Tensile Test: Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
“In the name of Allah, The Most Beneficent, The Most Merciful”
Lab
Tensile Test
#01
Prepared By
Noraini Mohd Razali
Edited By
Mahendran A/L Samykano
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal,

Universiti Malaysia Pahang
Lab Location
Strength of Materials Lab
Lab Objectives
By the end of this lab, students should be able to:

 Conduct tensile test for different material and obtain stress-strain curve for each
material
 Use stress-strain curve to determine the modulus of elasticity, yield strength,
ultimate tensile strength, breaking strength, ductility and toughness of each material.
Date: ____________________
20
Group Members Student ID Section
50
BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 11_1011/2_Tensile_Test

Page 2 of 8
1.0 Tensile Test
Tensile test is used to evaluate the strength of metals and alloys. In this test a metal & plastic sample
is pulled to failure in a relatively short time at a constant rate. Before testing, two small punch marks
are identified along the specimen’s length. The ability of a material to resist breaking under tensile
stress is one of the most important and widely measured properties of materials used in structural
applications.
Using the recorded data, the nominal or engineering stress is found by dividing the applied load
P by the specimen’s original cross sectional area, A0 .
P

A0
The nominal or engineering strain is found by dividing the change in the specimen’s gage length, 
(   L  L0 ) by the specimen’s original gage length, L0


L0
From the data of a tension test, it is possible to compute various values of the stress and
corresponding strain in the specimen and then plot the results. The resulting curve is called the
stress-strain diagram. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, breaking strength and elastic or
Young’s modulus of a material can all be determined from this curve. The curve shown in Figure 1
is typical of metallic behavior. At small strain values (the elastic region), the relationship between
stress and strain is nearly linear. Within this region, the slope of the stress-strain curve is defined as
the elastic modulus. Since many metals lack a sharp yield point, i.e. a sudden, observable transition
between the elastic region and the plastic region, the yield point is often defined as the stress that
gives rise to a 0.2% permanent plastic strain. By this convention, a line is drawn parallel to the elastic
region of the material, starting at a strain level of 0.2% strain (or 0.002 mm/mm.). The point at
which this line intersects the curve is called the yield point or the yield stress. The ultimate tensile
strength, in contrast, is found by determining the maximum stress reached by the material. The total
 pl2
work of elastic deformation is a measure of resilience, where Modulus of Resilience, U r 
2E
The total work to fracture is a measure of toughness and is given by total area under curve, U Total
   ut
Modulus of Toughness, UTotal  pl  f
2

Page 3 of 8
Figure 1: Stress-strain diagram for metal
2.0 Experiment Setup
Test preparation
 Identify each specimen, measure and record the length, width and thickness of the
gage of the specimen in Table 1
Table 1: Specimen Dimension
Material Length (L0) Cross section Area (A0)
2
Equipment & Material preparation
 INSTRON 50kN
 Caliper
 Test specimen: Mild steel, Aluminum & Brass

Page 4 of 8
Figure 2: INSTRON Testing Apparatus
A0
L0
Figure 3: Specimen for Tensile Test
3.0 Experiment Procedure
1. Double click the “IX series” icon on the computer

2. Load the specimen (e.g. mild steel) into the lower and upper grip. Make sure the
specimen is straight.
3. Click “Method” icon and set the specimen parameter and crosshead speed
4. Click “Test” icon and enter sample file name, then operator’s name
5. Choose a test method according to your application (Tensile, compressive, Flexural, etc).
6. Reset the load and strain
7. Click “Start Test”
8. When the test finished, click to the utilities in the main screen to view the result of the
experiment
9. Fill up Table 2 with the data of load and displacement from the Instron output. Convert
these data to stress and strain and plot the stress-strain diagram.
10. Repeat the experiment for the other materials (Aluminum & Brass).

Page 5 of 8
4.0 Results
Fill up the results of the experiment in the table and plot stress-strain diagrams for each of
the material.
Table 2: Result for_______________
Load Displacement Stress Strain

(N) (mm) (N/mm2) (mm/mm)
Stress-strain diagram for________________

Page 6 of 8
Table 3: Result for_____________________

Stress-strain diagram for____________________

Page 7 of 8
Table 4: Result for_____________________

Stress-strain diagram for________________________

Page 8 of 8
Table 5: Summary of Properties obtain from the stress-strain diagram
Properties Material
Modulus of elasticity, E
Proportional limit,  pl
Yield strength,  y
Ultimate strength (max stress),  ut
Breaking strength (fracture point)
5
5.0 REPORT FORMAT
1. Introduction & Objective [1 marks]

2. Apparatus & Specimen [1 marks]
3. Theory of Tensile test, stress, strain, Brittle & ductile material, etc [5 marks]
4. Experiment Procedure [2 marks]
5. Results [25]
6. Calculation of Stress, Strain, Young’s Modulus, etc [2]
7. Discussion
 Discuss the elastic & plastic behavior for each graph. Attach picture of the failure
specimen [6]
 Calculate the modulus of elasticity and yield strength based on 0.2% offset. [2]
 Determine the permanent strain that remains in the specimen when the load is released
[1]
 Compute the modulus of resilience [1]
 Compute the modulus of toughness [1]
8. Conclusion [2]
9. References [1]
50

Lab
Compression test
#02
Prepared By
Dayangku Noorfazidah binti Awang Sh’ri
Edited By
Mahendran A/L Samykano

Lab Location
Lab Objectives

 Conduct compression test for different material and obtain stress-strain curve for
each material
 Use stress-strain curve to determine the proportional limit and compressive
strength of the materials
Date: ____________________
20
25
BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 11_1011/2_2_Compression_Test
Page 2 of 7
1.0 Compression Test
A compression test determines behavior of materials under crushing loads. It is conducted in

a manner similar to tensile test, except that the force is compressive and the specimen contracts
along the direction of the stress.1 The specimen is compressed and deformation at various loads is
recorded. Compressive stress and strain are calculated and plotted as a stress-strain diagram which is
used to determine elastic limit, proportional limit, yield point, yield strength and, for some materials,
compressive strength.
When a simple compressive load is applied to a specimen, the following types of

deformation may take place: elastic or plastic shortening in ductile materials, crushing and fracture in
brittle materials, a sudden bending deformation called buckling in long, slender bars, or
combinations of these. Ductile materials, such as mild steel, have no meaningful compressive
strength. Lateral expansion and thus an increasing cross-sectional area accompany axial shortening.
The specimen will not break: excessive deformation rather than loss of strength often characterize
failure. Brittle material commonly fracture along a diagonal plane which is not the plane of
maximum compressive stress, but rather one of high shear stress which accompanies the uniaxial
compression. Strain is a measure of the intensity of deformation (deformation per unit length).
Normal strain, ε, measures the contraction (or elongation) of a body during deformation.
Figure 1 Initial measurement of testing sample
Several calculations will be required to determine the properties of each sample.

