FACULTY : ENGINEERING 1

EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL 2
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT 2016
DETERMINATION OF
AMENDMENT DATE: FEB 2018
ALKALINITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

LABORATORY /
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY
LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS

COURSE CODE BNP 21403

EXPERIMENT CODE EXPERIMENT 7

EXPERIMENT TITLE DETERMINATION OF ALKALINITY

DATE

GROUP NO.

(1)
LECTURER/ INSTRUCTOR
(2)

DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION

RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP

COMMENTS:

TOTAL MARK (FROM RUBRIC

ASSESSMENT)

1
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING 1
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL 2
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT 2016
DETERMINATION
FACULTY OF
OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
AMENDMENT DATE: FEB 2018
ALKALINITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY
LABORATORY RUBRIC ASSESSMENT
CLO: To Display the ability of working in group in accomplishing the tasks of water and wastewater
analysis and treatment technology effectively
(PLO2- P4) – 10%

Level of Achievement

Very Weak Weak Modest Good Excellent

Elements
1 2 3 4 5 Level Weight Score

Introduction Background Background Background Background Background

Content knowledge is information is information is information is information may information has the
accurate, relevant and missing or accurate, but overly narrow or contain minor appropriate level of
provides appropriate contains major irrelevant or too overly general (only omissions or specificity to provide
background for reader inaccuracies. disjointed to make partially relevant). inaccuracies that do concise and useful P1 4 /20
including defining critical relevance clear not detract from the context to aid the
terms. major point of the reader’s
paper understanding
Materials and methods No materials are Some materials are Some materials are Most materials are All Materials are
Appropriate materials and listed. listed. listed. listed. listed.
method are present and Procedure section Procedure is Procedure contains Procedure is P4 3 /15
explained is missing. Poorly explained / missing steps and most steps and is complete and easy to
indecipherable difficult to follow. easy to follow. follow. All steps are
present.
Measurement/Results All data are Most data are Most data are All data are taken All data are
Data are summarized in missing or missing or correctly taken, but minor data are correctly taken
a logical format. Table incorrect incorrect no missing data incorrect
P4 3 /15
or graph types are
appropriate. Data are
properly labelled
including units. Graph
Discussion Alternative Alternative Discussion Discussion of Discussion and
axes are appropriately
Alternative explanations are explanations are explanations are addresses some but alternatives is analysis of
labeled andand
considered scaled and
clearly not provided mentioned but not not all of the reasonably complete, alternatives is based
captions
eliminatedarebyinformative
data in a discussed or alternatives in a uses data where on data, complete and
and complete.
persuasive discussion. eliminated. reasonable way. possible and results persuasive with a P4 5 /25
in at least some single clearly
alternatives being supported
persuasively explanation
dismissed remaining by the end
of the discussion.
Respond to Q&A Minimum Limited ability to Able to respond Able to respond Unable to respond
Respond and answer to ability to answer and and answer and answer and answer to the
the question accordingly. respond and sometimes do not constructively constructively at question P3 2 /10
answer to the match the most of the time. all times. accordingly.
question. question.
Conclusion Conclusions have Conclusions have Conclusions have Conclusions are Conclusions are
Conclusion is clearly and no basis in data little basis in data some direct basis in clearly and logically completely justified
logically drawn from data provided provided the data, but may drawn from and by data.
P2 2
provided. contain some gaps bounded by the data /10
in logic or data or provided with no
are overly broad. gaps in logic.
Report Quality Word usage is The report is The report has The report is written The report is written
Grammar, word usage and frequently written is not well several grammar in complete in complete sentences
organization facilitate the confused or written and contains and spelling sentences and (except materials
reader’s understanding of incorrect. many errors in mistakes, and many contains no personal section) and contains
the paper. spelling, grammar, sentence fragments. pronouns. Most of no personal P2 1 /5
and sentence the grammar and pronouns. Grammar
structure spelling are correct. and spelling are
correct.

Total 2
Mark: /100
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING 1
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL 2
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT 2016
DETERMINATION OF
AMENDMENT DATE: FEB 2018
ALKALINITY

STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to

not accept or provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in it

is true.

