1

EXPERIMENT – I

Object- Study of various types of chain and Tapes.

DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS:

Chain: The chain is composed of 100 or 150 pieces of galvanized mild steel wire,
4mm in diameter called links .The ends of each link are bent into a loop and
connected together by means of three oval rings. The ends of the chain are provided
with handles for dragging the chain on the ground, each wire with a swivel joint so
that the chain can be turned without twisting. The length of the chain is measured
from the outside of one handle to the outside of another handle.

Following are the various types of chain in common use:

1) Metric chains
2) Gunter` s chain or surveyors chain
3) Engineers chain
4) Revenue chain

1) Metric chain- These are generally 5m, 10m, 15m, 20m and 30m in length having
25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 links respectively

Fig. Metric Chain

2) Gunter` s chain or surveyors chain- It is 66 ft long chain and it is divided into 100
links. Each link having length of 0.6ft. 10 Gunter’s chain = 1 Furlong

3) Engineer’s chain - It is 100ft long and it is divided into 100 links . Each link
having a length of 1ft . At every 10 Links, brass tags are fastened.
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4) Revenue chain – It is 33ft long chain and consists of 16 Links, each link being
1
2 ft long. It is mainly used for measuring fields in cadastral survey.
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Tape: - Measurement taken by the tape is more accurate than that taken by chain. The
tapes can be classified in four following types , depending upon the material used in
the manufacturing of them. These are

1) Cloth tape
2) Metallic tape
3) Steel tape
4) Invar tape

1) Cloth tape – these are made up of cloth. Thgey are flexible and light in weight.
They are generally 10 to 30m in length and 12 to 15mm in width. The end of the tape
is provided with small brass rings whose length is included in total length of the tape.
They are not generally used because they can be easily affected by the moisture.

2) Metallic Tape – A Cloth tape reinforced with brass or copper wire is called the
metallic tape. These are generally available in length of 10m , 15m , 20m and 50m.
These tapes are more durable and accurate than cloth tape.

3) Steel tape – these tapes are made up of steel strip having width varying from 6 mm
to 10 mm. These are available in length 1 m , 2 m , 5 m , 10 m , 20 m , 30 m and 50
m.These tapes are more durable and accurate than metallic tape.

Fig. Steel Tape

4) Invar tape – these are made up of alloy steel (64%) and Nickel (36%). It is having
very low coefficient of thermal expansion of about 1.22 X 10-7 for one degree
centigrade. It is 6 mm in width and it is available in lengths of 10 m , 20 m , 30 m ,
50 m , and 100 m.
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EXPERIMENT – II

Object- Measurement of distance involving direct and indirect Ranging.

There are two methods of Ranging:

1. Direct Ranging
2. Indirect Ranging

Theory

Direct Ranging – this method of Ranging is adopted when both the end stations are
intervisible. This can be done

a) Eye
b) Line Ranger

Ranging by Eye – in this method surveyor stands at a distance of about 150 cm

beyond station. Assistant surveyor stands up between station A and B. Now surveyor
directs assistant surveyor by some code signals of hand movement. Whenever
intermediate rod is in straight line of station A and B, he gives signal to fix up the
intermediate rod. Fig (1) shows the direct ranging by Eye.

Fig (1) Ranging by Eye

Ranging by line Ranger – in this, line ranger is used for ranging. Ranger is an
instrument which works on the principle of prismatic reflection. It consists of two
right angled isosceles triangular prisms which are placed one above the other.
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Fig (2) Ranging by line Ranger

Procedure –

1. The surveyor’s nearly in line with station P and Q.

2. Surveyor moves right angles to line PQ for fixing up the intermediate station.
3. Two images are seen in the line ranger, one from ranging rod one from ranging
rod at P and other from ranging rod at Q as shown in the fig 2.
4. Surveyor moves until both the images are in line in the instrument as shown in
the fig 2.
5. The required intermediate station is then vertically below the cross section of
the two diagonal.

Theory

Indirect Ranging – This type of ranging is adopted when the vision between two
stations is not clear or when two stations are not intervisible due to high inverting
ground or due to dense forest between them

This type of Ranging is adopted when the end stations are intervisible due to dense
forest.

Let AB be the line to be ranged, which is not intervisible by the dense forest
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Procedure –

1. Firstly, estimate the approximate direction of the station B from A and run a
random line AB1 and measure it. Fix intermediate points such as P1 , Q1 etc on
this estimated line.
2. Continue the ranging process till the station B is visible.
3. Measure the perpendicular offset BB1 , on AB
4. Calculate the length AB by using formulae:
AB = {(AB1)2 + (BB1)2}1/2
5. Determine the perpendicular offsets PP and QQ etc , by using the property of
similar triangles.
6. Layout the perpendicular offsets equal to their calculated values P and Q etc.
7. Locate a no. of points on the line AB and clear the line from vegetation for
accurate ranging and further survey is carry out.

