Designation: D7177/D7177M − 05 (Reapproved 2015)´1

Standard Specification for

Air Channel Evaluation of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Dual
Track Seamed Geomembranes1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7177/D7177M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

ε1 NOTE—Designation was changed to dual and units information was corrected editorially in June 2015.

1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This specification covers a nondestructive evaluation of 3.1 Definitions:
the strength and continuity of parallel PVC geomembrane 3.1.1 dual seam, n—a geomembrane seam with two parallel
seams separated by an unwelded air channel. The unwelded air welded zones separated by an unwelded air space.
channel between the two distinct seamed regions is sealed and 3.1.1.1 Discussion—The dual seam itself can be made by a
inflated with air to a predetermined pressure. Long lengths of number of methods; hot wedge, hot air, and ultrasonic bonding
seam can be evaluated by this specification more quickly than are all typical techniques.
by other common nondestructive tests. 3.1.2 geomembrane, n—an essentially impermeable geo-
1.2 This specification can be used as a substitute for synthetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets.
destructive testing or used in conjunction with destructive 3.1.3 seam, n—a permanent joining of two or more materi-
testing. als.
1.3 This specification covers PVC sheet 0.760 mm [0.030 3.2 For definitions of other terms, see Terminology D4439.
in.] and thicker.
4. Summary of Specification
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in 4.1 This specification utilizes a dual seam where an air
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each channel exists between the two welded zones. Both ends of the
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining air channel are sealed and then a pressure gauge is attached to
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance the air space. Air pressure is applied and the gauge is
with the standard. monitored.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4.2 Air pressures used in this specification are related to the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the ambient temperature of the PVC geomembrane and can be
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- used for thickness 0.760 mm [0.030 in.] and thicker PVC
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- geomembrane. The air pressure is not dependant on thickness
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. of the PVC geomembrane being tested.
4.3 The minimum monitoring time is recommended to be 1⁄2
2. Referenced Documents min (30 s) following stabilization of the pressure.
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics 5. Significance and Use
5.1 The increased use of geomembranes as barrier materials
to restrict liquid or gas movement, and the common use of dual
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on track seams in joining these sheets, has created a need for a
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomem- standard nondestructive test by which the quality of the seams
branes. can be assessed for continuity, water tightness, and strength.
Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originally
The test is also intended to provide an indication of the
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D7177–05(2010).
DOI: 10.1520/D7177_D7177M-05R15E01. physical peel strength of the PVC seam.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.2 This specification recommends an air pressure test
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on within the channel created between dual seamed tracks
the ASTM website. whereby the presence of un-bonded sections or channels,