1) Group Leader __________________________________________(Signature)

Name : __________________________________
Matrix No. : __________________________________

2) Group Member 1 __________________________________________(Signature)

Name : __________________________________
Matrix No : ___________________________________

3) Group Member 2 __________________________________________(Signature)

Name : __________________________________
Matrix No. : __________________________________

4) Group Member 3 __________________________________________(Signature)

Name : __________________________________
Matrix No. : __________________________________
3
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING 1
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL 2
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT 2016
DETERMINATION OF
AMENDMENT DATE: FEB 2018
ALKALINITY

1.0 OBJECTIVES
a) To determine the alkalinity of a water sample using analytical method (indicator
method) – double endpoint;
(i) phenolphthalein endpoint (pH 8.3) and methyl orange endpoint (pH 4.5)
titration.
(ii) phenolphthalein endpoint (pH 8.3) and bromocresol green methyl red
endpoint (pH 4.5) titration.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this course students are able to:
a) the student be able to describe the importance of alkalinity in the environmental
studies.
b) the students be able to measure the alkalinity of samples

3.0 INTRODUCTION
3.1 Alkalinity is a parameter that is measured on almost all environmental samples -
drinking water, natural waters, polluted waters, sewage, and industrial wastes.
Alkalinity refers to the buffering capacity of water samples and to their ability to
neutralize acidic pollution from rainfall or wastewater. For municipal sewage or
industrial wastes, the amount of alkalinity is important in determining the type of
treatment which should be employed.

3.2 Alkalinity is primarily caused by the presence of carbonate (C02-3) and bicarbonate
(HCO-3) ions, although hydroxide (OH-) ions may also contribute, especially when
there is industrial pollution. It is measured volumetrically by titration with 0.05 M or
0.01 M sulphuric acid and is reported in terms of CaCO3 equivalent. For samples
whose initial pH is above 8.3, the titration is conducted in two steps.

3.3 In the first step, the titration is conducted until the pH is lowered to 8.3, the point at
which phenolphthalein indicator turns from pink to colourless. This value corresponds
to the points for conversion of carbonate to bicarbonate ion.
3.4 The second phase of titration is conducted until the pH is lowered to 4.5,
corresponds to methyl orange end point or bromocresol green methyl red, which
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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING 1
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL 2
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT 2016
DETERMINATION OF
AMENDMENT DATE: FEB 2018
ALKALINITY
corresponds to the equivalence points for the conversion of bicarbonate ion to
carbonic acid.

3.5 Living organisms, such as aquatic life, function best in a pH range of 5.0 to 9.0 and
levels of 20 to 200 mg/L are typical alkalinity values for fresh water. When the pH is
above 8.3, carbonate (CO32-) is the primary contributor to alkalinity; when the pH is
below 8.3, bicarbonate (HCO3-) becomes the dominating factor. The values of
alkalinity are reported in units of "mg CaCO3/L" because of its relationship to
hardness, which is reported using the same unit; mg/L.

4.0 INSTRUMENTS /APPARATUS / CHEMICAL / REAGENTS

This experiment consists of eight parts:
Part A: Preparation of 0.05 M of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solutions
Part B: Preparation of 0.01 M of H2SO4 solutions
Part C: Preparation of phenolphthalein indicator solution
Part D: Preparation of methyl orange indicator solution
Part E: Preparation of bromocresol green methyl red indicator solution
Part F: Preparation of 0.1 M sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O) solution
Part G: Alkalinity determination using methyl orange indicator solution
Part H: Alkalinity determination using bromocresol green methyl red indicator solution

Part A until F will be prepared by laboratory technician prior to the experiment session.

Part A: Preparation of 0.05 M of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solutions

a. Chemicals
(i) 2.80 mL concentrated H2SO4
(ii) Distilled water

b. Equipments
(i) 1-litre volumetric flask
(ii) Digital pipette, and
(iii) 1000-mL (1 L) Duran bottle

2
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING 1
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL 2
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT 2016
DETERMINATION OF
AMENDMENT DATE: FEB 2018
ALKALINITY

Part B: Preparation of 0.01 M of H2SO4 solutions

a. Chemicals
(i) 0.56 mL concentrated H2SO4
(ii) Distilled water

b. Equipments
(i) 1-litre volumetric flask
(ii) Digital pipette, and
(iii) 1000-mL (1 L) Duran bottle

Part C: Preparation of phenolphthalein indicator solution

This part must be conducted in area away from sources of ignition.
a. Chemicals
(i) 50 mL of ethanol
(ii) 0.5 g of phenolphthalein
(iii) Distilled water

b. Equipments
(i) Digital pipette
(ii) Weighing boat
(iii) 100-mL volumetric flask
(iv) small funnel
(v) 100-mL dropper bottle.