Elastic modulus: E 

Ppl
Proportional limit:  pl 
A
Pmax
Compressive Strength: c 
A
1  pl2
Figure 2 Stress-strain graph for U
Modulus of Resilience: r   pl   pl 
compression test 2 2E

Page 3 of 7
Test Preparation
 The length and cross-sectional dimensions of each specimen must be measured prior
to testing.
Equipment & Materials
 Equipment: INSTRON 50kN

 Material: Mild steel, Aluminum, Brass
Experiment Procedure
1. Identify each specimen and record the initial dimensions of the specimen.
Material Initial Height Inner radius Outer radius Final height

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
2
2. Set up the testing machine for compression, and place the specimen between the
plates.
3. Compress the specimen in increments until reaching a desired final height.
4. The specimen may now have a barrel shape. Discontinue the test and measure the final
dimensions of the specimen
3.0 Results- calculation and graph
1. For each material tested, plot the corresponding stress vs. strain. Identify the
proportional limit and compressive strength as shown in Figure 2.
2. Calculate the elastic modulus and modulus of resilience using the formula given.

Page 4 of 7
For each material tested, plot an engineering stress vs. engineering strain curve.
Sample: __________________
Properties Value
Elastic Modulus
Proportional Limit 5
Compressive Strength
Modulus of Resiliency

Page 5 of 7
Sample: ________________
Properties Value
Elastic Modulus
Proportional Limit 5

Page 6 of 7
Sample: ______________________
Properties Value
Elastic Modulus
Proportional Limit
5

Page 7 of 7
5.0 Discussion
1. Explain the differences between compression test and tensile test?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2
2. Based on your result, please compare and contrast the difference between each material
used in this lab.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2
3. Explain in your own word why compression testing is important in manufacturing
industry.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2
6.0 Conclusion
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2
Reference
1
Callister, W.D, “Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction”, (2003) 6th Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York.

Lab
Torsion Analysis
#04
Prepared by:
Mohamad Mazwan Mahat
Edited by:
Nasrul Azuan bin Alang

Lab Location
Lab Objectives

 Determine the torsion breaking strength of solid bar for different type of materials.
 Identify the range and the transition from elastic to plastic deformation, the
deformation in the elastic range by illustrating in a separate chart.
Date: ____________________
20
35
BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab II_1011/2_Torsion_Test
Page 2 of 13
1.0 Introduction
Torsional Strength is a measure of the ability of a material to withstand a twisting load. It is the
Ultimate Strength of a material subjected to torsional loading, and is the maximum torsional stress
that a material sustains before rupture. Alternate terms are modulus of rupture and shear strength.
Because many engineering structures, such as beams, shafts, and airplane wings, are subjected to
torsional forces, the torsional problem has been of practical importance in structural analysis for a
long time. Saint-Venant (1885) was the first to provide the correct solution to the problem of
torsion of bars subjected to moment couples at the ends. He made certain assumptions about the
deformation of the twisted bar, and then showed that his solutions satisfied the equations of
equilibriums and the boundary conditions. From the uniqueness of solutions of the elasticity
equations, it follows that the assumed forms for the displacements are the exact solutions to the
torsional problem.
First, consider the torsion of a shaft with a circular cross section. Assume that the shaft is fixed at
the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system. The x coordinate is along the shaft axis. Also note
that units in this section are assumed to be consistent. The visualization of the bar under torsional
load is shown below;-
Figure 1: Circular bar under Torsional Load

Page 3 of 13
Figure 2: Specimen for the Torsion Test
Figure 3: Equipment Setup (Top view)

Page 4 of 13
*Note: Please refer to this illustration for easy understanding

The experiment procedure is divided into 2(two) section. For the first section you need to set up the
connection and load the specimen correctly. Secondly, perform the experiment by applying load to
the circular bar.
Section 1(Specimen preparation)
*You may refer to the previous page for numbering illustration

1. Make sure that no load is applied to the torque measurement unit. Press ▼and hold the button
on the display and then press the P button. The display returns to zero.
2. Insert sockets (1) into square connections.
3. Release clamping lever (2) on torque measurement unit (3) and push it backwards.
4. Place specimen (4) in the sockets and slide the torque measurement unit forwards again. Make
sure that the moving driver (5) is located in the centre of its range of movement.
5. Secure torque measurement unit with clamping lever. Carefully pre-tension the specimen until
there is no more slack and the torque display begins to move.
6. Set the torque display to zero using the “tare” function.
7. Set the pointers on the two angle scales (6) to zero.
8. Set the dial gauge (10) on the compensation device to zero by rotating the scale ring.
9. Reset the revolution counter (7).
Section 2(Apply Load)
1. Turn the hand wheel (8) clockwise. The hand wheel should always be turned by a defined angle
for each load step.
2. The following angles are recommended as the adjustment for each load step.
3. First hand wheel turn: 90° corresponds to 1.4° on the specimen
4. Second and third turn: 180° corresponds to 2.8° on the specimen
5. Fourth turn onwards: 360° corresponds to 5.7° on the specimen
6. To convert the input angle on the hand wheel into the angle on the specimen, divide the input
angle by 63.
7. After each load step, the deformation of the torque measuring shaft should be compensated. To
do this, adjust the dolly on the handwheel (11) until the dial gauge (10) shows a value of zero
again.
8. After each load step, the torsion moment is read on the display and noted along with the
torsional load displayed.
9. With long, thin specimens, several hundred turns can be made before breakage. In this case,
simply read off the value on the revolution counter.

Page 5 of 13
3.0 Results
Table 1: Results for Mild Steel
Input angle, Turn Torsion angle in Torsion Moment in

wheel degree Nm
0 0
0.25 1.4
0.5 2.8
0.75 4.3
1
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
45.0
60.0
120.0
150.0
170.0
210.0 1200

Page 6 of 13

Page 7 of 13
Table 2: Results for Brass

wheel degree Nm
0 0
0.25 1.4
0.5 2.9
0.75 4.3
1
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
45.0
60.0
120.0
150.0
170.0
210.0 1200

Page 8 of 13

Page 9 of 13
Table 3: Results for Aluminium

wheel degree Nm
0 0
0.25 1.4
0.5 2.9
0.75 4.3
1
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
45.0
60.0
120.0
150.0
170.0
210.0 1200

Page 10 of 13
3
Page 11 of 13
Calculation:-
The maximum torsion moment gives the following torsion breaking strength: (Compute all 3
materials)
M tb 16.M tb 16...........Nm
 tb     _______ N / m 2
Wp  .d 3  .63
(Insert the Mtb fracture value)
3
5.0 Discussions
1. Define the term ‘torsional moment’.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2
2. Describe the plotted graph result and compare the materials breaking strength. Comment on
elastic and plastic region as well as the rupture point.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Page 12 of 13
3. Why do engineers need to have knowledge about failures due to torsional load in designing
mechanical parts? State any examples to support your reasons.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2
4. Assume that same material has constant value of torsion breaking strength. If the solid
circular bar now is changed to hollow circular bar, what would be the value of torsion
maximum torsion moments? Why?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2
5. Give 3 methods on how to minimize and avoid torsion.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Page 13 of 13
6.0 Conclusion
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
References
______________________________________________________________________________

Lab
Fatigue Test
#05
Prepared by:
Ahmad Basirul Subha Bin Alias
Edited by:
Nasrul Azuan bin Alang

Lab Location
Lab Objectives

 Distinguish the influence of various curvature radii and surface roughness onto
materials’ life cycle.
 Determine the fatigue limit of the specimen by using the S-N curve.
Date: ____________________
20
20
BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab II_1011/2_4_Fatigue

Page 2 of 7
1.0 Fatigue Study
Fatigue is defined as progressive, localized, and permanent structural damage when a specific
material is subjected to the cyclic, fluctuation or alternating stresses and strains.
Instances of where fatigue may occur are in springs, turbine blades, airplane wings, bridges,
and bones.
As far as the study of fatigue is concerned, one vital way to visualize the failure limit of the
specific material is S-N curve. S-N curve is a representative between the plotting of the
stress verse number of cycles to failure. On this S-N curve, there will be a limit, called as
fatigue limit as shown in figure 1.
Figure 1: S-N Curve
 Commissioning and test run the machine to ensure that the machine is in ready for
operation condition. Firstly, erect the revolving fatigue testing machine and connect
to the power supply. Secondly, Remove the protective hood (unhook the fasteners
by rotating the knobs to the left). Thirdly, relieve the load device using the hand
wheel (move the load bearing down to the bottom). Fourthly, remove any samples
which may be in position and lightly tighten the union nut on the chuck. Finally,
mount the protective hood and lock with all four knobs.
 Please do ensure that the following things are properly checked:
(i) EMERGENCY OFF switch is released (pulled out).

(ii) Switch on the machine using the master switch.
(iii) Reset the counter using the RST button and counter must display zero.
(iv) Starting up the motor using the motor control switch.
(v) Check the spindle is running smoothly and true.
(vi) Check the counter is counting correctly.

Page 3 of 7
(vii) Check the automatic stop device is functioning.

 Properly insert the specimen to the chuck and check the concentricity of the sample
by rotating the spindle by hand.
Equipment and Materials
 Fatigue testing apparatus.
Figure 2: Fatigue Testing Apparatus
1 – Base Frame 2 – Switch Box

3 – Drive Motor 4 – Speed Sensor
5 – Specimen 6 – Load Bearing
7 – Load gauge 8 – Protective Hood
 Three types of specimens have the following features:
(1) 0.5 mm curvature radius and 4 µm of surface roughness (1 piece).

(2) 2.0 mm curvature radius and 4 µm of surface roughness (1 piece).
(3) 2.0 mm curvature radius and 25 µm of surface roughness (4 pieces)
Figure 2: Specimen for Fatigue test

Page 4 of 7
Test 1: To distinguish the influence of various curvature radii and surface qualities onto
materials’ life cycle
1. Examine all three test specimens.

2. In all cases, the load F=250 N corresponding to σa=500 N/mm2
3. For each specimen and each type, do the load cycle loading until numbers of cycles to
failure the specimen achieved.
Test2: To determine the fatigue limit of the specimen by using the stress-number diagram:
1. For this experiment, please do use the specimen Number 3.

2. Reduce the load generally from one experiment to the next from the maximum value
F=250 N corresponding to σa=500 N/mm2 as listed in the table.
3. Determine the numbers of load cycles until the specimen ruptures.
4. Enter the stress over the endurance in the semi-logarithmic diagram and from here,
determine from the stress-number diagram, the fatigue limit of the specimen.
IMPORTANT!!
For both tests, never apply the load when the machine is idle, since there is a risk of
plastic deformation and untrue running. Be ensure to bring the load the desired level
as quickly as possible because the sample is already under alternating load but the
load cycle cannot yet be counted because the load is too small.
4.0 Result
1. To distinguish the influence of various curvature radii and surface qualities onto
materials’ life cycle:
Table 1: Results for Test 1
Specimen Cycles to Failure

Type (N± 200)

Page 5 of 7
2. To determine the fatigue limit of the specimen by using the stress-number diagram:
Number of Load Cycles for Specimen 3 Under Different Load
Number Load Stress σa Number of Duration

(N) (N/mm2) Cycles to (n=2800/min)
Fracture (N)
8
5.0 Discussion
(1) What is fatigue limit?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2
(2) What is fatigue life?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2
Page 6 of 7
(3) What happen to the material if it is loaded below the fatigue limit? Why?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3
(4) Briefly discuss your results from the experiment
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3
6.0 Conclusion
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2
References
________________________________________________________________________________

Page 7 of 7
APPENDIX
Work Sheet: Stress-Number of Cycle (S-N) Diagram:
Sample no. 4 : Medium carbon steel (normalizing)
Description :
Sample no. 12 : White cast iron
Description :
Sample no. 14 : Ductile cast iron

Lab
Shear Force and Bending Moment
#03
Prepared By
Ahmad Basirul Subha bin Alias
Edited By:
Lee Giok Chui

Lab Location
Lab Objectives

 Develop the shear force and bending moment profile for concentrated centre load.
 Develop the shear force and bending moment profile for symmetrical load.
Date: ____________________
20
25
BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab II 1011/II _Shear Force & Bending Moment
Page 2 of 9
1.0 Shearing Stress and Bending Moment Study
In order to be able to determine the internal forces and moments governing the stressing of
a beam, the common method that will be used is the cutting principle. This involves
separating the beam at the point of interest into two parts with an imaginary cut. The
unknown internal forces and moments are then expressed as external cutting loads at the
separation points.
The cutting loads at the left border are expressed in positive coordinate direction, those at
the right border in negative direction. In the event of loading in one plane, a distinction is
made between three (3) different cutting loads:
 Normal force Nx in beam direction. This produces tension/compression in

the beam.
 Shear force Qz at right angles to beam axis. This is responsible for the shear
stress in the beam.
 Bending moment My, perpendicular to the loading plane. This produces the
bending stress in the beam.
The unknown cutting loads can be calculated by assuming a state of equilibrium for the cut-
off section of the beam. The equilibrium conditions are as follows for loading in one plane:
ΣFx=0, hence Nx
ΣFz=0, hence Qz
ΣMy=0, hence My
Whereas the normal is independent of the other two cutting loads, the following differential
relationship exists between shear forces and bending moment is:
Qz(x)=dMy(x)/dx
The shear force profile thus indicates the slope of the bending moment curve. The bending
moment My is traditionally plotted in negative direction in line with the direction of sag.
Figure 1: Cutting Principle Figure 2: Cutting load profile for the beam
BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 2_1011/II_Shear Stress & Bending Moment

Page 3 of 9
2.0 Experiment Setup and Equipments
Figure 3: Shearing Force and Bending Moment Apparatus
1. Beam, 1000 mm long with special joint at 366 mm (1 piece)

2. Load cell 0-140 N for bending moment with pivot (1 piece)
3. Load cell 0-40 N for lateral force (1 piece)
4. Support with roller bearings (2 pieces)
5. Weight holder, dead weight 1 N (3 pieces)
6. Load hanger ( 3 pieces)
7. Weight 1 N (12 pieces)
8. Weight 5 N (9 pieces)
Test 1: To distinguish the shear force and bending moment profile for concentrated centre
load.
Figure 4: Apparatus for Experiment No. 1

Page 4 of 9
1. Position supports 800 mm apart on the lower frame cross member as shown in Figure
4.
2. Centre the beam on the supports.
3. Horizontally align the beam with the adjusting screws (1).
4. Take load-cell readings and note down the values.
5. Use load hanger to position load of 20 N (2) in centre of beam (400 mm from the
support).
6. Use adjusting screws (1) to repeat horizontal beam alignment.
7. Take readings from both load cells again and note down the values.
Test 2: To distinguish the shear force and bending moment profile for symmetrical load.
Figure 5: Apparatus for Experiment No. 2
1. Position supports 800 mm apart on the lower frame cross member.

2. Centre bending moment beam supports.
3. Horizontally align beam with adjusting screws (1).
4. Take both load-cells readings and note down the values.
5. Use load hanger to position load of 2 x 20 N (2) on beam at a distance of 200 mm
from left and right support.
6. Use adjusting screws (1) to repeat horizontal beam alignment.
7. Take load-cell readings again and note down the values.

Page 5 of 9
4.0 Result
1. To distinguish the shear force and bending moment profile for concentrated centre
load.
Before loading:
Load cell for lateral force reading (v1): _____________
Load cell for bending moment reading (F1): _____________
After loading:
So: (F2- F1) = ___________ and (v2- v1) = ___________
From your calculation, determine:
(i) The shear force in the beam for concentrated centre load: ____________
(ii) The bending moment in the beam for concentrated centre load: ___________
(iii) Simply sketch your shear force and bending moment diagram and mark all important
points:

Page 6 of 9
2. To distinguish the shear force and bending moment symmetrical load.
Before loading:
After loading:
So: (F2- F1) = ___________ and (v2- v1) = ___________
From your calculation, determine:
(iv) The shear force in the beam for symmetrical load: ____________
(v) The bending moment in the beam for symmetrical load: ___________
(vi) Simply sketch your shear force and bending moment diagram and mark all important
points

Page 7 of 9
5.0 Discussions
(1) What is shear force and what are the important elements in determining the shearing
stress?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2
(2) What is bending moment?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2
(3) What are actually represented from the shear force and bending moment diagram?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2
(4) Do prove that, at every time the shear force diagram crosses the axis of x, at that
point also the maximum bending moment will occur. Why?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Page 8 of 9
(5) Could you please differentiate the normal stress due to axial loading and the normal
stress due to bending moment in term of parameters involved? Also, elaborate each
parameter.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2
(6) Briefly discuss your results from the experiment
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3
(6) What is your conclusion?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2
References
______________________________________________________________________________________

Page 9 of 9
APPENDIX
Technical Data
Base
Length x Width 1400 x 320 mm
Beam
Total Length 1000 mm
Span 800 mm
Position of Joint 1/3 span 266 mm
Type of joint Yields to moment and shear force, not to normal force
Measurement of Bending Moment

Load Cell 0-140 N
Lever Arm 100 mm
Moment Range 0-140 Nm
Measurement of Shear Force

Load Cell 0-140 N
Weight Holder
Set of Weights 3x1 N
12 x 1 N
9x1 N
Maximum Load 20 N
Support Width
Flexible support with ball bearings 25 mm

Lab
Transformation of Stress & Strain
#06
Prepared By
Asnul Hadi Bin Ahmad
Edited By
Lee Giok Chui

Lab Location
Lab Objectives

 Investigate the relationship between each material in scope of the Stress and Strain
transformation according to the Hooke’s Law,
 Analyze the properties and deformation of the material.
Date: ____________________
20
40
M2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 11_1011/2_Strain_Gauge

Page 2 of 13
1.0 Background Theory
Tensile experiment
The strength of material depends on its ability to sustain a load without undue deformation
or failure. This property is inherent in the material itself and must determine by experiment.
One of the most important tests to perform in this regard is the tension or compression
test. Although many important mechanical properties can be determined from this test, it is
used to determine the relationship between the average normal stress and average normal
strain in many engineering materials such as metals, ceramics, polymers and composites.
Tensile stress σ is calculated from tensile force (normal force) F and cross-sectional area A:
σ =F
A
According to Hooke’s law, stress and strain ε is linked to one another by way of the
modulus of elasticity E:
σ =E.ε
For experimental determination of the tensile stress, two strain gauges each are fitted to the
front and back of the specimen; one strain gauge is attached in longitudinal, the other in
transverse direction. The strain gauges on each side form a branch of the bridge. Such a
configuration is characterized by the following: Utilization of linear and transverse strain
increases sensitivity.
Superimposed bending stresses have no influence on the measurement result. The output
signal UA of the measuring bridge is referred to the feed voltage UE. .The sensitivity k of the
strain gauge enables the strain ε to be calculated for the full bridge as follows:
ε = __ 1_____ . _4_ . UA
2 ( 1 + µ) k UE
where µ is Poisson’s ratio for the respective material.
Material Specification
Modulus of elasticity E in
N/mm2 Poisson’s ratio µ
Steel 210 000 0.28

Steel CrNi 18.8 191 000 0.305
Copper 123 000 0.33
Brass 88 000 0.33
Aluminum 69 000 0.33
Table 1: Material Specification
BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 11_1011/2_Strain_Gauge

Page 3 of 13
Bending experiment
Members that are slender and support loadings that are applied perpendicular to their
longitudinal axis are called beams. In general, beams are long, straight bars having a
constant cross-sectional area. Often they are classified as to how they are supported. For
example, a simply supported beam is pinned at one end and roller-support at the other.
Certainly beams may be considered among the most important of all structural elements.
Examples include members used to support the floor of a building, the deck of a bridge, or
the wing of an aircraft. Also, the axle of an automobile, the boom of a crane, even many of
the bones of the body act as beams.
Because of the applied loadings, beams develop an internal shear force and bending moment
that, in general, vary from point to point along the axis of the beam. In order to properly
design a beam, is it first necessary to determine the maximum shear and moment in the
beam.
The stress at the surface of the bending beam can be calculated from the bending moment
Mb and the section modulus Wy
σ = Mb
Wy
Bending moment calculated for canvilever beam
Mb= -F.L.
where F is the load and L the distance between the point at which load is introduced and the
measurement point. The section modulus for the rectangular cross section of width b and
height h is
Wy = b . h2
6
For experiment determination of the bending stresses, the bending beam is provided with
two strain gauges each on the compression and tension sides. The strain gauges of each side
are arranged diagonally in the bridge circuit. This leads to summation of all changes in
resistance and a high level of sensitivity. The output signal UA of the measuring bridge is
referred to the feed voltage UE . The sensitivity k of the strain gauge enables the strain ε to
be calculated for the full bridge as follows
ε = _1 . UA
k UE
According to Hooke’s law the stress being sought is obtained with the modulus of elasticity
E
σ =ε . E.

Page 4 of 13
Torsion Experiment
Torque is a moment that tends to twist a member about its longitudinal axis. Its effect is of
primary concern in the design of axles or drive shafts used in vehicles and machinery. We
can illustrate physically what happens when a torque is applied to a circular shaft by
considering the shaft to be made of a highly deformable material such as rubber. When the
torque is applied, the circles and longitudinal grid line originally marked on the shaft tend to
distort into the pattern. By inspection, twisting causes the circles to remain circles and each
longitudinal grid line deforms into a helix that intersects the circles at equal angles. Also, the
cross sections at the ends of the shaft remain flat, that is, they do not warp or bulge in or
out, and radial lines on these ends remain straight during deformation. From these
observations we can assume that if the angle of rotation is small, the length of the shaft and
its radius will remain unchanged.
One of the applications of strain-gauge technology is the measurement of torsion moments

in shaft, where the torque in the shaft is calculated from the shear stress measured. For
experimental determination of the torsional stress, the torsion bar is provided with four
strain gauges at an angle of 450. The strain gauges are thus located in the direction of the
principal normal stresses and hence the maximum strain. The strain gauges are arranged
diagonally in the bridge circuit. This leads to summation of all changes in resistance and a
high level of sensitivity. The strain ε can be calculated as follows:
ε = 1 . UA
k UB
With pure stress the relationship between strain and shear is as follows
γ=2ε
According to Hooke’s Law the shear stress being sought is obtained with the shear
modulus,G
τ =γ. G= 2 ε . G
The relations between shear stress τ at the surface of the torsion bar and torsional moment
Mt is as follows:
Mt = τ . Wp
Where Wp is the section modulus of torsion for the circular cross section:
Wp = d3 .
16
The torsional moment can thus be calculated as follows:
Mt = 2 . G. Wp . UA
k UB

Page 5 of 13
 Before getting started, you should recognize the equipments and all the specimens
required for this experiment. The equipment should properly install before the
experiment started.
Equipment and Materials
 Loading Frame.
 Tensile experiment: Set of weight (5-50 N), Tension bars (steel, brass, copper,
aluminum).
 Bending experiment: Set of weight (1-6 N), Bending beam
 Torsion Experiment: Set of weight (5-50 N), Torsion bar.
 Measuring amplifier.
Test 1: Tensile experiment
Tension bar
Loading frame
Set of weight
Figure 1: Tensile experiment
a. Fit one of the four tension bars in the loading frame using the holder with hook.
b. Connect up and switch on measuring instrument.
c. Use offset adjuster to balance display.
d. Load bar with large set of weights. Increase load in stages and note down reading in
Table 2 & Table 3. Readings are only very small on account of the weak tensile stresses.
Zero balancing is therefore to be performed with extreme care.

Page 6 of 13
Test 2: Bending experiment
250 mm
Bending
Beam
Set of
weights
Figure 2: Bending Experiment
a. Fit bending beam in frame using holder with two pins.

c. Set slider distance to balance of 250 mm.
d. Use offset adjuster to balance display.
e. Load beam with small set of weights. Increase load in steps of 1.1 N (two weights) and
note down reading in Table 4.
Test 3: Torsion experiment
100 mm
Torsion Set of
Bar weights
Figure 3: Torsion Experiment
a. Fit torsion bar in frame as shown in figure 2. In doing so, place clamping end on upper
pin of holder with two pins. Make sure bar is horizontally aligned.

Page 7 of 13
c. Use offset adjuster to balance display.

d. Suspend set of weights from level arm and generate torsional moment. Increase load in
stages of 5 N and note down reading in Table 5.
4.0 Results
Table 2: Results for Tensile experiment
Tensile experiment, Steel

Load in N 0 5 10 15 20
Reading in mV
Tensile experiment, Copper

Load in N 0 5 10 15 20
Reading in mV
Tensile experiment, Brass

Load in N 0 5 10 15 20
Reading in mV
Tensile experiment, Aluminum

Load in N 0 5 10 15 20
Reading in mV
4
Table 3: Stresses and Strains for load 50N
Stresses and strains for a load of 20N,

Cross-sectional area 20 mm2
Reading UA/UE in Calculated strain ε Calculated stress
Material
mV in 10-6 σ in N/mm2
Steel
Copper
Brass
Aluminum

Page 8 of 13
Plot the measurement results in a graph. Is Hooked law satisfied (purely elastic or plastic
deformation)? Briefly explain your answers.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
5 10 15 20 25
Figure 4: Tensile experiment with various materials

Page 9 of 13
Table 4: Results for Bending Experiment
Bending experiment, lever arm 250 mm

0 1 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
Load in N (holder
only)
Reading UA in mV
UE
2
Plot the measurement results in a graph. Is Hooked law’s satisfied (purely elastic or plastic
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Figure5: Bending experiment with various load

4

Page 10 of 13
Table 5: Results for Torsion Experiment
Torsion experiment, lever arm 100 mm

Load in N 0 5 10 15 20
Torsional moments in Nm
Reading UA in mV
UE
4
Plot the measurement results in a graph. Is Hooked law’s satisfied (purely elastic or plastic
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Torsional moment in Nm
4
Figure 6: Torsion experiment with various loads

Page 11 of 13
5.0 Discussion
a. For Tensile experiment, what is your observation from the collected data? Why the
values different between each material?
Sample calculation:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
b. The stress is now to be determined for a load of 6.5 N. The strain ε is :

Sample calculation for steel:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2
c. The modulus of elasticity for steel of 210000 N/mm2, gives the following stress :
σ= ε . E
Sample calculation:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Page 12 of 13
d. Compare stress σ between experimental and theoretical result based on the calculation.
What is your observation? Briefly discuss your answers. Sample calculation:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2
e. The shear modulus G of 80000 N/m2 and section modulus Wp of 196.3 mm3 give the
following torsional moment for a load 5N: Sample calculation:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2
f. Show the differential between measured and calculated values of torsional moment:
Sample calculation:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2
6.0 Conclusion
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Page 13 of 13
Reference
________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX
1.0 Technical data
Loading Frame
Dimensions L x W x H: 560 x 410 610 mm

Free aperture W x H: 480 x 450 mm
Section thickness: 40 x 40 mm
Set of weight, small: 1-6 N

Graduations: 0.5 N
Set of weight, large; 5-50 N
Graduations: 5 N
Test objects
Tension bars
Cross section: 2 x 10 mm2
Strain-gauge element: Full bridge 350 Ω
Strain gauge k-factor: 2.05
Bending beam
Length: 385 mm
Cross section: 4.74 x 19.75 mm2
Section modulus: 74.26 mm3
Modulus of elasticity: 210 000 N/mm2
Torsion bar
Length: 500 mm
Diameter: 10 mm
Section modulus: 196.3 mm3
Shear modulus: 80 000 N/mm2

Lab
Free Fall Experiment
#07
Prepared By:
Mohd Fadzil Faisae bin Ab. Rashid
Edited By
Mohd Azrul Hisham bin Mohd Adib

