INTELLIGENT FIRE DETECTOR WITH AUTOMATIC WATER SPRINKLER

SYSTEM TO AVOID FIRE ACCIDENTS

Security is primary concern for every one. There are many ways to provide security at homes or
in industries. The main aim of this project is to continuously monitor the house or industries and
if any fire accidents occur, the system should immediately start the sprinkler to bring the
situations back to the normal previous position. This project totally eliminates a person who has
to monitor the predefined area all the time.

A fire sensor will be fixed in the house or in an industry. The status of this sensor will be
continuously monitored by the opamp. The operational amplifier is used as a comparator in this
project. To one of the inputs of the opamp, the output of fire detector is given and the reference
voltage is given to the other input of the opamp. The opamp continuously reads the output of the
fire detector and compares this output value with the reference voltage. Since the output of
opamp is given to the relay and if the sensor value exceeds the reference voltage, the input at the
relay changes and thus, the sprinkler will be started according to the input of the relay.

SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE TOOLS:

Software Tools:
1. Orcad.

Hardware Tools:
1. Fire sensor
2. Operational amplifier
3. Relay

Block diagram
Introduction:
Temperature is the most often-measured environmental quantity. This might be expected since
most physical, electronic, chemical, mechanical, and biological systems are affected by
temperature. Certain chemical reactions, biological processes, and even electronic circuits
perform best within limited temperature ranges. Temperature is one of the most commonly
measured variables and it is therefore not surprising that there are many ways of sensing
it. Temperature sensing can be done either through direct contact with the heating source, or
remotely, without direct contact with the source using radiated energy instead. There are a wide
variety of temperature sensors on the market today, including Thermocouples, Resistance
Temperature Detectors (RTDs), Thermistors, Infrared, and Semiconductor Sensors.

Temperature Sensor:

LM35 Temperature Sensor

 LM35 is a temperature measuring device having an analog output voltage proportional to

the temperature.
  It provides output voltage in Centigrade (Celsius). It does not require any external
calibration circuitry.

 The sensitivity of LM35 is 10 mV/degree Celsius. As temperature increases, output

voltage also increases.

E.g. 250 mV means 25°C.

 It is a 3-terminal sensor used to measure surrounding temperature ranging from -55 °C to

150 °C.
 LM35 gives temperature output which is more precise than thermistor output.

Operation of LM35:

 The LM35 can be connected easily in the same way as other integrated circuit
temperature sensors. It can be stuck or established to a surface and its temperature will
be within around the range of 0.01˚C of the surface temperature.
 This presumes that the ambient air temperature is just about the same as the surface
temperature; if the air temperature were much higher or lower than the surface temperature,
the actual temperature of the LM35 die would be at an intermediate temperature between the
surface temperature and the air temperature.
 The temperature sensors have well known applications in environmental and process
control and also in test, measurement and communications. A digital temperature is a sensor,
which provides 9-bit temperature readings. Digital temperature sensors offer excellent precise
accuracy, these are designed to read from 0°C to 70°C and it is possible to achieve ±0.5°C
accuracy. These sensors completely aligned with digital temperature readings in degree
Celsius.

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER :
 An operational amplifier (or an op-amp) is an integrated circuit (IC) that
operates as a voltage amplifier. An op-amp has a differential input. That is, it has
two inputs of opposite polarity. An op-amp has a single output and a very high gain,
which means that the output signal is much higher than input signal.

Ideal characteristics of a OPAMP:

1. Opamp has high input impedance & low output impedance.
2. Zero common mode gain or infinite common mode rejection.
3. Infinite open loop gain AOL.
4. Infinite bandwidth.
** opamp is used as differentiator, integrator, comparator, current – voltage converter,
voltage- current converter, etc.

The output of increases in proportional to the temperature by 10 mV/°C , this varying

voltage is feed to a comparator configuration of IC 741 (OP Amplifier). At first we set
sensitivity (set a voltage by varying the 2KΩ pot) at pin no.2 . If we consider that the
sensitivity voltage as V1 & The output of LM35 (pin no. 3) as V2, then we can describe easily
that what is happening. If voltage V1> V2 ,then the output of the comparator at
+Vsaturation ,sprinkler is off. When the temperature increases that the output of LM35 is
also increases, after a certain time when voltage V2 cross the voltage V1 then the output of
the comparator at –Vsaturation , then the sprinkler is on through relay and When V1=V2
then the output is 0 and sprinkler is in off state. We have used IC741 as a non-inverting
amplifier. As a comparator the output voltages will be

.11 Relay:

Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or electronically.
Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in another circuit. As relay
diagrams show, when a relay contact is normally open (NO), there is an open contact when the
relay is not energized. When a relay contact is Normally Closed (NC), there is a closed contact
when the relay is not energized. In either case, applying electrical current to the contacts will
changetheirstate.

