1.

INTRODUCTION

The creation of Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Ltd. (UPPTCL) is

the result of power sector reforms and restructuring in UP (India) which is the focal point of the
Power Sector, responsible for planning and managing the sector through its transmission,
distribution and supply of electricity.
UPPTCL will be professionally managed utility supplying reliable and cost efficient
electricity to every citizen of the state through highly motivated employees and state of art
technologies, providing an economic return to our owners and maintaining leadership in the
country.
We shall achieve this being a dynamic, forward looking, reliable, safe and trustworthy
organization, sensitive to our customers interests, profitable and sustainable in the long run,
providing uninterrupted supply of quality power, with transparency and integrity in operation

1.1 ABOUT 132KV SUBSTATION BHOOR

Figure 1.1 132 KV Substation BHOOR

The main bus 132KV is connected to grid located at Office of the Uttar Pradesh Power
Transmission corporation Limited Azamgarh. Now the transmission line first parallel
connected with lightning arrester to diverge surge, followed by CVT connected parallel. CVT

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measures voltage and steps down at 110V. A.C. for control panel, at the location a wave trap is
connected to carrier communication at higher frequencies. A current transformer is connected in
series with line which measure current and step down current at ratio 800:1 for control panel.
Switchgear equipment is provided, which is the combination of a circuit breaker having
an isolator at each end. A transformer is connected to main bus though a bus coupler. The main
bus has total capability of 320 MVA for 132 KV, which is subdivided into two transformer
capacity of 80 MVA (40MVA+40MVA) parallel connected for 33KV and other two transformer
capacity of 500KV (250KV+250KV) are parallel connected for substation.
At both ends of transformer lightning arrester current transformer and switchgear
equipment provided. Transformer step downs voltage from 132KV. The main bus is provided
with switchgear equipment & a current transformer.
A step down transformer of 33KV/440V is connected to control panel to provide supply
to the equipment of the substation. Capacitor bank is connected to main bus of 33KV. It is
provided to improve power factor & voltage profile.

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 2. TRANSFORMERS

Figure: 2.1 Transformer

Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at
same frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage & high
voltage to low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction principle.
When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, thetransformer is called step up
transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.

2.1 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER

2.1.1 Power transformer
2.1.2 Instrument transformer
2.1.3 Auto transformer
2.1.4 On the basis of working
2.1.5 On the basis of structure

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2.1.1 POWER TRANSFORMER:
A power transformer is a passive electromagnetic device that transfers energy from one circuit to
another circuit by means of inductive coupling. Power transformers differ from
other transformer types in that they are designed to comply with regulatory requirements for
mains power interfacing, working at mains voltages

Figure 2.2 Power Transformers

2.1.2 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:

Instrument transformers are high accuracy class electrical devices used to isolate or transform
voltage or current levels. CURRENT TRANSFORMERS. Current transformers are used so that
ammeters and the current coils of other instruments and relays need not be connected directly to
high-current lines.

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 Fig: 2.3 Instrument Transformers

2.1.3 AUTO TRANSFORMER:

Instrument transformers are high accuracy class electrical devices used to isolate or transform
voltage or current levels. CURRENT TRANSFORMERS. Current transformers are used so
that ammeters and the current coils of other instruments and relays need not be connected
directly to high-current lines.

Fig 2.4 Auto Transformer

2.1.4 ON THE BASIS OF WORKING

Step down: Converts high voltage into low voltage.

Step up: Converts low voltage into high voltage.

2.1.5 ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE

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 Figure 2.5 core type Figure 2.6 Shell type
3. SPECIFICATION OF C.T. USED IN UTTAR PRADESH POWER
CORPORATION LTD. (UPPCL)

Figure 3.1Current transformer

3.1 Standard: IS-2785

3.2 Highest System Voltage: 145 KV
3.3 Frequency: 50Hz
3.4 C.T. Current: 25 KA/1Sec.
3.5 Rated primary current: 800 Ampere

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 4. SUBSTATIONS

Figure 4.1View of substation

The present day electrical power system is A.Ci.e. electrical power is generated,
transmitted & distributed in the form of the alternating current. The electric power is produced at
power plant stations which are located at favorable places generally quite away from the
consumers. It is delivered to the consumers through a large network of transmission 7
distribution.
At many places in the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some
characteristics e.g. voltage, ac to dc, frequency, power factor etc. of electric supply. This
accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation. For example; generation voltage (11 KV or
33 KV) at the power station is set up to high voltage (say 132 KV or 33 KV) for transmission of
electric power. The assembly of apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this purpose in the
substation. Similarly near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be step down to
utilization level. This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation.
The assembly of apparatus to change some characteristic of electric power supply is
called substation.

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4.1.1. TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION

Figure 4.2 Transformer substation

They are known as transformer substations as because transformer is the main
component employed to change the voltage level, depending upon the purposed served
transformer substations may be classified into:

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 5.CHRONOLOGICAL TRAINING DIARY
( based on study & observation at different Departments and sections)

5.1 POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Introduction:

Figure 5.1: PLCC (POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION)

Reliable & fast communication is necessary for safe efficient & economical power
supply. To reduce the power failure in extent & time, to maintain the interconnected grid system
in optimum working condition; to coordinate the operation of various generating unit
communication network is indispensable for state electricity board.
In state electricity boards, the generating & distribution stations are generally located at a
far distance from cities. Where P & T communication provided through long overhead lines in
neither reliable nor quick.
As we have available very reliable physical paths viz. the power lines, which
interconnected, hence power line carrier communication is found to be most economical and
reliable for electricity boards.

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5.1.1 APPLICATIONS:
The PLCC can be used for the following facilities:
5.1.1.1 Telephony
5.1.1.2 Teleprotection
5.1.1.3 Remote control or indication
5.1.1.4 Telemetry
5.1.1.5 Teleprinting

5.2 PRINCIPLE OF PLCC:

The principle of PLCC is the simple one:

All type of information is modulated on carried wave at frequency 50Hz to 500KHz. The
modulated HF carrier fed into the power line conductor at the sending end and filtered out again
at the respective stations. Long earlier system double side band amplitude modulation was more
common but the present amplitude modulated system.
Since high voltage power lines are designed to carry large quantities of energy on the
high voltage and the communication system at low voltage, they cannot be directly connected to
high voltage lines. Suitably designed coupling equipment have therefore to be employed which
will permit the injection of high frequency carrier signal without undue loss and with absolute
protection of communication equipment or operating personal from high voltage hazard.
Therefore, the coupling equipment essentially comprises the following:

5.2.3 Coupling of Filter:

The coupling filter is inserted between the low voltage terminal of the coupling capacitor
and the carrier frequency connection of the carrier terminal. Sometime an earth switch is also
provided with this unit. This unit mainly performs two functions; firstly it isolates the connection
of equipment from the power line. Secondly it serves to match characteristic impedance of the
power line to that of the H.F. cable to connection equipment.

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 6. BUS BARS

Figure 6.1 Typical representation of bus bars

When numbers of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage have to be directly
connected electrically, bus bar is used as the common electrical component. Bus bars are made
up of copper rods operate at constant voltage. The following are the important bus bars
arrangements used at substations:
6.1 Single bus bar system
6.2 Single bus bar system with section isolation.
6.3 Duplicate bus bar system
In large stations it is important that break downs and maintenance should interfere as little
as possible with continuity of supply to achieve this, duplicate bus bar system is used. Such a
system consists of two bus bars, a main bus bar and a spare bus bar with the help of bus coupler,
which consist of the circuit breaker and isolator.
In substations, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and
repairs. An isolating switch or isolator accomplishes this. Isolator operates under no load
condition. It does not have any specified current breaking capacity or current making capacity. In

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some cases isolators are used to breaking charging currents or transmission lines.
While opening a circuit, the circuit breaker is opened first then isolator while closing a
circuit the isolator is closed first, then circuit breakers. Isolators are necessary on supply side of
circuit breakers, in order to ensure isolation of the circuit breaker from live parts for the purpose
of maintenance.
A transfer isolator is used to transfer main supply from main bus to transfer bus by using bus
coupler (combination of a circuit breaker with two isolators), if repairing or maintenance of any
section is required.

In electric power distribution, a busbar (also bus bar) is a metallic strip or bar, typically
housed inside switchgear, panel boards, and busway enclosures for local high current
power distribution. They are also used to connect high voltage equipment at electrical
switchyards, and low voltage equipment in battery banks. They are generally
uninsulated, and have sufficient stiffness to be supported in air by insulated pillars.
These features allow sufficient cooling of the conductors, and the ability to tap in at
various points without creating a new joint.

7. INSULATORS

The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and confine the
current to the conductors. The most common used material for the manufacture of insulator is
porcelain. There are several types of insulators (e.g. pin type, suspension type, post insulator etc.)
and their use in substation will depend upon the service requirement. For example, post insulator
is used for bus bars. A post insulator consists of a porcelain body, cast iron cap and flanged cast
iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that bus bars can be directly bolted to the cap.

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 Figure 7.1 Insulators used in substations

With the advantage of power system, the lines and other equipment operate at very high
voltage and carry high current.
The arrangements of switching along with switches cannot serve the desired function of
switchgear in such high capacity circuits. This necessitates employing a more dependable means
of control such as is obtain by the use of the circuit breakers. A circuit breaker can make or break
a circuit either manually or automatically under all condition as no load, full load and short
circuit condition.
A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts. These contacts can be
opened manually or by remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any part of the
system, the trip coils of breaker get energized and the moving contacts are pulled apart by some
mechanism, thus opening the circuit.
When contacts of a circuit breaker are separated, an arc is struck; the current is thus able
to continue. The production of arcs are not only delays the current interruption, but is also
generates the heat. Therefore, the main problem is to distinguish the arc within the shortest
possible time so that it may not reach a dangerous value.
The general way of classification is on the basis of the medium used for arc extinction.

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 Figure 7. Circuit breaker arrangements

7.1. Circuit breakers

They can be classified into:
7.1.1Oil circuit breaker
7.1.2Air-blast circuit breaker
7.1.3 Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breaker (SF6)
7.1.4 Vacuum circuit breakers

Note:SF6 and Vacuum circuit breaker are being used in 132KV distribution substation.

7.2Oil Circuit Breaker

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 Figure 7.2 Oil circuit breaker
A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and
extinguish the arc; the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose high
pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary insulation to
prevent a restrike of the arc.
The arc is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon parting of contacts and
because of intensive cooling by the gases and oil vapor.

7.3Air blast circuit breaker

Fast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto reclosure, unit type multi break
constructions, simple assembly, modest maintenance are some of the main features of air blast
circuit breakers. A compressors plant necessary to maintain high air pressure in the air receiver.
The air blast circuit breakers are especially suitable for railways and arc furnaces, where the
breaker operates repeatedly. Air blast circuit breakers is used for interconnected lines and
important lines where rapid operation is desired.

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 Figure 7.3 Air blast circuit breaker
High pressure air at a pressure between 20 to 30 kg/ cm2 stored in the air reservoir. Air is
taken from the compressed air system. Three hollow insulator columns are mounted on the
reservoir with valves at their basis. The double arc extinguished chambers are mounted on the
top of the hollow insulator chambers. The current carrying parts connect the three arc extinction
chambers to each other in series and the pole to the neighboring equipment. Since there exists a
very high voltage between the conductor and the air reservoir, the entire arc extinction chambers
assembly is mounted on insulators.

7.4 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:

Figure 7.4 SF6 Circuit breaker

In such circuit breaker, Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as the arc quenching
medium. The SF6 is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons.
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The SF6 circuit breaker have been found to a very effective for high power and high voltage
service. SF6 circuit breakers have been developed for voltage 115 KV to 230 KV, power rating
10 MVA.
It consists of fixed and moving contacts. It has chamber, contains SF6 gas. When the
contacts are opened, the mechanism permits a high pressure SF6 gas from reservoir to flow
towards the arc interruption chamber. The moving contact permits the SF6 gas to let through
these holes.

7.5 Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Figure 7.5 Vacuum circuit breaker

Vacuum circuit breakers are circuit breakers which are used to protect medium and high
voltage circuits from dangerous electrical situations. Like other types of circuit breakers, vacuum
circuit breakers literally break the circuit so that energy cannot continue flowing through it,
thereby preventing fires, power surges, and other problems which may emerge. These devices
have been utilized since the 1920s, and several companies have introduced refinements to make
them even safer and more effective.

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 8.METERING AND INDICATION EQUIPMENT

8.1 RELAY:

Figure 8.1 Relay

In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does occur
somewhere in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly
detected and disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits the
amount of damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system. For high
voltage circuits relays are employed to serve the desired function of automatic protective gear.
The relays detect the fault and supply the information to the circuit breaker.
The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, frequency,
current, phase angle. When a short circuit occurs at any point on the transmission line the current
flowing in the line increases to the enormous value. This result in a heavy current flow through
the relay coil, causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts. This in turn closes the trip
circuit of the breaker making the circuit breaker open and isolating the faulty section from the
rest of the system. In this way, the relay ensures the safety of the circuit equipment from the
damage and normal working of the healthy portion of the system. Basically relay work on the
following two main operating principles:
8.1.1 Electromagnetic attraction relay
8.1.2 Electromagnetic induction relay

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8.2 Relays used in control panel of the substation;

8.2.1 DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:

Figure 8.2 Differential Relay

A differential relay is one that operates when vector difference of the two or more
electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value. If this differential quantity is equal or
greater than the pickup value, the relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate
the faulty section.

8.2.2 OVER CURRENT RELAY:

Figure 8.2.2 Overcurrent Relay

This type of relay works when current in the circuit exceeds the predetermined
value. The actuating source is the current in the circuit supplied to the relay from a
current transformer. These relay are used on A.C. circuit only and can operate for fault
flow in the either direction. This relay operates when phase to phase fault occurs.

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8.2.3 DIRECTIONAL RELAY:

Figure8.2.3 Directional Relay

This relay operates during earth faults. If one phase touch the earth due to any
fault. A directional power relay is so designed that it obtains its operating torque by the
interaction of magnetic field derived from both voltage and current source of the circuit it
protects. The direction of torque depends upon the current relative to voltage.

8.2.4 TRIPPING RELAY:

Figure 8.2.4 Tripping Relay

This type of relay is in the conjunction with main relay. When main relay sense
any fault in the system, it immediately operates the trip relay to disconnect the faulty

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 section from the section.
8.2.5 AUXILIARY RELAY:

Figure 8.2.5 Auxiliary Relay

An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb alert the employee.

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 9.MISCELLANOUS EQUIPMENT:

9.1 CAPACITOR BANK:

Figure 9.1 Capacitor bank

The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and evening
which increases the magnetization current. This result in the decreased power factor. The
low power factor is mainly due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and
therefore take lagging currents. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes
increases in current, resulting in additional losses. So in order to ensure most favorable
conditions for a supply system from engineering and economical stand point it is
important to have power factor as close to unity as possible. In order to improve the
power factor come device taking leading power should be connected in parallel with the
load. One of the such device can be capacitor bank. The capacitor draws a leading
current and partly or completely neutralize the lagging reactive component of load
current.
Capacitor bank accomplishes following operations:
9.1.1 Supply reactive power
9.1.2 Increases terminal voltage
9.1.3 Improve power factor

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9.2FUSE:

Figure 9.2 Substation Fuse

A fuse is a short piece of wire or thin strip which melts when excessive current through it
for sufficient time. It is inserted in series with the circuit under normal operating conditions; the
fuse element is at a nature below its melting point. Therefore it carries the normal load current
overheating. It is worthwhile to note that a fuse performs both detection and interruption
functions.

9.3 BUS COUPLER:

Figure 9.3 bus coupler

The bus coupler consists of circuit breaker and isolator. Each generator and feeder may
be connected to either main bus bar or spar bus bar with the help of bus coupler. Repairing,
maintenance and testing of feeder circuit or other section can be done by putting them on spar
bus bar, thus keeping the main bus bar undisturbed. Bus coupler is a device which is used switch
from one bus to the other without any interruption in power supply and without creating
hazardous arcs. It is achieved with the help of circuit breaker and isolators.
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 10.CONCLUSION

Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an important role in
our life. We are made aware of how the transmission of electricity is done. We too came
to know about the various parts of the Substation system as well as the grid and its
interconnections.

The Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Cooperation Limited has got radio
communication in microwave range in order to transmit and receive data with various
Substations in Uttar Pradesh to get reliable transmission and distribution of electricity in
the state.

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 References

1. www.wikipedia.com

2. www.yahooanswers.com

3. www.britannica.com

4. www.webopedia.com

5. www.encyclopedia.com

6. www.worldbook.com

7. www.encyclopediadramatica.com/

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