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Chapter 1: Exponential Functions

“Mathematics is not about numbers, equations, computations or algorithms: it is about

understanding.”
-William Paul Thurston

1Behemoth roller coaster is located at Canada's Wonderland, Ontario, Canada. Behemoth is said to be an
extremely large and powerful being according to the belief of Canada. Additionlly, it takes you up 230 feet.

The exponential function is one of the significant functions in mathematics (however it

would have to declare that the linear function levels are even higher in rank). To make an
exponential function, we allow the independent variable be the exponent.
Moreover, exponential functions have many systematic applications, such as people
growth and radioactive decay. Exponential functions are also employed in finance, so if
you have a credit card, bank account, car loan, or home loan it is
essential to comprehend exponential functions and in what way they work.
Exponential functions have the form;

f(x) = bx, where b > 0 and b ≠ 1

Just as in any exponential expression, b is called the base and x is called the exponent.
The domain of an exponential function is all real numbers, that is, x can be any real
number. The range is the fixed of all positive real numbers.
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Lesson 1: Representing Real-Life Situations Using

Exponential Functions
Objectives:
 Application of Exponential Functions in representing real-life conditions
 Identifying and analyzing word problems
 Solving and graphing of the values

The great thing about exponential functions is that they are so convenient in real world
conditions. Exponential functions are used to model populations, carbon date artifacts,
help coroners determine time of death, compute investments, as well as many other
applications.
Additionally, there these three common applications of exponential functions which can
help to represent a real-life situation: exponential growth, exponential decay and
compound interest.

Exponential Growth
Growth in number or size, at a continuously increasing rate. It is one probable
outcome of a reinforcing feedback loop that makes a population or system grow
(accelerate) by increasingly higher amounts.

Formula: 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑟)𝑥

a = original amount
r = growth rate as a decimal
x = number of time intervals passed (days, months, years)
y = amount after x time

Example 1:
In 2010, there were 140 residents in an isolated town. Inhabitants has increased by 12%
every year. How many people will there be in 10 years?

Step 1: Identify the variables.

a = 140
r = 12% or .12
x = 10
y =?

Step 2: Substitute and find the value of y.

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𝑦 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑟)𝑥
𝑦 = 140(1 + .12)10
𝑦 = 140(1.12)10
y = 434.89

Answer: Therefore, after 10 years there will 435 people in that town.

Example 2:
The number of readers to a newspaper has increased by 10% each month. In the first
month, they had 3,000 readers. If the growth continues at this rate, how many readers can
the newspaper expect to have after 2 years?

Step 1: Identify the variables.

a = 3,000
r = 10% or .10
x = 24 (since the 1 year is equivalent to 12 months therefore in 2 years you have 24
months it is because the question asks for the ‘month’)
y =?

Step 2: Substitute and find the value of y.

𝑦 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑟)𝑥
𝑦 = 3000(1 + .10)24
𝑦 = 3000(1.1)24
𝑦 = 29,549

Answer: Therefore, there will be 29,549 subscribers after 2 years.

Exponential Decay

In mathematics, exponential decay means the method of reducing a volume by a

constant percentage rate over a period of time. In addition, its formulation is convenient
in a variation of real world applications, particularly for tracing inventory that is used
often in the same quantity (like food for a school cafeteria) and it is specifically useful in
its ability to quickly assess the long-term cost of use of a product over time.

Formula: 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑟)𝑥

a = is the original amount

y = is the final amount
r = is the decay factor
x = is the amount of time that passed

Example 1:
A study found that a car decrease in value in 10% per year. If the car was bought for
10,000 dollars, how much is it worth after 3 years?
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Step 1: Identify the variables.

a = 10000
r = 10% or .10
x=3
y =?

Step 2: Substitute and find the value of y.

𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑟)𝑟
𝑦 = 10000(1 − .10)3
𝑦 = 10000(0.9)3
𝑦 = 7,290

Example 2:
Kate bought a laptop with the cost of 20,000 pesos. 5% per year the worth of the laptop
decrease, how much is it cost after 2 years if she will be going to buy again?