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 D7177/D7177M − 05 (2015)´1
voids, discontinuities, foreign objects, and the like, in the 7.2 Connect the pressure gauge and air insertion tool di-
seamed region can be identified. rectly into the air channel.
5.3 This technique is intended for use on seams of PVC 7.3 Connect an air supply to the pressure gauge and inser-
Geomembrane sheets 0.760 mm [0.030 in.] and thicker formu- tion tool and pressurize the air channel to the pressure
lated from the appropriate polymers and compounding ingre- appropriate for the PVC geomembrane sheet temperature.
dients to form a polyvinyl chloride sheet material that meets all (Refer to Table 1.)
specified requirements for the end use of the product. 7.4 Maintain the minimum pressure from the source for a
5.4 This test is used to assure minimum peel strengths are minimum of 30 s.
met through the entire seam area. 7.5 Inspect the seam from the clamped end for complete
5.5 This test measures the seam strength to 2.6 kN/m [15 inflation. If the seam completely inflates and there is no audible
lb/in.] width minimum peel strengths. or visible evidence of air leakage, the seam passes the test.
5.6 This procedure is based on an air channel width of 15.87 7.6 If the channel will not pressurize there is a leak in the
6 3.17 mm [0.625 6 0.125 in.]. For air channels greater or seam, provided air is not leaking at the clamp or air supply tool.
lesser in lay flat width use the formula below to calculate hoop
7.7 Inspect the seam from the clamped end and locate the
stress.
leak area. Because of the flexibility and elongation factors of a
5.7 Hoop Stress (Barlow’s Formula)—The stress in a chan- PVC geomembrane a leak can be detected by sound. Another
nel wall acting circumferentially in a plane perpendicular to the technique to locate a leak is to have an additional clamp and at
longitudinal axis of the channel and produced by the pressure 10 ft increments clamp off the channel to locate the air leak.
of the air in the channel. Because of the flexibility of PVC geomembrane, a wrinkle can
5.7.1 Hoop Stress Calculation: be made in the seam area and folded over on itself and
PD clamped.
S5 (1)
2t 7.8 At completion of the test open the air channel at the end
where: opposite the pressure gauge. Air should rush out and the
pressure gauge should register an immediate drop in pressure,
S = hoop stress, psi,
indicating that the entire length of the seam has been tested. If
P = internal pressure,
D = outside diameter of the channel, in., and not there is a blockage in the seam.
t = normal wall thickness, in. 7.9 Mark both ends of the seam with the inspector’s initials,
seam identification letter or numbers, or both, length inspected,
6. Equipment
date, sheet temperature and test pressure.
6.1 Sealing Equipment, appropriate to seal the two ends of
7.10 Any dual seam that cannot be successfully tested using
the air channel.
this specification should be marked and tested using another
6.2 A device is necessary to insert air into the open channel nondestructive testing practice.
and allow monitoring its pressure. This device is unique to each NOTE 3—Leaks around the end seals and air pressure device can usually
user. be located by putting moisture around the suspected area and looking for
air bubbles.
6.3 Air Pump or Air Pressure Supply, capable of generating
up to 517 kPa [75 psi] pressure is necessary.
6.4 Pressure Gauge, capable of indicating the air pressure in
7 kPa [1 psi] increments within the test range. TABLE 1 Pressure Required to Verify 15 lb/in. Seam Peel
Strength for PVC
6.5 Any equipment used on the geomembrane must be
placed on an adequate cushion to preclude damage to the NOTE 1—Data for this chart is acquired from research papers in Section
2 and the bibliography.
geomembrane.
Sheet Sheet Air Air
6.6 Flexible Hose, used to connect the air supply to the air Temperature Temperature Pressure Pressure Hold Time
pressure device. °C °F kPa psi
4.5 40 414 60 30 s
6.7 Knife or Scissors, capable of cutting or trimming the 7 45 386 56 30 s
liner material. 10 50 358 52 30 s
13 55 324 47 30 s
6.8 Infrared or Probe Type Thermometer, able to measure 15.5 60 290 42 30 s
the sheet temperature to an accuracy of 61.1°C [62°F]. 18 65 276 40 30 s
21 70 248 36 30 s
NOTE 1—All gauges should be calibrated as specified by the
24 75 234 34 30 s
manufacturer, or at a frequency of at least once per year. 26.5 80 200 29 30 s
NOTE 2—A change of 1°F equals a change of 5⁄9 = 0.56°C. 29.5 85 186 27 30 s
32 90 172 25 30 s
7. Procedure 35 95 165 24 30 s
7.1 After the dual track seam is fabricated and the length of 37.5 100 152 22 30 s
40.5 105 138 20 30 s
seam that is to be evaluated is determined, seal one end of the 43.5 110 131 19 30 s
continuous air channel with a clamp.

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 D7177/D7177M − 05 (2015)´1
8. Corrective Action 9. Report
8.1 Air Channel Blockage—Camp at the blockage and test 9.1 The report should include the seam identification letter
both directions. Due to the flexibility of PVC Geomembranes, or numbers, or both, date and time of inspection, inspector’s
Inflation of the air channel up to the blockage is very visible. identification, length of seam tested; sheet temperature, test
Therefore releasing the air pressure at the testing devise is pressure and pass fail results. If fail, corrective action should be
acceptable in this situation. described in detail.
8.2 Seam—When a seam failure is detected the seam should 10. Keywords
be retested on both sides of the failure if the two parts pass then
repair the area. If the seam failures continue the onsite CQA 10.1 air channel; canal; destructive test; dual track; flexible
and installer shall discuss and agree on corrective action to sheeting; geomembrane; landfill; non-destructive test; poly(vi-
repair or to rebuild the seam. nyl chloride); polyvinyl chloride resin; pond liner; PVC;
NOTE 4—This test purposes to measure the strength and continuity of reservoir; water containment membrane; water leakage resis-
the seam. If repeated failures occur the seam shall be rebuilt. tance

BIBLIOGRAPHY

(1) Thomas, R. W. and Stark, T. D., “Air Channel Testing of Thermally (4) Stark, T. D., Choi, H., and Thomas, R. W., “Low Temperature Air
Bonded PVC Seams,” September 4, 2002. Channel Testing of Thermally Bonded PVC Seams,” International
(2) Thomas, R. W., Stark, T. D., and Choi, H., “Air Channel Testing of Association of Geosynthetic Installers, Industrial Fabrics Association
Thermally Bonded PVC Seams,” Geosynthetics International International (IFAI), Vol 4, Issue 1, Winter 2004, pp. 5-7.
Journal, Industrial Fabrics Association International (IFAI), Vol 10,
No. 3, October 2003, pp. 645-659.
(3) Thomas, R. W. and Stark, T. D., “Air-Channel Testing of Thermally
Bonded PVC Geomembrane Seams,” Geotechnical Fabrics Report,
Industrial Fabrics Association International, Vol 20, No. 8, October
2003, p. 10.

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