Part D: Preparation of methyl orange indicator solution

a. Chemicals
(i) 0.1 g of methyl orange
(ii) Distilled water

b. Equipment
(i) 100 mL beaker
(ii) 100 mL volumetric flask
(iii) weighing boat
(iv) small funnel

3
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING 1
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL 2
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT 2016
DETERMINATION OF
AMENDMENT DATE: FEB 2018
ALKALINITY

Part E: Preparation of bromocresol green methyl red indicator solution

a. Chemicals
(i) 100 mL of isopropyl alcohol
(ii) 0.1 g bromocresol green
(iii) 0.02 g methyl red

b. Equipments
(i) Digital pipette
(ii) Weighing boat
(iii) 100-mL volumetric flask
(iv) small funnel
(v) 100-mL dropper bottle.

Part F: Preparation of 0.1 M sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O) solution

a. Chemicals
(i) 25 g sodium thiosulfate
(ii) Distilled water

b. Equipments
(i) Digital pipette
(ii) Weighing boat
(iii) Beaker
(iv) 100-mL volumetric flask
(v) small funnel
(vi) 100-mL dropper bottle.

Part G: Alkalinity determination using methyl orange indicator solution

a. Chemicals
(i) 0.05 M H2SO4 solution (prepared from Part A)
(ii) Phenolphthalein indicator solution (prepared from Part C)
(iii) Methyl orange indicator solution (prepared from Part D)
(iv) Water sample

b. Equipments

(i) Burette
(ii) Clamp stand
(iii) Conical flask

4
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING 1
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL 2
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT 2016
DETERMINATION OF
AMENDMENT DATE: FEB 2018
ALKALINITY

Part H: Alkalinity determination using bromocresol green methyl red indicator solution
a. Chemicals
(i) 0.01 M H2SO4 solution (prepared from Part B)
(ii) Phenolphthalein indicator solution (prepared from Part C)
(iii) Bromocresol green methyl red indicator solution (prepared from Part E)
(iv) 0.1 N sodium thiosulfate solution (prepared from Part F)
(v) Water sample

b. Equipments

(i) Burette
(ii) Clamp stand
(iii) Conical flask

Part A: Preparation of 0.05 M H2SO4 solution

1. Half-fill a 1-litre volumetric flask with distilled water.

2. From a bench acid container of concentrated sulphuric acid, and using a digital pipette,

pipette 2.8 mL of acid into the flask. Swirl to mix. Rinse the tip under running cold water

immediately after use.

3. Make the solution up to 1-litre with distilled water.

4. Cap tightly and shake well to mix.

5. Pour into a 1-litre Duran bottle and label it.

Part B: Preparation of 0.01 M H2SO4 solution

1. Half-fill a 1-litre volumetric flask with distilled water.

2. From a bench acid container of concentrated sulphuric acid, and using a digital
pipette, pipette 0.56 mL of acid into the flask. Swirl to mix. Rinse the tip under running
cold water immediately after use.

5
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING 1
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL 2
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT 2016
DETERMINATION OF
AMENDMENT DATE: FEB 2018
ALKALINITY

3. Make the solution up to 1-litre with distilled water.

4. Cap tightly and shake well to mix.

5. Pour into a 1-litre Duran bottle and label it.

Part C: Preparation of phenolphthalein indicator solution

1. Using a digital pipette, pipette 50 mL of ethanol into a 100 mL volumetric flask.

2. Weigh out 0.5 g of phenolphthalein into a weighing boat.

3. Place a small funnel into the neck of the volumetric flask and tip the powder into it.

4. Wash the powder into the flask with distilled water, mix gently to dissolve.

5. Make up to the 100 mL mark with distilled water. Cap tightly, shake to mix.

6. Using a small funnel, transfer to a 100 mL, appropriately marked, dropper bottle.

Part D: Preparation of methyl orange indicator solution

1. Weigh out 0.1 g of methyl orange into a small beaker (100 mL).

2. Add about 50 mL of distilled water, stir to dissolve.

3. Wash the contents of the beaker into a 100 mL volumetric flask and make up to 100
mL with distilled water. Stopper and shake to mix. Using a small funnel, transfer to an
appropriately marked dropper bottle.

6
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING 1
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL 2
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT 2016
DETERMINATION OF
AMENDMENT DATE: FEB 2018
ALKALINITY

Part E: Preparation of bromocresol green methyl red indicator solution

1. Using a digital pipette, pipette 50 mL of isopropyl alcohol into a 100ml of beaker.

2. Weigh out 0.1 g of bromocresol green and 0.02 g methyl red into a weighing boat
respectively.

3. Add to 100 mL beaker containing isopropyl alcohol, stir to dissolve.

4. Pour the solution into 100 mL volumetric flask and wash the contents of the beaker
using isopropyl alcohol and make up to 100 mL with isopropyl alcohol. Stopper and
shake to mix. Using a small funnel, transfer to an appropriately marked dropper
bottle.