Relays are generally used to switch smaller currents in a control circuit and do not
usually control power consuming devices except for small motors and Solenoids that draw low
amps. Nonetheless, relays can "control" larger voltages and amperes by having an amplifying
effect because a small voltage applied to a relays coil can result in a large voltage being switched
bythecontacts.

Protective relays can prevent equipment damage by detecting electrical abnormalities,

including overcurrent, undercurrent, overloads and reverse currents. In addition, relays are also
widely used to switch starting coils, heating elements, pilot lights and audible alarms.

Relays are either electromechanical relays or solid-state relays. In electromechanical

relays(EMR), contacts are opened or closed by a magnetic force. With solid-state relays (SSR),
there are no contacts and switching is totally electronic. The decision to use electromechanical or
solid state relays depends on an application's electrical requirements, cost constraints and life
expectancy. Although solid-state relays have become very popular, electromechanical relays
remain common. Many of the functions performed by heavy-duty equipment need the switching
capabilities of electromechanical relays. Solid State Relays switche the current using non-
moving electronic devices such as silicon controlled rectifiers.
These differences in the two types of relays result in advantages and disadvantages with each
system. Because solid state relays do not have to either energize a coil or open contacts, less
voltage is required to "turn" Solid State Relays on or off. Similarly, Solid State Relays turn on
and turn off faster because there are no physical parts to move. Although the absence of contacts
and moving parts means that Solid State Relays are not subject to arcing and do not wear out,
contacts on Electromechanical Relays can be replaced, whereas entire Solid State Relays must be
replaced when any part becomes defective. Because of the construction of Solid State Relays,
there is residual electrical resistance and/or current leakage whether switches are open and
closed. The small voltage drops that are created are not usually a problem; however,
Electromechanical Relays provide a cleaner ON or OFF condition because of the relatively large
distance between contacts, which acts as a form of insulation.

ceiling FAN may runs at 230V AC and draws a current maximum of 4A. Therefore the
power required is 4X230 = 920 watts. Off course we can control AC, lights, etc., depend up on
the relay ratings. Relays can be used to control DC motors in ROBOTIC
 A relay may be used in circuits where it is not possible to have a direct electrical
connection between the control circuit and the output device: eg due to the risk of damage to the
circuit from back electromotive force (EMF).

A relay is a special type of switch turned on and off by an electromagnet (see the diagram of a
simple relay). When a current flows through the coil an electro-magnetic field is set up. The field
attracts an iron armature, whose other end pushes the contacts together, completing the circuit.
When the current is switched off, the contacts open again, switching the circuit off.

2.13 MOTORS
Electric motors involve rotating coils of wire which are driven by the magnetic force exerted by
a magnetic field on an electric current. They transform electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Working of electric motors

Electric motors are used to efficiently convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Magnetism is the basis of their principles of operation. They use permanent magnets,
electromagnets, and exploit the magnetic properties of materials in order to create these amazing
machines.

There are several types of electric motors available today. The following outline gives an
overview of several popular ones. There are two main classes of motors: AC and DC. AC motors
require an alternating current or voltage source (like the power coming out of the wall outlets in
your house) to make them work. DC motors require a direct current or voltage source (like the
voltage coming out of batteries) to make them work. Universal motors can work on either type of
power. Not only is the construction of the motors different, but the means used to control the
speed and torque created by each of these motors also varies, although the principles of power
conversion are common to both.

Motors are used just about everywhere. In our house, there is a motor in the furnace for the
blower, for the intake air, in the sump well, dehumidifier, in the kitchen in the exhaust hood
above the stove, microwave fan, refrigerator compressor and cooling fan, can opener, garbage
disposer, dish washer pump, clocks, computer fans, ceiling fans, and many more items.
In industry, motors are used to move, lift, rotate, accelerate, brake, lower and spin material in
order to coat, paint, punch, plate, make or form steel, film, paper, tissue, aluminum, plastic and
other raw materials. They range in power ratings from less than 1/100 hp to over 100,000 hp.
The rotate as slowly as 0.001 rpm to over 100,000 rpm. They range in physical size from as
small as the head of a pin to the size of a locomotive engine.

Micro DC 3-6V Micro Submersible Pump Mini water pump For Fountain Garden Mini water circulation
System DIY project. This is a low cost, small size Submersible Pump Motor which can be operated
from a 3 ~ 6V power supply. It can take up to 120 liters per hour with very low current consumption
of 220mA. Just connect tube pipe to the motor outlet, submerge it in water and power it. Make sure
that the water level is always higher than the motor. Dry run may damage the motor due to heating
and it will also produce noise.

Specifications:-

 Operating Voltage : 3 ~ 6V

 Operating Current : 130 ~ 220mA

 Flow Rate : 80 ~ 120 L/H

 Maximum Lift : 40 ~ 110 mm

 Continuous Working Life : 500 hours

 Driving Mode : DC, Magnetic Driving

 Material : Engineering Plastic

 Outlet Outside Diameter : 7.5 mm

 Outlet Inside Diameter : 5 mm