Step 1: Identify the variables.

a = 20000
r = 5% or .5
x=2
y =?

Step 2: Substitute and find the value of y.

𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑟)𝑟
𝑦 = 20000(1 − .5)2
𝑦 = 20000(. 5)2
𝑦 = 5,000

Compound interest

Interest paid together on the initial amount of money and on the interest it has
already produced. Moreover, the interest calculated on the original principal, which also
contains all the gathered interest of former periods of a deposit or loan. Additionally, it is
also calculated by increasing the initial principal amount by one plus the yearly interest
rate raised to the number of compound periods minus one.

𝑟 𝑛𝑡
Formula: 𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + 𝑛)

A = amount
P = principal
r = interest rate(decimal)
n = number of times interest is compounded per unit ‘t’
nt = time
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Example 1:
Mikaela puts 20,000 pesos on her saving account paying 8% for annual interest which is
compounded monthly. At this rate, how much money will be in the account after 40
years?
Step 1: Identify the variables.
A =?
P = 20,000
r = 8% or 0.08
n = 12 (monthly is equivalent to 12)
nt = 12(40) - (this is the years after)

Step 2: Substitute and find the value of the final amount.

𝑟 𝑛𝑡
𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + 𝑛)

0.08 12(40) You need to divide first the r and the n inside
𝐴 = 20,000 (1 + )
12
the parenthesis, then, add up the number 1.
𝐴 = 20,000(1.0066666667)480 Afterwards, multiple the exponents.
𝐴 = 485,467.5565

Answer: Therefore, after 40 years she will going to have 485,467.5565 savings.

Example 2:
Gideon is investing 20,000 pesos at 9% interest, compounded quarterly. How much
investment will he have after 20 years?
Step 1: Identify the variables.
A =?
P = 20,000
r = 9% or 0.09
n = 4 (quarterly means it occurs four times per year)
nt = 4(20)
Step 2: Substitute and find the value.
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.09 4(20)
𝐴 = 20,000 (1 + )
4

𝐴 = 20,000(1.0225)80
𝐴 = 20,000(5.930145297)
𝐴 = 118,602.9059
Answer: Therefore, after 20 years Gideon will have a 118,602.9059 investment.

NOTE: If the data for time is specified in dates, you must change it to how many
times has passes since the starting time. For an instance, if the model is set up at
an initial year of 2010 and you ought to find out what is the value in the year of
2020, x would be 2020 - 2010 = 10 years.

TRY THESE: FIND ME!

Identify and understand each of the problem. Show your solution.
1. Suppose a bacteria population starts with 10 bacteria and every hour 90% of
bacteria are multiplying. Assuming that, there are no bacteria die.
a) What is the population after 7 hours?
2. According to the news, smart phones are dropping in value of 15% per year. If the
phone was bought for 50,000 pesos, how much is it worth after 2 years?

3. An investment of Jake who has a buy and sell business deposits 20,000 pesos into
an account which earns 6% annual interest compounded yearly. What is the value
of the investment after 4 years?

4. If all company of dairy products are using a collective amount of 6,000,000 grams
of sugar and they were asked to lessen their use of sugar in 40%. How many
grams of sugar will they use after 3 years?

5. In 2000, there were 200 people in a town. The population grow to 20% per year.
How many inhabitants will there be in 2015?

Math FYI: When you multiply 1089 by 9, the answer you get is 9801, which is
exact reverse of the number.
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Math Progress:
Solve for the following word problems. 2 points each.

1. In 2010, Tracy have 290 subscribers to his YouTube channel. The number of his
subscribers increased by 80% per year after 2010. How many subscribers will be
added in 2020?

1. Sherina takes 200 mg of ibuprofen. The amount of the medicine in Sherina’s system
decreases by about 25%. How much ibuprofen is left after 6 hours?

2. Jeric buy a new computer for a cost of 20,000 pesos. The computer’s worth decreases
by 10% annually. What will be the price of the computer after 3 years?