Part F: Preparation of 0.1 N sodium thiosulfate solution

Function to remove chlorine before test started. Normally when chlorine level ≥ 3.5 mg/L
interference will be occur.

1. Weigh out 25 g of sodium thiosulfate into a small beaker (100 mL).

2. Add about 50 mL of distilled water, stir to dissolve.

3. Wash the contents of the beaker into a 100 mL volumetric flask and make up to 100
mL with distilled water. Stopper and shake to mix. Using a small funnel, transfer to an
appropriately marked dropper bottle.

Part G: Alkalinity determination using methyl orange indicator

1. Clean burette with distilled water, allow to drain.

2. Ensure burette is secure in the clamp stand.

3. Pour about 40 mL of the 0.05 M H2SO4 into a small beaker very slowly.

7
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING 1
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL 2
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT 2016
DETERMINATION OF
AMENDMENT DATE: FEB 2018
ALKALINITY
4. Insert the funnel into the top of the burette and pour in the contents of the beaker very
slowly.

5. Allow the acid to flow through the burette, top up as necessary.

6. Place 100mL (or record another known volume as “V”) of sample in a 250 mL conical
flask.

7. Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.

8. If no pink colour is produced, record the titre as A= 0 mL.

9. If the sample turns pink, titrate with the standard acid solution until the pink colour just
disappears. Note down the volume of acid used as A (mL).

10. To the same sample, add a few drops of methyl orange indicator.

11. If the sample turns red, record the titre as B=0 mL.

12. If the sample turns yellow, titrate with the standard acid until the colour just changes
to orange. Note down the volume of acid used as B (mL).
(Repeat the same procedures using different samples)

Part H: Alkalinity determination using bromocresol green methyl red indicator

Clean burette with distilled water, allow to drain.

1. Ensure burette is secure in the clamp stand.

2. Pour about 40 mL of the 0.01 M H2SO4 into a small beaker very slowly.

3. Insert the funnel into the top of the burette and pour in the contents of the beaker very
slowly.

4. Allow the acid to flow through the burette, top up as necessary.

8
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING 1
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL 2
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT 2016
DETERMINATION OF
AMENDMENT DATE: FEB 2018
ALKALINITY

5. Place volume (or record another known volume as “V”) of sample in a 250 ml conical
flask according to estimated range alkalinity water sample.

Table 1: Sample volume and multiplies

Estimated range Sample volume (mL) Titrant H2SO4 (M) Multiplier

(mg/L)
1-500 50 0.01 20
400-1000 25 0.01 40
1000-2000 10 0.01 100
2000-5000 5 0.01 200

6. Add 4 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.

7. If no pink colour is produced, record the titre as A= 0 mL.

8. If the sample turns pink, titrate with the standard acid solution until the pink colour just
disappears. Note down the volume of acid used as A (mL).

9. To the same sample, add a 4 drops of bromocresol green methyl red indicator.

10. If the sample turns pink, record the titre as B = 0 mL.

11. If the sample turns blue, titrate with the standard acid until the colour just from blue to
green and changes to light pink (end point). If the colour has turned pink, meaning
that it has exceed the end point. Note down the volume of acid used as B (mL).

(Repeat the same procedures using different samples)

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING 1
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL 2
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT 2016
DETERMINATION OF
AMENDMENT DATE: FEB 2018
ALKALINITY

5 RESULTS CALCULATIONS

Please show the calculation for each of the plating method and fill in the above table.
Analyze the results by using appropriate method. Explain your findings.

A. Alkalinity determination using methyl orange indicator

 If the amount of acid recorded as “A” was zero, then phenolphthalein alkalinity is 0
mg CaCO3/L.

 If the amount acid recorded as “A” was > zero, then calculate phenolphthalein
alkalinity as follows:

Phenolphthalein alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) = A x C x 1000 x100

V

 If the amount of acid recorded as “B” was zero, then total alkalinity is 0 mg
CaCO3/L.

