. Printing Press
- It was first invented in China during the Tang Dynasty around 4th and 7th century AD.
- First production was Buddhist religious texts
- Important consequences of the discovery of printing press
a. it changed the very nature of knowledge. It preserved and standardized knowledge;
b. it encouraged the challenge of political and religious authority because of its ability to circulate
different views.
D. Electronic media
Examples of electronic media:
a. Telegraph – invention of Samuel Morse
b. Telephone – invented by Alexander Graham Bell
c. Radio – a wireless telegraph; broadcasting stations were transmitting music and news “on air”
d. Film – silent motion picture was first publicized
e. Television – the most powerful and universal mass medium
f. Cellphones – dominated the world and the most popular device
E. Digital Media
- It refers to audio, video, and photo content that has been encoded.
- Computer is considered the most popular and influential digital media.