3. How much money would Kate need to deposit today at 8% annual interest
compounded monthly to have 18,000 in her account after 2 years.

4. You have inherited a house and lot that was purchased for 40,000 pesos in 2015. The
value of the house and lot increased by exactly 6% per year. What is the
approximate value of the house and lot in the year 2022?

5. If you deposit 40,000 pesos to your bank account paying 6% annual interest
compounded monthly, how much money will be in the account after 7 years?

6. The population in Manila is 100,000,000 inhabitants, the population increased by

approximately 5% per year. How many will be added up after 2 years?

7. How much money would you need to deposit today at 10% annual interest
compounded quarterly to have 50,000 pesos in your account after 5 years?

8. If you invest 25,000 pesos worth into your account paying 8.25% annual interest
compounded semiannually, how much will be added to your account after 5
years?

9. If you put 15,000 pesos to your account by 5% annual interest compounded weekly,
how much will be added into your money in the bank after 3 years?
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Lesson 2: Exponential Functions, Equations, and

Inequalities
Objectives:
 Exploring Exponential Functions, Equations, and Inequalities
 Differences and similarities of exponential equation and inequalities

A. Identify:
A. 5 2 x 1 = 125x B. 10 x  15 C. y  5 x

Therefore, with these numbers, we can easily identify which is a function, inequalities, or
an equation.
B. Definitions:
Definition Example
Exponential Function As the name of an
exponential function is
described, it involves an
exponent. This exponent is
represented with a variable
rather than a constant, and f ( x)  5 x
its base is represented with
constant value rather than a
variable in which f(x) = bx,
where b > 0 and b ≠ 1
Exponential Inequalities An inequality involving
exponential expressions.
Additionally, are
inequalities in which one
(or both) sides involve a
variable exponent. They are 32 x  3x 1  0
useful in situations
involving repeated
multiplication, especially
when being compared to a
constant value, such as in
the case of interest. For an
instance,
If b >1 b >1 and x > y x > y,
then 𝑏 𝑥 > 𝑏 𝑦
Otherwise, if 0 <a <1,
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then 𝑏 𝑥 < 𝑏 𝑦
Exponential Equation An equation involving
exponential expression.
Moreover, these are 22 (5 x 1 )  500
equations in which
variables occur as
exponents.

Additionally, both exponential equalities and inequalities are involved to exponential

expression which means an expression of the form, 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 𝑥−𝑐 + 𝑑 where b > 0, b / 1.
However, an equation is the statement that keeps the like value of two mathematical
expressions with an equal symbol while an inequality is a statement that make use of the
symbols > for greater than or < for lesser than or ≤ less than and equal to or ≥ greater
than and equal to ; to represent that one number is larger (equal to) or smaller (equal to)
in worth than another.

NOTE: An exponential equation or inequality can be answered for all x values that
satisfy the equation or inequality . An exponential function is not "solved" . Rather, it
expresses a relationship between two variables such as x and y and can be represented
by a table of values or a graph.

TRY THESE: WHAT AM I?

State if it is an exponential function, equation, and inequalities.
1. 𝑦 = 𝑑 𝑥
Answer:
2. 22 (5𝑥+1 ) = 500
Answer:
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4
Answer:
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥
Answer:
5. 200 > 4𝑥−8
Answer:

Math FYI: The Chinese were the first who used negative numbers around 2200
years ago or maybe even earlier.
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Math Progress:
Identify if it is an exponential function, equation or inequalities. Put F if it is a function,
E for equation and I for inequalities.