 If the amount of acid recorded as “B” was > zero, then calculate total alkalinity as
follows:

Total alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) = B x C x 1000 x100

V
Where:
A = volume of standard acid titrated to reach phenolphthalein endpoint (pH 8.3)
[ml]
B = volume of standard acid solution required to reach methyl orange endpoint (pH
4.5) [mL]
C = concentration of acid [0.05 M]
V = volume of sample used [usually 100 mL].

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING 1
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL 2
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT 2016
DETERMINATION OF
AMENDMENT DATE: FEB 2018
ALKALINITY

Table 1: Alkalinity data (Sample 1: tap water)

Phenolphthalein
Sample ID A (mL) B (mL) Total Alkalinity
Alkalinity
(mg CaCO3/L)
(mg CaCO3/L)
1

3
Average

Conc. of acid, C [M] 0.05

vol. of sample used, V (mL) 100

Table 2: Alkalinity data (Sample 2: wastewater influent)

Phenolphthalein
Total Alkalinity
Sample ID A (mL) B (mL) Alkalinity
(mg CaCO3/L)
(mg CaCO3/L)
1
2
3
Average
Conc. of acid, C [M] 0.05
vol. of sample used, V (mL) 100

Table 3: Alkalinity data (Sample 3: wastewater effluent)

Phenolphthalein
Total Alkalinity
Sample ID A (mL) B (mL) Alkalinity
(mg CaCO3/L)
(mg CaCO3/L)
1
2
3
Average
Conc. of acid, C [M] 0.05
vol. of sample used, V (mL) 100

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING 1
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL 2
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT 2016
DETERMINATION OF
AMENDMENT DATE: FEB 2018
ALKALINITY

B. Alkalinity determination using bromocresol green methyl red indicator

 If the amount of acid recorded as “A” was zero, then phenolphthalein alkalinity is 0
mg CaCO3/L.

 If the amount acid recorded as “A” was > zero, then calculate phenolphthalein
alkalinity as follows:

Phenolphthalein alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) = A x multiplier (according table 1)

V
 If the amount of acid recorded as “B” was zero, then total alkalinity is 0 mg
CaCO3/L.

 If the amount of acid recorded as “B” was > zero, then calculate total alkalinity as
follows:

Total alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) = B x multiplier (according table 1)

V
Where:
A = volume of standard acid titrated to reach phenolphthalein endpoint (pH 8.3)
[mL]
B = volume of standard acid solution required to reach methyl orange endpoint (pH
4.5) [mL]

Table 1: Alkalinity data (Sample 1: tap water)

Phenolphthalein
Sample ID A (mL) B (mL) Total Alkalinity
Alkalinity
(mg CaCO3/L)
(mg CaCO3/L)
1

3
Average

Conc. of acid, C [M] 0.01

vol. of sample used, V (mL)

12
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING 1
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL 2
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT 2016
DETERMINATION OF
AMENDMENT DATE: FEB 2018
ALKALINITY

Table 2: Alkalinity data (Sample 2: wastewater influent)

Phenolphthalein
Total Alkalinity
Sample ID A (mL) B (mL) Alkalinity
(mg CaCO3/L)
(mg CaCO3/L)
1
2
3
Average
Conc. of acid, C [M] 0.01
vol. of sample used, V (mL)

Table 3: Alkalinity data (Sample 3: wastewater effluent)

Phenolphthalein
Total Alkalinity
Sample ID A (mL) B (mL) Alkalinity
(mg CaCO3/L)
(mg CaCO3/L)
1
2
3
Average
Conc. of acid, C [M] 0.01
vol. of sample used, V (mL)

13
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING 1
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL 2
REVISION NO:
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPT 2016
DETERMINATION OF
AMENDMENT DATE: FEB 2018
ALKALINITY

6 ANALYSIS

7 DISCUSSIONS
State the systematic bias error that could occur during this experiment and readings for
different samples.

8 ADVANCED QUESTIONS
8.1 What is alkalinity?
8.2 What is relationship between alkalinity and hardness?
8.3 Define equivalent weight and determine equivalent of CaCO3.
8.4 Discuss the importance of alkalinity to the environment.

9 CONCLUSION
Conclusion is merely a summary, presented in a logical order, of the important findings
already reported in the discussion section. It also relates to the objectives stated
earlier.

Prepared by/Disediakan oleh : Approved by/Disahkan oleh :

Signature/Tandatangan : Signature/Tandatangan :
Name/Nama : DR. HASNIDA HARUN Name/Nama : ASSOC. PROF. DR. SURAYA
HANI ADNAN
Date/Tarikh : FEBRUARY 2018
Date/ Date/Tarikh : FEBRUARY 2018

14