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    Research Paper (Battery Management Systems) PDF

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    VIVEK UPADHYAY
    Battery Management Systems (BMS) are crucial for controlling and managing lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. A BMS monitors batteries' temperatures, voltages, currents, and performs functions like battery balancing, failure prediction, and data collection to optimize performance, extend battery life, and ensure safe operation. BMS design includes interconnecting all battery cells and the vehicle's control computer to manage the cells. Key BMS roles include cell balancing to equalize power across weaker cells and estimating each cell's state of charge to prevent imbalance.

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    Research Paper (Battery Management Systems) PDF

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    VIVEK UPADHYAY
    673 views6 pages
    Battery Management Systems (BMS) are crucial for controlling and managing lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. A BMS monitors batteries' temperatures, voltages, currents, and performs functions like battery balancing, failure prediction, and data collection to optimize performance, extend battery life, and ensure safe operation. BMS design includes interconnecting all battery cells and the vehicle's control computer to manage the cells. Key BMS roles include cell balancing to equalize power across weaker cells and estimating each cell's state of charge to prevent imbalance.

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    Battery Management Systems (BMS) are crucial for controlling and managing lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. A BMS monitors batteries' temperatures, voltages, currents, and performs functions like battery balancing, failure prediction, and data collection to optimize performance, extend battery life, and ensure safe operation. BMS design includes interconnecting all battery cells and the vehicle's control computer to manage the cells. Key BMS roles include cell balancing to equalize power across weaker cells and estimating each cell's state of charge to prevent imbalance.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    673 views6 pages

    Research Paper (Battery Management Systems) PDF

    Uploaded by

    VIVEK UPADHYAY
    Battery Management Systems (BMS) are crucial for controlling and managing lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. A BMS monitors batteries' temperatures, voltages, currents, and performs functions like battery balancing, failure prediction, and data collection to optimize performance, extend battery life, and ensure safe operation. BMS design includes interconnecting all battery cells and the vehicle's control computer to manage the cells. Key BMS roles include cell balancing to equalize power across weaker cells and estimating each cell's state of charge to prevent imbalance.

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    Battery Management Systems in Electric Vehicles (EVs)

    - Vivek Upadhyay

    ME Student (Machine Design)

    Department of Mechanical Engineering,

    Indore Institute of Science and Technology, Indore

    Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya (RGPV), Bhopal

    ABSRACT:
    Battery Management System (BMSs) are most crucial systems responsible for
    controlling of many of the vital systems of electric storage in modern electric
    vehicles (EVs) and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs).It can also be termed
    as the “BRAIN” of an electric vehicle. Their basic function includes observe and
    command of temperatures, voltages and currents, maintenance scheduling,
    battery performance optimization, failure prediction and/or prevention and
    battery data collection.

    Keywords: Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, Electrical Vehicles, Battery Management Systems (BMS),
    Cells,

    INTRODUCTION:
    Electrification of modern day vehicles or the use of electricity as the prime
    source of energy in automotive vehicles, is the most viable and efficient way of
    achieving cleaner transportation. Electric Vehicles, which includes PHEVs,
    Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), and Pure Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are in
    huge demand because of climate change, cleaner fuels and better economy,
    and are expected to takeover gasoline powered engines by 2026. The key and
    revolutionary change in the system is a simple mechanism, called BATTERY.
    Electric Vehicles are powered by a number of cells, connected in a manner to
    provide effective power to operate. These large number of cells require and
    effective management system to maintain them in an operational condition
    while providing the needed power effectively.
    The most common batteries used these days are the Lithium Ion Batteries or
    Li-ion Batteries. All Li-ion batteries needs a BMS. This is due to the fact that all
    Li-ion batteries will fail if overcharged, completely discharged or operated
    outside their safe temperature window. Each Li-ion cell type has its own safe

    Battery Management System in EVs Page 1


    and secure operating area, which makes it necessary to program the BMS as
    per the needs.
    The below mentioned figure shows the operational condition of a C/lithium
    iron phosphate cell.

    Li-ion BATTERIES:
    Lithium is an amazing natural resource, lightest of the metals, great
    electrochemical potential and the largest energy density per weight among
    metals available in nature. Using lithium as the anode, all of the rechargeable
    batteries could offer excellent capacity, higher voltage, and a remarkably high-
    energy density.
    However, with most of the advantages, Lithium comes with a set of limitations
    too. It is extremely unstable, especially during charging. Therefore, to
    overcome this stumbling block, lithium ions are preferred over lithium metals
    which is far safer than the later, but has slightly lesser energy density.
    Taking the advantages of this great invention of nature, Sony Corporation
    became the first company to launch commercial utilization of lithium ion
    batteries in the early 90s and is still the best choice for rechargeable batteries.
    Another edge Li-ion batteries have is negligible maintenance throughout their
    lifecycle, which no other battery can offer. They do not require any scheduling
    cycle, and there is no memory effect in the battery. They are well suited to EVs
    because its self-discharge rate is less than half of the discharge rate of lead-
    acid and NiMH batteries.

    Battery Management System in EVs Page 2


    NEED OF BMS IN EVs:
    For a better and optimum utilization of the battery, the brain (i.e. BMS) is
    attached to an EV. A well designed Battery Management System safeguards
    and governs Li-ion battery to optimise performance, enhance lifetime and
    ensures safe functioning over a vast range of conditions.
    The battery management system (BMS), with the tasks of battery modelling,
    battery state estimation, battery balancing, etc., is one of the key points to
    safeguard the battery and optimize the utilization of the battery in EVs. Electric
    battery is an important role in an automobile to keep going on the track, thus
    the automobile battery pack needs to be fixed from damages because of
    irregular and uneven temperature. Depending on the electrochemical used in
    batteries, the optimum range is different, but the ideal optimum temperature
    of electric battery is 40°-45°C in order to keep the optimum performance and
    life for the battery.

    SOURCE: Functional and Safety Guide for Battery Management System (BMS) By Bureau Veritas

    Battery Management System in EVs Page 3


    One of the important function that a BMS performs is the interaction of with
    other building systems such as lightening network, security network, fire
    network etc. and to keep them active.

    DESIGN OF A BMS:

    A Battery Management System (BMS) is nothing but a manager that manages


    the working of an Electric Vehicle’s Power Pack. It is interconnected with all
    batteries (or combination of cells) and with the control computer of vehicle.
    In the electric vehicle, there are basically CAN controller for the basic operation
    of multiple parts.

    CELL BALANCING:

    Cell Balancing is a method of balancing or compensating the power of weaker


    cells by maintaining or equalizing the charge on all cells in the chain to enhance
    the battery life.
    Difference in cell voltages is a most typical and critical exposition of unbalance,
    which is rectified either instantaneously or gradually through by-passing cells
    with higher amount of voltage. However, the primary reasons for voltage
    differences in battery’s chemical composition and discharge kinetics are not
    widely understood. Therefore, goals of bypassing charge cannot be clearly

    Battery Management System in EVs Page 4


    explained and attempted balancing can often reach to more harm than good.
    In fact, many common cell balancing practices based on voltage approach only
    result in a pack more unbalanced that without them.

    STATE OF CHARGE (SOC) UNBALANCE:

    State of charge unbalance is primarily caused by cells being charged to multiple


    state of charge (SOC) levels. SOC refers to remaining capacity (Qrem.) as a
    percentage of the maximum available capacity (Qmax.) and is mathematically
    defined as:

    𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑚.
    𝑆𝑂𝐶 = 𝑋 100%.
    𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥

    For example, if we have 3 x 2200mAh cells (Qmax), and discharge one by


    150mAh (Q1), second by 150mAh and third by 200mAh from a fully charged
    state, the first and second cells chemical state of charge will be (Qmax-
    Q1)/Qmax = 93.18%, but third cell will be 90.9%. So we can say cell 3 is
    imbalanced by 2.28%. This in turn will result in a dissimilar (Open Cell Voltage)
    for cell 3 compared to cells 1 and 2, because the open circuit voltage (OCV) is
    in direct relation with chemical state of charge. One thing should be noted
    here that while percentage of SOC unbalance lasts constant during entire
    discharge, voltage differences between the cells deviate with state of charge.

    CONCLUSION:

    In this way, we have reviewed the basic functioning and terminologies related
    to Battery Management Systems (BMSs) used in modern electrical powered
    vehicles.
    An electric vehicle operates because of effective operation and management
    done by a BMS.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
    It brings to a great pleasure in submitting with this paper with deep sense of
    attitude and profound respect towards a project guide Prof. Shantanu Roy for
    his valuable guidance, timely support and inspiration in the completion of this

    Battery Management System in EVs Page 5


    review paper entitled “BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USED IN ELECTRIC
    VEHICLES”. I am also grateful to our management for providing me this
    opportunity to work and learn.

    REFERENCES:
    1. BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE by
    Mr. Rohit S.Dhaigude and Mr. Javed H. Shaikh.

    2. BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE


    APPLICATION by Rui Hu.

    3. FUNCTIONAL AND SAFETY GUIDE FOR BATTERY


    MANAGEMENT SYSTEM by Bureau Veritas.

    4. WIKIPEDIA; THE FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA (www.wikipedia.org)

    Battery Management System in EVs Page 6

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