1. 10𝑥 = 0.1𝑥1,000𝑥−1
1 3−2𝑥
2. 82𝑥+1 = (16)

3. 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 52𝑥 − 10𝑥 > 0

4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 2

5. 𝑥 = 52
6. 64𝑥+1 − 6 > 1,290

7. 64𝑥9𝑥 − 84𝑥12𝑥 + 27𝑥16𝑥 = 0

8. 32𝑥 = 9

9. 25−𝑥 − 5−𝑥+1 ≥ 50
10. 𝑥 2 5𝑥 − 52+𝑥 < 0

11. 𝑦 = 10(0.5)𝑥
15−2𝑥13𝑥+1
12. 3𝑥132𝑥 −13𝑥+1 +6 ≥ 2

1 2−4𝑥
13. 2𝑥−1 = (4)
256
14. 0.252−𝑥 = 2𝑥+3

15.4𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4 ≤ 2
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Lesson 3: Solving Exponential Equations and

Inequalities
Objectives:
 To be able to solve an exponential Equations and Inequalities

SOLVING FOR THE EXPONENTIAL EQUATION

Case 1: If the two bases are the same; it is a must that the exponents are equal.

Examples: Find x.
A) Since both bases are 3; therefore;
3x = 32
𝒙=𝟐

B) Focus in the exponents. 65 = 6x

𝒙=𝟓

C) If the equation is like this;

4𝑥+1 = 46
Step 1: Just focus in the exponents.
𝑥+1=6
Step 2: Transfer 1 after 6 and so the sign will also change.
𝑥 =6−1
Step 3: Solve.
𝒙=𝟓

D) If the variables have numbers;

22𝑥+3 = 24𝑥−1
Step 1: Focus in the exponents.
2𝑥 + 3 = 4𝑥 − 1
Step 2: Combine those who have a varibales; change the sign of the number that has been
transferred.
3 + 1 = 4𝑥 − 2𝑥
Step 3: Solve the combined numbers then divide both sides.
4 = 2𝑥
2 2
Step 4: Simplify. 𝒙=𝟐
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Case 2: The bases ARE NOT the same.

Replace one or both base with a power, so that the powers on both sides of the equation
will have the same base.

Examples: Find x.
A) Given:
2𝑥+1 = 8
4*2
2*2
Therefore, to get 8 you will make it 2 raises to 3rd power.

Step 1: Form 8 into power. So that they could have the same base.

2𝑥+1 = 23
Step 2: Focus to the exponents.

𝑥+1=3
Step 3: Transfer 1 after 3 and change the sign.

𝑥 = 3−1
Step 4: Solve.

𝒙=𝟐

B) Given:
3𝑥+4 = 9(𝑥−1)

Step 1: Form 9 into power. So that they could have the same base. And put
parenthesis to the given exponent.

3𝑥+4 = 32(𝑥−1)
Step 2: Distribute 2.

3𝑥+4 = 32𝑥−1
Step 3: Focus to the exponents.

𝑥 + 4 = 2𝑥 − 2
Step 4: Combine like terms.

4 + 2 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥

There is an imaginary 1 before x that is why when you

subtract them, the answer will just be 1x or simply x.
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Step 5: Solve.

𝟔 = 𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = 𝟔

Case 3: Exponential Equation Involving Radicals

1 1 1
Rules: √𝑥 =𝑥 2 , √𝑥 3 = 𝑥 3 , √𝑥 4 = 𝑥 4 …
Example:
A) Given:
√8 = 23x−4
Step 1: To remove the square root follow the rule.
1
82 = 23𝑥−4
Step 2: Form 8 into form of power.
1
23(2) = 23𝑥−4
1
Step 3: Multiply 3 to 2, wherein there is an imaginary 1 over 3 which means;
3
22 = 23𝑥−4
Step 4: Focus to the exponents.
3
= 3𝑥 − 4
2
3
For us to easily solve it, make 2 a whole number.

Step 5: Put 2 at the beginning and at the end.

3
2∗ = (3𝑥 − 4)2
2
Cancel 2 and distribute the other 2 to 3𝑥 − 4
Step 6: Solve.
3 = 6𝑥 − 8
Step 7: Transfer 8 after 3 then change the sign.
3 + 8 = 6𝑥
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Step 8: Solve the combined numbers.

11 = 6𝑥
Step 9: Find the value of x; by dividing both sides to 6.
11 6𝑥
=
6 6
𝟏𝟏
𝒙=
𝟔

SOLVING FOR THE EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITIES

 Inequality - A comparison of two values or expressions.