EXPERIMENT – III
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Object - Chain and tape survey of given area.

APPARATUS;- chain ,tape ,cross staff ,ranging rods ,arrows.

THEORY: The object of cross staff survey is to located the boundaries of field or plot
and to find out its area. In this method a base line in the centre of the area is selected.
Chaining along this line is done and the offsets of the points lying on the boundaries
of the plot are taken at different chainages. by using a cross staff and tape on either
side of the chain line and recorded against the chainages in the field note book as
already discussed .The offsets length are written on the left hand side or right hand
side of the line as per position until whole of the area is surveyed.
The plot is then divided into triangles and trapezoids because it it easy to find out the
area of triangle and a trapezoids. The area of the field is computed by the following
formulae.
(1) The area of a right angle triangle is equal to the base multiplied by half the
Perpendicular

(2)The area of a trapezoid is equal to the base multiplied by half the sum of the
Perpendicular.

Procedure-
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1. This survey is carried out to locate the boundaries of a field and to determine its
area.

2. A chain line is run through the center of area which divided into a no. of Triangles
and trapezoids.

3. The offsets to the boundary are taken in order to their chainages as shown.

4. After the field work is over the survey is plotted to a suitable scale.

5. Then the area of a field is calculated as shown in tabular column

Observation and Calculations

S.N Name of Chainage Base Offsets Mean Area

O
figure (m) (m) (m) (m) (m2)

RESULT: Area of polygon by chain & staff method is found to be square

meter.

EXPERIMENT – IV
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Object - Study of Prismatic and Surveyor’s compass.

Apparatus - Prismatic compass and Surveyor’s compass

Theory
The important parts of compass are:-
1) A box with graduated circle.
2) A magnetic needle
3) A line of sight

When the line of sight is pointed to point, the magnetic needle of compass points
towards north (Magnetic meridian). The angle which this line of sight makes with the
magnetic meridian is read on graduated circle. it is known as magnetic bearing of the
line.
There are two types of compasses:-
1) Prismatic compass
2) Surveyor’s compass.

Prismatic Compass:-
Prismatic compass is very valuable instrument. It is usually used for rough survey for
measuring bearing and survey lines. The least count of prismatic compass is 30 min.
It consists of circular box of 10cm-12 cm dia. of non magnetic material. pivot is
fixed at the centre of box and is made up of hard steel with a Sharp pivot. graduated
aluminum is attached to the needle. It is graduated in clockwise direction from 0 to
360.the figures are written in inverted. Zero Is written at south end and 180 at north
end and 270 at the east. Diametrically opposite are fixed to the box. The sighting
vane consists of a hinged metal frame in the centre of which is stretched a vertical
Horse hair fine silk thread of which is stretched a vertical hair. it presses against a
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lifting pin which lift the needle of the pivot and holds it against the glass lid. Thus
preventing the wear of the pivot point to damp the oscillations of the needle when
about to take reading and to bring to rest quickly, a light spring is brought lifted
inside the box. The face of the prism can be folded out the edge of the box when
North end is used Sometime the sighting vanes is provided with a hinge mirror which
can be placed upward or downwards on the frame and can be also slided along it is
required. The mirror can be made inclined at any angle so that Objects which are too
high or too low can be sighted directly by reflecting.

Surveyor’s compass. It is similar to prismatic compass with some exceptions. In this

compass the graduated ring is directly attached to the box and not with the needle. In
this there is no prism. The object vane is similar to prismatic compass but eye vane
consists of simple metal vane with fine silt.

In this case, the ring is graduated from 0 to 90 in four quadrants with 0 at north and
south ends and 90 at east and west ends.

EXPERIMENT – V
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Object - Measurement of direction by Prismatic compass.

Appratus - Prismatic compass, tape, chain, arrows, pegs, ranging rods.

Theory – Magnetic compass gives directly the magnetic bearings of the lines. The
bearings may either be measured in W.C.B system or in R.B system depending upon
the form of the compass used. The bearing so measured are entirely independent of
any other measurement.

Procedure - Closed traverse is generally run around a structure .It is defined as a

series of connected lines whose directions and lengths are determined precisely.
Following procedure is adopted to run a closed compass traverse.

1) Let us say we have to run a closed compass traverse ABCDEA.

2) Set the prismatic compass at point A. center it and level it.

3) Take bearings of traverse lines AB and AE.

4) Shift the compass to point B center it and level it. Take the bearings BC & BA.

5) Link-wise complete the traverse as shown in fig (a).

6) Measure the length of traverse line AB, BC, CD, DE, and EA.

7) Record the observation in tabular columns.

8) Care must be taken to see that the stations are not affected by local attractions. If
they are affected corrections to local attractions should be applied first and then the
traverse should be plotted with corrected bearings.

Calculations-
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LINE FORE BEARING BACK BEARING LENGTH (M)

AB
BC
CD
DE
EA

Result;- The adjusted traverse with bearings and length is to be shown on a Drawing
sheet.

EXPERIMENT – VI
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Object - Calculation of distance between two inaccessible points by prismatic

compass.

Apparatus - Prismatic compass, arrows, tape, ranging rods, pegs.

Procedure- If there is an obstacle between two points say A and B due To which
direct distance measurement is not possible the those points are called As
inaccessible points and distance between them is to be determined indirectly.

Fig (a)

By following the procedure described below.

1. Let us say the inaccessible distance required is AB fig (a).

2. Select line CD approximately parallel to AB of known length.

3. Place prismatic compass at point C and center it and see to it that is parallel to
Ground surface.

4. Measure bearing of line CA, CB and CD.

5. Then shift compass to point D and in similar way measure bearings of lines
DA, DB and DC from observed bearing.

6. Calculate the interior angles θ1, θ2, θ3, θ4 from properties of triangle. calculate
angles θ5 and θ6. Consider Triangle ADC and applying sine rule. We get
AC/Sinθ3 =CD/Sinθ5 =AD/Sin (θ1+θ2)

7. Calculate AC and AD.

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8. Link wise consider triangle BCD and apply sine rule.

BC/Sin (θ3+θ4) =CD/Sinθ6 =BD/Sinθ2 BC and BD.

9. Then consider triangle ABC and apply cosine rule.

AB=D= {BC²+AC² - 2 × AC × BC ×COSθ1}1/2

AB=D={AD²+BD² -2 × AD × BD × COSθ4}1/2
By considering triangle ABC

Result -

EXPERIMENT – VII
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Object - Study of Dumpy Level, Levelling staff and Tripod

Apparatus - Level, Leveling staff, Tripod, Staff bubble.

Level: - An instrument which is used for observing staff reading on leveling staff kept
over different points after creating a line of sight is called a level. The difference in
elevation between the point then can worked out. A level essentially
consists of the following points:
1) Levelling Heads
2) Limb plate
3) Telescope
Telescope consists of two tubes, one slide into the other and
fitted with lens and diaphragm having cross hairs. it creates a line of sight by which
the reading on the staff is taken The essential parts of a telescope are
1) Body
2) Object glass
3) Eye-piece
4) Diaphragm
5) Sun shade
6) The rack and pinion arrangement
7) Focusing screw
8) Diaphragm screw.
4) Bubble tube
5) Tripod stand

Dumpy Level

Dumpy level
The dumpy level is simple, compact and stable instrument. The telescope is rigidly
fixed to its supports. Hence it cannot be rotated about its longitudinal axis or cannot
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be removed from its support. The name dumpy is because of its compact and stable
construction. The axis of telescope is perpendicular to the vertical axis of the level.
The level tube is permanently placed so that its axis lies in the same vertical plane of
the telescope but it is adjustable by means of captain head not at one end. The ray
shade is provided to protect the object glass. A clamp and slow motion screw are
provided in modern level to control the movement of spindle,
about the vertical axis. The telescope has magnifying power of about thirty diameters.
The level tube is graduated to 2mm divisions and it has normally a sensitiveness of
20 seconds of are per graduation.

Tripod
The tripod consists of three legs and a head where the level instrument is mounted.
The tripod could be of aluminum or wood material. When leveling the level
instrument, the tripod head must be set approximately level beforehand by adjusting
the tripod legs.

Leveling staff
The leveling staff is a box section of aluminum or wood, which will extend to 3 or 5
m in height by telescoping, hinging or addition of sections. One face has a graduated
scale attached for reading with the cross-hairs of the level telescope.

Setting up of the dumpy level

1. Release the clamp screw of the instrument
2. Hold the instrument in the right hand and fix it on the tripod by turning round only
the lower part with the left hand.
3. Screw the instrument firmly and bring all the foot screws to the center of its run.
4. Spread the tripod legs well apart and fix any two legs firmly into the ground by
pressing them with the hand.
5. Move the third leg to up or down until the main bubble is approximately in the
center.
6. Then move the third leg in or out until the bubbles of the cross-level is
approximately in the center.
7. Fix the third leg firmly when the bubbles are approximately in the centers of their
run.
Leveling up
1. Place the telescope parallel to a pair of foot screws.
2. Bring the bubble to the center of its run by turning the foot screws equally either
both inwards and both outwards.
3. Turn the telescope through 90º, so that it lies over the third foot screw.
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4. Turn this third foot screw so that the bubble comes to the center of its run.
5. