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Introduction To Stastics

This document provides an introduction to statistics, outlining its basic concepts and terms. Statistics involves collecting and organizing data, then analyzing and interpreting it. Key terms discussed include population, sample, parameter, statistic, qualitative and quantitative data, variables (discrete vs continuous, dependent vs independent), and constants. The document defines these statistical concepts and provides examples to illustrate them.

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Jelly Rose Tampus Fernan
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231 views5 pages

Introduction To Stastics

This document provides an introduction to statistics, outlining its basic concepts and terms. Statistics involves collecting and organizing data, then analyzing and interpreting it. Key terms discussed include population, sample, parameter, statistic, qualitative and quantitative data, variables (discrete vs continuous, dependent vs independent), and constants. The document defines these statistical concepts and provides examples to illustrate them.

Uploaded by

Jelly Rose Tampus Fernan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Stastics

(Collecting and Organizing Data)

Submitted by:

Jelly Rose Fernan

Niña Marie Sarael

Kimberly Pinky Lepon

Louie Arriesgado

Submitted to:

Mrs. Emmalane D. Ruiz


Statistics
 Is a scientific body of knowledge that deals with the collection,
organization or presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data.

Take note of the procedure or steps involved in the definition


given above, as they are the basic steps in conducting a research.

Collection refers to the gathering of information or data.

Organization or presentation involves summarizing data or


information in textual, graphical, or tabular form.

Analysis involves describing the data by using statistical methods


or procedures.

Interpretation refers to the process of making conclusions based


on the result of the statistical treatment of the data.

Some important terms that are commonly used in the study of


statistics are listed below in order to facilitate the study of statistics.

1. Population refers to a large collection of objects, persons, places,


or things. To illustrate this, suppose a researcher wants to
determine the average income of the residents of a certain
barangay and there are 1 500 residents in the barangay. Then all
of these residents comprise the population. The size of a
population is usually denoted or represented by N. Hence, in this
case, N= 1 500.
2. Sample is a small portion or part of a population. It could also be
defined as subgroup, subset, or representative of a population. For
instance, suppose the above-mentioned researcher does not have
enough time and money to conduct the study using the whole
population and he wants to use only 200 residents. These 200
comprise the sample. The size of the sample is usually denoted by
n; thus, n=200.
3. Parameter is any numerical or nominal characteristic of a
population. It is value or measurement obtained from a population.
It is usually referred to as the true or actual value. If in the
preceding illustration, the researcher uses the whole population
(N= 1500), then the average income obtained is called a parameter.
4. Statistic is an estimate of a parameter. It is any value or
measurement obtained from a sample. If the researcher in a
preceding illustration makes use of the sample (n= 200), the the
average income obtained is called statistic.
5. Data (singular form is datum) are facts or sets of information or
observations under study. More specifically, data are gathered by
the researcher from a population or from a sample. Data may be
classified into two categories, qualitative and quantitative.

a. Qualitative data are data which can assume values that


manifest the concept of attributes. These are sometimes called
categorical data. Data falling in this category cannot be subjected
to meaningful arithmetic operations. They cannot be added,
subtracted or divided. Gender and nationality are qualitative data.
b. Quantitative data which are data numerical in nature. These
are data obtained from counting or measuring. In addition,
meaningful arithmetic operations can be done with this type of
data. Test scores and heights are quantitative data.

6. A variable is characteristic or property of a population or sample


which make the members different from each other. If a class
consists of boys and girls, then gender is a variable in this class.
Height is also a variable because different people have different
height. Variables may be classified on the basis of whether they
are discrete or continuous and whether they are dependent or
independent.

a. Discrete Variable
A discrete variable is one that can assume a finite number of
values. In other words, it can assume specific values only. The
values of a discrete variable are obtained through the process
of counting. The number of students in a class is a discrete
variable. . If there are 40 students in a class, it cannot be
reported that there are 40.2 students or 40.5 students,
because it is impossible for a fractional part of a student to be
in the class.
b. Continuous Variable
A continuous variable is one that can assume infinite values
within a specified interval. The values of a continuous variable
are obtained through measuring. For example, height is
continuous variable. If one reports that the height of the
building is 15 m, it is also possible that another person reports
that the height of the same building is 15.1 m or 15.12 m,
depending on the precision of the measuring device used. In
other words, the height of the building can assume several
values.
c. Dependent Variable
A dependent variable is a variable which is affected or
influenced by another variable.
d. Independent Variable
An independent variable is one which affects or influences the
dependent variable. To illustrate independent and dependent
variables, consider the problem entitled, The Effect of

Computer-Assisted Instruction on the students’

Achievements in Mathematics. Here the independent variable


is the computer-assisted instruction while the dependent
variable is the achievement of the students in mathematics.
7. Constant
is a property or characteristic of a population or sample, which
makes the members of the group similar to each other. For
example, if the class is composed of all boys, then gender is
constant.

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