Lab Location
Statics & Dynamics Laboratory
Lab Objectives
 Investigate kinematics of a free fall from rest

 Investigate acceleration of gravity
Date: ____________________
20 Group Members Student ID Section
20
BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 11_1011/2_Free_Fall

Page 2 of 7
1.0 Free Fall Kinematics
Free-fall is a special type of motion in which the only force acting upon an object is gravity. Objects
which are said to be undergoing free-fall, are not encountering a significant force of air resistance;
they are falling under the sole influence of gravity. Under such conditions, all objects will fall with
the same rate of acceleration, regardless of their mass and height. This means that under free fall all
objects have the same constant acceleration, which in the metric system is 9.81 m/s2 at sea level,
directed towards the center of the earth.
To investigate the effect of height to acceleration, let start with velocity. If a particle moves through
displacement s during the time interval t , the average velocity is
s
vavg 
t
Consequently, the instantaneous velocity is defined as v  lim (s / t ) or
t 0
ds
v
dt
The average acceleration of the particle during the time interval t is defined as
v
aavg 
t
The v represent the difference in velocity during time interval t . The instantaneous acceleration
by taking smaller values of t and corresponding smaller value of v . So that, a  lim (v / t ) or
t 0
dv
a
dt
When the acceleration is constant, each of kinematics equations may be integrated to obtain
dv
formulas that related. Integrate ac  , when a c  a and v  v0 when t  0 .
dt
v t
 dv   a
v0 0
c dt
Therefore, v  v0  ac t
Then, assume s  s0 when t  0 .

s
 ds   (v
s0
0  ac t ) dt
The Constant Acceleration is

s  s0  vo t  12 ac t 2
When s0  0
s  vo t  12 ac t 2

Page 3 of 7
s
 vo  12 ac t
t
Re-arrange:
s ac
 t  v0
t 2
s a
When we plot graph vs t , c will be the gradient of the graph and v0 is crossing point at the y-
t 2
axis. Therefore, the acceleration of gravity a c can be measured from the graph.
2.0 Experiment Set-up
Equipments:
1. Table-top free fall experiment set (EM 023 Free Fall Adapter), which consist of release unit
(1), receiver module (2), stand rod (5) & stand clamp (4), and storage box (6)
2. Steel ball 15 mm diameters (3).
3. EM 022 Digital Photogate Timer (7)
5 3
Figure 1: Free Fall Adapter.

Page 4 of 7
3.0 Experiment Procedures:
1. Set the fall height at 100 mm.
2. Start the experiment – Release the sphere and start the stopwatch by pressing the Start
button.
3. Take falling time and record in Table 1. Repeat the experiment for the same height for 3
times.
4. Perform the experiment for different height as stated in Table 1.
4.0 Results
Table 1: Result of the experiment
Fall time, t (s) Velocity, s/t

Height, s (mm)
1 2 3 Average (m/s)
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Calculation Example:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Page 5 of 7
s
1. Plot graph versus falling time average, t
t
2
2. Calculate acceleration of gravity, a c from the graph above
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Page 6 of 7
Discussions
1. Why there are some differences between experimental gravity acceleration with accepted
gravity acceleration (9.81 m/s2)?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. From the data in Table 1, what is relationship between fall height and average of
velocity?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. In your opinion, what will happen to acceleration if we change the steel ball diameter 15
mm to diameter 20 mm? Explain why.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3
Page 7 of 7
6.0 Conclusion
Based on the experiment objectives, conclude the experiment
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Reference
1. Hibler R.C., 2004, Engineering Mechanics Dynamics, Third Edition, Prentice Hall,
Singapore.

Lab
Inertia in Rotational Motion
#10
Prepared By
Mohd Firdaus bin Hassan
Edited By
Luqman Hakim bin Ahmad Shah

Lab Location
Lab Objectives
By the end of this lab, students should be able to demonstrate and determine the
moment of inertia as:
 System's inherent
 Pin-Point masses in a function of mass and radius
 Comparative investigations of solid and hollow cylinder
Date: ____________________
20
44
BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab II_1011/2_ Inertia in Rotation Motion

Page 2 of 11
1.0 Introduction
The moment of inertia is a measure of the resistance of a body to angular acceleration.

The rotational aspects caused by a moment M, are governed by an equation of the form
M=Iα, where I is the moment of Inertia and α is an angular acceleration.
In the Figure 1, the drive weights bring the system to an accelerating circular motion. The
time (t) required for the drive weights to travel a defined height (h) is measured with a
simple, handheld stop watch. This measured time (t) is the key to working out the term
‘moment of inertia’. With the help of the measured time (t), using the mathematical
evaluation procedure and applying Newton's second law of motion, the moment of inertia
(I) can be calculated.
Figure 1
In the case of a non-mathematical, interpretive evaluation procedure, the measured time is

also the criterion for conceptual development. For example variously large pin-point
masses, at constant radius. The larger the masses, the more time required to travel the
defined acceleration distance. The inertia of the system, expressed by moment of inertia, is
also greater. Or, in order to accelerate the larger masses (e.g. with greater moments of
inertia) as fast as the system with smaller masses, we need heavier drive weights.
Figure 2

Page 3 of 11
In similar fashion the influence of radius and distribution of mass can be experimentally
determined and interpreted. Using this principle of measurement, various rotational systems
can be investigated, comparatively and quantitatively. The set-up is changed by simply
positioning the various rotating bodies on the rotation axle as in Figure 2. For didactic
reasons, the mass and exterior radius of the hollow and solid cylinder is the same.
1. TM610 Inertia in Rotational Motion Apparatus which comprises of,

1. Rotation body (hollow cylinder; OD 120 mm, iD 110 mm, 0.9 kg)
2. Pulley drum (Ø20 mm & Ø40 mm)
3. Guide pulley
4. Stand Rod (Rotation axle)
5. Bench Clamp
6. Thinwalled pipe (550 mm, Ø10 mm)
7. Solid cylinder (Ø120, 0.9 kg)
8. Weight with knurled screw (0.1 kg, 0.2 kg, 0.4 kg)
2. Stop watch
2
3
6
8
4
7
Figure 3
Test 1: The system's inherent moment of inertia
Technically, the measurements should be of the moments of inertia of the pinpoint masses
(hollow and solid cylinders) alone. Thus, in order to proceed with the most accuracy
possible, the inherent moment of inertia of the rotation axle and the connected thinwalled
pipe must be considered. An inherent moment of inertia can be measured for the rotation
axle with inserted pipe.

Page 4 of 11
Figure 4
1. The thinwalled pipe is centered in the rotation axle.

2. The lapsed time (t) is measured for the traveled height (h). The height (h) is measured
once and can be considered constant for all further experiment
3. In order to limit error in time measurement, three runs for each weight selection are
made. The average time and I0 is calculated and recorded in Table 1
Formula
m1 gr 2 2
Io  tmean
2h
Io = Inherent moment of inertia for rotation axle and pipe, kgm2
m1 = drive weight, kg
g = Acceleration due to gravity, ms-2
r = pulley drum radius, m
h = height of elapsed time, m
tmean = average elapsed time, s
Test 2: Pin-Point masses: I as a function of mass
1. The thin walled pipe is centered in the rotation axle.

2. The two weights of the same mass are fastened to the pipe as shown in Figure 4
3. Rotation radius of the pin-point mass R is constant for all measurements.
4. For all experiments the drive weight of 100 g is used.
5. The lapsed time (t) is measured for the traveled height (h).
6. The experiments are carried out sequentially with the weights 100 g, 200 g and 400 g.
7. The drive radius (r = 20 mm) of the pulley drum is used for all experiments.
8. In order to limit errors in time measurement, three runs for each weight selection are
made. From the measured times the average is calculated and recorded in Table 2.
9. Plot moment of inertia, ICORR versus Rotation mass, m.

Page 5 of 11
Formula
I CORR  I EXP  I o
m1 gr 2 2
I EXP  tmean
2h
ICAL  2mR2
I I
Deviation  CORR CAL
I CAL
ICORR = Moment of inertia calculated from experimental data but corrected with
inherent moment of inertia, kgm2
IEXP = Moment of inertia calculated from experimental, kgm2
Io = Inherent moment of inertia for rotation axle and pipe, kgm2
m = mass located at the pipe, kg (Rotation mass)
m1 = drive weight, kg
g = Acceleration due to gravity, ms-2
r = pulley drum radius, m
h = height of elapsed time, m
tmean = average elapsed time, s
R = radius of m from center point of rotation
Test 3: Pin-Point masses: I as a function of radius
1. The pipe is centered in the rotation axle.

2. Two weights, each of 400 g mass, are fastened to the thinwalled pipe
3. The effective radius (R) is set sequentially at 0.055, 0.095, 0.155 and 0.245 m.
4. The drive weight of 100 g is used for all experiments.
5. The lapsed time (t) for traversing the traveled height (h) is measured.
6. The drive radius (r = 0.02 m) of the pulley drum is used for all experiments.
7. In order to diminish errors in time measurement, three runs for each experiment set-up
are made. From the measured times the average is calculated and recorded in Table 3.
8. Plot moment of inertia, ICORR versus Rotation radius, R.
Test 4: Comparative Investigations: Solid cylinder - Hollow cylinder
1. The solid cylinder or the hollow cylinder is fastened to the rotation axle.
2. For all experiments a drive weight of m1 = 100 g is used
3. The lapsed time (t) for the traveled height (h) is measured.
4. The radius r = 10 mm of the pulley drum is used for all experiments. In these
experiments the smaller radius is used in order to obtain longer lapsed times.
5. In order to decrease inaccuracies in time measurement, three runs are made for each set-
up. From the obtained times, the average is determined and recorded in Table 4

Page 6 of 11
Formula
1
Hollow cylinder, I  m( D 2  d 2 )
8
1
Solid cylinder, I  mD2
8
Where
m = mass of cylinder, kg
D = outer diameter, m
d = inner diameter, m
4.0 Results
m1 t1 t2 t3 tmean I0
[kg] [sec] [sec] [sec] [sec] [kgm2]
0.1
Example of Calculation
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Page 7 of 11
m t1 t2 t3 tmean IEXP ICORR ICAL Deviation

Both
side
[kg] [sec] [sec] [sec] [sec] [kgm2] [kgm2] [kgm2] [%]
1 0.4
2 0.2
3 0.1
Rotation radius, R is constant = [m]
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
ICORR versus Rotation mass, m
10

Page 8 of 11
R t1 t2 t3 tmean IEXP ICORR ICAL Deviation

Rotation
radius
[m] [sec] [sec] [sec] [sec] [kgm2] [kgm2] [kgm2] [%]
1 0.055
2 0.095
3 0.155
4 0.245
Mass of weight, m at both sides is constant = [kg]
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
ICORR versus Rotation radius, R
12

Page 9 of 11
t1 t2 t3 tmean IEXP ICAL Deviation

=ICORR
[sec] [sec] [sec] [sec] [kgm2] [kgm2] [%]
Hollow cylinder
Solid cylinder
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5.0 Discussion
1. Define the meaning of the term ‘moment of inertia’.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2
2. Why three time of measurements is used for each weight?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Page 10 of 11
3. What are the relationship between moment of inertia, mass of the rotating body and the
rotation radius?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2
4. Why both solid and hollow cylinders have the same outer diameter and mass?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2
5. Why smaller radius of pulley drum is used in experiment D?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2
6. Why hollow cylinder has high moment of inertia?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Page 11 of 11
7. In the experiment D, why moment inertia of experiment equal to moment inertia of

corrected?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2
6.0 Conclusion
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2
Reference
_________________________________________________________________________

Lab
Rolling Disc on Inclined Plane
#11
Prepared By
Mohd Firdaus bin Hassan
Edited By
Luqman Hakim bin Ahmad Shah

Lab Location
Lab Objectives
By the end of semester, students should be able to determine:

 the mass moment of inertia by rolling experiment
 the mass moment of inertia by pendulum experiment
 the law of falling bodies on an inclined plane
Date: ____________________
20
45
BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab II_1011/2_Rolling_Disc_on_Inclined_Plane

Page 2 of 10
1.0 Introduction
Free Fall
A major example of a uniformly accelerated movement is a free fall. As first discovered by

Galileo, a free falling body undergoes uniformly accelerated motion in close proximity to the
Earth when the air resistance is negligible in relation to the weight of the body. The result of
this is that all bodies, regardless of their shape, nature and weight, fall equally quickly. This
motion is termed free fall. The amount of acceleration of free fall, is g=9.81 m/s2. The final
speed of a free falling body depends only on the height which it has fallen.
v   2 gh
Galileo recognized at the time the correlation between the distance of the fall and the time
taken to fall. The distance fallen is proportional to the square of the time taken to fall.
When ball is rolled in a tough on an inclined plane below the angle α to the horizontal, it
rolls more slowly the smaller the angle α is. The vertical downward-acting acceleration g of
the free fall can be broken down into two components g.cos α perpendicular to the plane
and g.sin α parallel to the plane. Since the acceleration component directed perpendicular to
the track is canceled out by the rigidity of the track plane, the only acceleration acting on the
rolling ball is g sin α. Consequently, the ball covers a shorter than in free fall.
Moment of Inertia
The behavior of all bodies in retaining the state of rest or a uniformly straight-line
movement is caused by a property of the bodies termed inertia. We therefore refer to this
behavior as the law of inertia. According to the Newton, the law of inertia is defined as
stating that any mass point remains at rest or in a state of uniform movement on a straight
path as long as no forces are acting on it.
When a disk is allowed to roll down an inclined plane, it undergoes uniformly accelerated
motion. The amount of the acceleration depends on the angle of inclination and the moment
of inertia, which counteracts the acceleration. A body may have different moments of inertia
depending on the distance of the mass from the rotational axis. The literature details the
mass moments of inertia for a number of different bodies. For a disk, as in our experiment,
the moment of inertia is:
1
J  .m.R 2
2
The acceleration is calculated as follows:

Page 3 of 10
m.g. sin  .r 2
a
J
1. TM611 Rolling disc on Inclined Plane apparatus which comprises of,

1. Two carriers with three-point bearing serve as the inclined plane.
2. A height adjuster to adjust the angle of inclination.
3. An angulometer to gauge the angle of inclination.
4. A meter stick to gauge the distance
5. Two disks, self-centering by means of conical shaft journals.
6. Three bubble levels for precise alignment.
7. A pendulum support
8. Base plate
9. Roll
2. Stop watch
2 3 5 1
4
9
7
6
Figure 1: Rolling Disc on Incline Plane Apparatus
Test 1: Inclined plane
1. Set the desired inclination of the inclined plane

2. Using the meter stick, select the desired distance (between 0 and 1000 mm) and
prepare a stop watch.
3. Place the desired disk at the zero position on the track. Make sure the mid point of the
rotational axis is located at the marking, and the disk is positioned in the centre.
4. Let the disk go and start the stop watch. At the end of the desired distance stop the
watch and the disk. Make sure the watch is only stopped when the mid of point has
reached the measurement mark.
5. Repeat the measurement procedure several times in order to minimize measurement
errors. Then calculate a mean value for each series of experiments and put the results
in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3.

Page 4 of 10
Formula
r2
a  mg sin 
J
1
J  mR 2
2
2s
t
a
a = acceleration, m/s2
m = mass, kg
α = inclined angle, °
r = radius of roll, m
R = radius of the disk, m
J = mass moment of inertia, kgm2
t = time, s
s = distance, m
Test 2: Pendulum support
1. Firstly the pendulum support and base are aligned.

2. A box level is attached to the base plate to assist leveling.
3. The star grip screws is turn until the bubble in the bubble level is exactly in middle.
Then, star grip screws are locked with the nuts.
4. Slot the straight pin supplied through the disk which is to be swung.
5. Slot the disk into the pendulum support.
6. Swing the disk and time a certain number of oscillations, such as 10.
7. Based on time, the mass and the distance from the centre of gravity, calculate moment
of inertia and put the result in Table 4
Formula
1
T
f
  2 f
m.g.s
J s  2  m.s 2

Where
T = period, s
f = frequency, s-1
ω = angular velocity, rad/s
Js = moment of inertia, kgm2
g = acceleration due to gravity, ms-2
s = disk radius, m

Page 5 of 10
4.0 Results
Table 1: Roll time for a distance of 1000 mm
Angle of Large Disc Small Disc

inclination t1 t2 t3 tmean t1 t2 t3 tmean
[◦] [sec] [sec] [sec] [sec] [sec] [sec] [sec] [sec]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5
Table 2: Large disk: Roll time for a distance of 1000 mm
Angle Acceleration Calculated time Measured time Deviation

[◦] [m/sec2] t [sec] t [sec] [%]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5
Table 3: Small disk: Roll time for a distance of 1000 mm
Angle Acceleration Calculated time Measured time Deviation

[◦] [m/sec2] t [sec] t [sec] [%]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5
Page 6 of 10
Table 4: Result for Test 2

t1 t2 t3 tmean ω J
[sec] [sec] [sec] [sec] [rad/sec] [kgm2]
Large Disc
Small Disc
5.0 Discussion 2
1. How to adjust the angle of inclination?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2
2. What is the purpose of angulometer?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Can you give an alternative method to measure the angle of inclination?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Page 7 of 10
4. How to make a precise alignment for this experiment?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. Why the angle higher than 7° cannot be used for this experiment?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2
6. Give the definition of free fall theory which discovered by Galileo?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2
7. Give the factors that cause free falling body?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Page 8 of 10
8. What is the relation between angle of inclination and the rolling disk?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2
9. Explain the term inertia?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2
10. Why repeatability of the measurement is important?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2
11. Draw Free Body Diagram of the disk roll on inclined plane?

Page 9 of 10
12. Why deviation occurs between calculated and measured value?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
13. Suggest improvement of the experiment?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2
6.0 Conclusion
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2
Reference
______________________________________________________________________

Page 10 of 10
Appendix
Technical Data
Main dimensions
LxWxH 1200 x 300 x 250 mm3

Weight 15 kg
Large Disk
Outer diameter 100 mm

Roll diameter 10 mm
Pendulum radius 10 mm
Mass 623 g
Small disk
Outer diameter 70 mm
Roll diameter 10 mm
Pendulum radius 10 mm
Mass 319 g
Inclined plane
Max. length 1000 mm

Max. angle of inclination 7o

Tensile Test: Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tensile Test: Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tensile Test: Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal,

By the end of this lab, students should be able to:

BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 11_1011/2_Tensile_Test

1.0 Tensile Test

BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 11_1011/2_Tensile_Test

Figure 1: Stress-strain diagram for metal

2.0 Experiment Setup

Table 1: Specimen Dimension

Material Length (L0) Cross section Area (A0)

BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 11_1011/2_Tensile_Test

Figure 2: INSTRON Testing Apparatus

Figure 3: Specimen for Tensile Test

3.0 Experiment Procedure

1. Double click the “IX series” icon on the computer

BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 11_1011/2_Tensile_Test

Table 2: Result for_______________

Load Displacement Stress Strain

Stress-strain diagram for________________

BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 11_1011/2_Tensile_Test

Table 3: Result for_____________________

Load Displacement Stress Strain

Stress-strain diagram for____________________

BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 11_1011/2_Tensile_Test

Table 4: Result for_____________________

Load Displacement Stress Strain

Stress-strain diagram for________________________

BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 11_1011/2_Tensile_Test

Table 5: Summary of Properties obtain from the stress-strain diagram

1. Introduction & Objective [1 marks]

BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 11_1011/2_Tensile_Test

Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal,

By the end of this lab, students should be able to:

1.0 Compression Test

A compression test determines behavior of materials under crushing loads. It is conducted in

When a simple compressive load is applied to a specimen, the following types of

Figure 1 Initial measurement of testing sample

Several calculations will be required to determine the properties of each sample.

BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 11_1011/2_2_Compression_Test

2.0 Experiment Setup

Equipment & Materials

 Equipment: INSTRON 50kN

Material Initial Height Inner radius Outer radius Final height

3.0 Results- calculation and graph

BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 11_1011/2_2_Compression_Test

BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 11_1011/2_2_Compression_Test

BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 11_1011/2_2_Compression_Test

BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 11_1011/2_2_Compression_Test

1. Explain the differences between compression test and tensile test?

BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab 11_1011/2_2_Compression_Test

Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal,

By the end of this lab, students should be able to:

Figure 1: Circular bar under Torsional Load

BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab II_1011/2_Torsion_Test

2.0 Experiment Procedure

Figure 2: Specimen for the Torsion Test

Figure 3: Equipment Setup (Top view)

BMM2521 Engineering Mechanics Lab II_1011/2_Torsion_Test