For example, 20x < 40 is an inequality whereas x = 2 is an equation.

Example 1:
32𝑥−4 < 32
Step 1: If the bases are already the same focus only to the exponent.
2𝑥 − 4 < 2
Step 2: Transpose the -4 to other side then change the sign.
2𝑥 < 2 + 4
Step 3: Divide both sides by 2
2𝑥 6
<
2 2
Step 4: Solve and simplify.
𝒙<𝟑
Example 2:
23𝑥+6 ≥ 8
Step 1: Write each side with common base. So do 8 into form of power of 2
23𝑥+6 ≥ 23
Step 2: Focus to the exponent.
3𝑥 + 6 ≥ 3
Step 3: Transfer the 6 to other side then change the sign.
3𝑥 ≥ 3 − 6
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Step 4: Solve for the combined numbers then divide both sides by 3.
3𝑥 3
≥ −3
3

Step 5: Solve.
𝒙 ≥ −𝟏

NOTE: In solving exponential inequalities and equations have the same procedure of
solving, however, the only difference is that in terms of inequalities there is a
comparison that is happening by using <, >, ≥, and ≤.

TRY THESE: LOOK OUT FOR ME.

Identify if it is an exponential equation and inequalities and solve the following.

1) 42𝑥+3 = 164𝑥−5
Answer:

2) 4𝑥+1 = 83𝑥−1
Answer:

3) 82𝑥−5 < 4𝑥+8

Answer:

Math FYI: The symbol for infinity (∞) was used by the Romans to represent 1000.

Math Progress:
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Solve for the following.

A. Equation

1) 104𝑥+1 = 100𝑥−2
Answer:
2) √5 = 253𝑥+4
Answer:
3) 84𝑥−12 = 165𝑋−3
Answer:
4) 273𝑥−2 = 812𝑥+7
Answer:
5) √216 = 63𝑥+4
Answer:

B. Inequalities

1) 73𝑥 < 72𝑥+1

Answer:

2) 82𝑥−5 < 4𝑥+8

Answer:

3) 3𝑥 > 9
Answer:

4) 3𝑥−4 < 272𝑥+1

Answer:

5) 1252𝑥+3 > 5𝑥+1

Lesson 4: Graphing Exponential Functions

Objectives:
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 To present an exponential function over its table of values, graph, and equation.
 To discover the domain, range, intercepts zeroes and asymptotes of an
exponential function.
 To be able to graph an exponential function

Graphing exponential functions is like the graphing you have done in the past.
Nonetheless, by the nature of exponential functions, their spots tend either to be very near
to one fixed value or else to be too big to be suitably graphed. There will usually be only
a limited points that are "reasonable" to use for an illustration to your image; selecting
these reasonable points will entail that you have a good hold of the overall behavior of an
exponential, so you can "fill in the gaps.”
The graph of an exponential function is an essential tool in illustrating its behavior and
features. – Its intercepts, asymptotes and zeroes. A graph can also require understanding
as real-life conditions that can be demonstrated by exponential functions.
We first graph by plotting a few points. Results will generalize afterwards.
Example 1: Sketch the graph
𝑦 = 5𝑥
Step 1: Construct a table of values of ordered pairs for the given function. The table of
values for f(x) is as follows:
x Y

-2 1
5−2 or 52
𝑜𝑟 1/25

-1 1
5−1 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 1/5
51

0 50 𝑜𝑟 1

1 51 𝑜𝑟 5

2 52 𝑜𝑟 25

Step 2. Plot the points found in the table and connect them using smooth curve.
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It can be observed that the function

is define for all values of x, is
strictly increasing and attains only
positive y-values. As x decreases
without bound, the function
approaches to 0. That is, the line
y=0 is a horizontal asymptote.

Example 2: Sketch the graph of

1 𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) = ( )
2
Step 1: The table of values for g(x) is as follows

x 1 𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) = ( )
2

-2 1 −2 1−2 22
𝑔(−2) = ( ) = −2 = 2 = 4
2 2 1

-1 1 −1 11 21
𝑔(−1) = ( ) = 1 = 1 = 2
2 2 1

0 1 0
𝑔(0) = ( ) = 1
2

1 1 1 11 1
𝑔(1) = ( ) = 1 =
2 2 2

2 1 2 12 1
𝑔(2) = ( ) = 2 =
2 2 4

Step 2: Graph the following value.

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Properties of Exponential Functions

(a) The properties of f(x) = 𝑏 𝑥 ,

where b > 0 and b 1, can be
observed from the graph:
(b) The range is set (0, +∞).
(c) It is a one to one function. It
satisfies the Horizontal line test.
(d) The intercepts is 1. There is
no x intercept
(e) The horizontal asymptote is
the line y = 0 (or the x-axis). There is
no vertical asymptote.

NOTE: Although graphs of exponential functions generally look like one of the two
graphs above; the graph changes. Additionally, horizontal asymptote is a y-value on a
graph which is a function slants but does not really reach.

TRY THIS: FIND ME!

10. Complete the following tables of values for f(x) = 2𝑥 and g(x) = 3𝑥

x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x)
g(x)

A. Create a coordinate plane demonstrating x from -4 and y from -1 to 3. Draw the

graphs of f(x) and g(x) on the coordinate plane, differentiate both graphs.

B. For each function, find the domain, range, y-intercept and horizontal asymptote.

Math FYI: Every odd number contains the letter “e” in the English language.
 21

Math Progress:
Complete the table according to the following given.

1. Complete the following tables of values for 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ(𝑥) = 4𝑥

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x)
h(x)

A. Create a coordinate plane.

B. For each function, find the domain, range, y-intercept and horizontal
asymptote.

2. Complete the following tables of values for 𝑓(𝑥) = 10𝑥

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
f(x)

A. Create a coordinate plane.

B. For each function, find the domain, range, y-intercept and horizontal
asymptote.
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Lesson 5: Graphing Transformations of

Exponential Functions
Objectives:

 Transform exponential function by changing parameters

 Describe the effects of changes in the coefficients of exponential function

Transformations of exponential graphs behave also to those of other functions. Just as

with extra parent functions, we can apply the four types of transformations—shifts,
reflections, stretches, and compressions—to the parent function
without loss of shape. All other exponential functions are alterations to this basic form.
Transformation are changes to the graph. Transformations include vertical shifts,
horizontal shifts, and graph reversals.

Graphing a Vertical Shift

The first transformation happens when we add a constant d to the parent
function , provide with the vertical shift d units in the same direction as the
sign.
Example 1:

Begin by graphing a parent function, , we can then graph two vertical shift
alongside it, using d =3: the upward shift, + 3 and the downward shift,
- 3.
Step 1: Sketch a graphs
Step 2: Plot the points found in the table and connect them

 The domain, (-∞, ∞) remains unchanged.

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 When the function is shifted up 3 units to 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3:

- The y-intercept shifts up 3 units to (0, 4).
- The asymptote shifts up 3 units to y=3
- The range becomes (3, ∞)
 When the function is shifted down 3 units to ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3:
- They y-intercept shifts down 3 units to (0, -2)
- The asymptote also shifts down 3 units to y= -3
- The range becomes (-3, ∞)

Graphing a Horizontal Shift

The next transformation take place when we add a constant c to the input of the
parent function , provide with the horizontal shift c units in the opposite
direction of the sign.

Example 1:

We begin by graphing the parent function , we can graph two horizontal shifts
alongside it, using c = 3: the shift left, , and the shift right, .
Step 1: Sketch a graphs
Step 2: Plot the points found in the table and connect them

 The domain, (-∞, ∞), remains unchanged.

 The asymptote, y= 0, remains unchanged
 The y-intercept shifts such that:
 24

- When the function is shifted left 3 units to𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥+3 , the y-

intercept becomes (0, 8). This is because 2𝑥+3 = (8)2𝑥 , so the
initial value of the function is 8.
- When the function is shifted right 3 units to ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥−3 , the y-
1 1
intercept becomes (0, 8). Again, see that 2𝑥−3 = 8 2𝑥 , so the initial
1
value of the function is 8.

Reflecting Graph
The graph of f (x)= is the reflection about the x-axis. The graph of f (x)= is the
reflection about the y-axis.
Example 1:

Graphing the parent function ,we can then graph the two reflection about the x-
axis, , is shown on the left side, and the reflection about the y-axis,
, is shown on the right side.
Step 1: Sketch a graph
Step 2: Plot the points found in the table and connect them
Reflection about the x-axis Reflection about the y-axis

The blue line 𝑔(𝑥) = −2𝑥 The blue line ℎ(𝑥) = 2−𝑥
The yellow line 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 The yellow line 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥
 25

Graphing a Stretch or Compression

While horizontal and vertical shifts include adding constants to the input or to the
function itself, a stretch or compression happens when we multiply the parent function
by a constant a ˃ 0.

Example 1:

Graphing the parent function , we can then graph the stretch, using a= 3, to get

and the compression, using a= , to get h(x)= .

Step 1: Sketch the graphs
Step 2: Plot the points found in the table and connect them

Vertical Stretch
 26

Vertical Compression

NOTE: For any constants c and d, the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥+𝑐 + 𝑑 shifts the parent
function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑋 . The y-intercept becomes(0, 𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑑 . The horizontal asymptote
becomes y= d. The range becomes (d, ∞). The domain, (-∞, ∞), remains unchanged.

TRY THIS: LET’S GRAPH

1) Graph 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥+1 − 3. State the domain, the range, and asymptote.
1 𝑥
2) Graph 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 (2) . State the domain, the range and the asymptote.

Math FYI: It is impossible to square the circle since the area of the circle is based on
π, which is a transcendental number. Therefore, a person who obsessively insists on
“squaring the circle” is said to be suffering from morbus cyclometricus.
 27

Math Progress:
Solve for the following:

1. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 4

1 𝑥
2. 𝑦 = (2) + 2

3. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 −5

4. 𝑦 = 0.25(3𝑥 )
−1
1 𝑥
5. 𝑦 = (3) −2

+1
6. 𝑦 = (0.8)𝑥

1 𝑥
7. 𝑦 = 2 (3)

−3
8. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 +1
 28

Math Review: SUMMARY

An Exponential Function is a form of f(x) = bx, where b > 0 and b ≠ 1

it involves an exponent; this exponent is represented with a variable
Exponential Growth is a growth in number or size, at a continuously increasing rate
with its formula 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑟)𝑥
Exponential Decay is the method of reducing a volume by a constant percentage rate over a
period with its formula 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑟)𝑥

Compound Interest is the interest paid together on the initial amount of money and on
𝑟 𝑛𝑡
the interest, it has already produced with its formula 𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + 𝑛)
 29

Math Assessment
1. It is the method of reducing a volume.
a) Exponential Function
b) Exponential Decay
c) Exponential Growth
d) None of the above.

2.
 30

Math Challenge:

Jake is solving the exponential equation (0.6)𝑥−3 > (0.36)𝑥−1 given by his math
1
teacher and he got (x > 3) which is incorrect. Solve for the right answer of the
equation given by Jake.

Determine the value of having y in the expression (3𝑦 ): (4−1 )=36. Y is a natural
number greater than zero.

Supposed a rabbit population of 10 rabbits quadrupled every two months. Write the
function rule and evaluation for how many rabbits will exist after 2 years.

In 1971, there were 294,105 females participating in high school sports. Since then,
that number has tripled each year. Write an equation to represent the number of
females participating in sports since 1971. How many females would be participating
today if the trend continues?
A scientist is trying to discover a cure for the common cold. She takes 40 common
cold cells and discovers the cells are tripling every 30 minutes. How many cells will
be there in 3 hours?
31
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References
Colwell, C., Blawn, J., and Anton, M. (2019). Applications of Exponential Functions.
Retrieved from
http://www.algebralab.org/lessons/lesson.aspx?file=Algebra_ExponentsApps.xml
Emelda, M. (2018). Difference Between Inequalities and Equations. Retrieved from
http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-inequalities-and-
equations/
Jones, P. (2013). Exponential Growth and Decay. Retrieved from
https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/exponential-growth-decay.html
Kagan, J. (2019). Compound Interest. Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/compoundinterest.asp
Katz, A., Miglani, K., and Pilling, G. (2019). Exponential Inequalities. Retrieved from
https://brilliant.org/wiki/exponential-inequalities/
Law, E. M. (2017). 101 Mathematical Trivia. Retrieved from
https://learnfunfacts.com/2017/02/17/101-mathematical-trivia/
Ledwith, J. (2019). Exponential Function and Decay. Retrieved from
https://www.thoughtco.com/exponential-decay-definition-2312215
Nykamp D. Q. (2019). The exponential function. Retrieved from
https://mathinsight.org/exponential_function

Payne, J. (2019). Solving Exponential Equations. Retrieved from

http://mrpaynemath.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/9/9/38994693/math3201ch6.3anotes-
workings.pdf

Stapel, E. (2019). Exponential Functions: Compound Interest. Retrieved from

https://www.purplemath.com/modules/expofcns4.htm

Stapel, E. (2019). Graphing Exponential Functions: Intro. Retrieved from

https://www.purplemath.com/modules/graphexp.htm

FreeMATHhelp. (2002). Find a Function’s Asymptotes. Retrieved from

https://www.freemathhelp.com/finding-horizontal-asymptotes.html

Math-exercises.com.(2019). Math Exercises and Math Problems: Exponential Equations and

Inequalities. Retrieved from https://www.math-exercises.com/equations-and-
inequalities/exponential-equations-and-inequalities

Softschools.com (2019). Exponential Growth Formula. Retrieved from

http://www.softschools.com/formulas/math/exponential_growth_formula/144/
33
 34

https://www.math-exercises.com/equations-and-inequalities/exponential-equations-and-
inequalities

https://www.mesacc.edu/~scotz47781/mat120/notes/exponential/graphing/graph_exp_intro.
pdf
https://www.fcusd.org/cms/lib/CA01001934/Centricity/Domain/3800/Growth%20Decay%20W
ord%20Problem%20Key.pdf
https://www.mesacc.edu/~scotz47781/mat120/notes/compound_interest/compound_interest
_intro.pdf

file:///C:/Users/Acer%20Aspire%203/Downloads/LESSON-4.pdf
https://www.math.utah.edu/~wortman/1050-text-ef.pdf
 35

3. https://www.analyzemath.com/finance/interests_problems_sol.html
4. https://www.analyzemath.com/finance/interests_problems_sol.html
https://www.thoughtco.com/exponential-growth-functions-social-networking-2312199
https://www.thoughtco.com/real-life-use-exponential-function-2312196
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/compoundinterest.asp)
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/epcc-atdcoursereview-collegealgebra-1-
2/chapter/graph-exponential-functions-using-transformations/

(http://www.softschools.com/formulas/math/exponential_growth_formula/144/)
(https://www.thoughtco.com/exponential-decay-definition-2312215)

http://www.algebralab.org/lessons/lesson.aspx?file=Algebra_ExponentsApps.xml

https://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Algebra-I-Second-Edition/section/8.7/

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/compoundinterest.asp)
http://ostts.org/Stitz_Zeager_Precalculus_Book_By_Section_files/6-3.pdf
http://mrpaynemath.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/9/9/38994693/math3201ch6.3anotes-
workings.pdf
 36

Other references
http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/DevelopmentalMath/COURSE_TEXT2_RES
OURCE/U18_L1_T1_text_final.html

https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/exponential-growth-decay.html

file:///C:/Users/Acer%20Aspire%203/Downloads/LESSON-4.pdf
https://www.math.utah.edu/~wortman/1050-text-ef.pdf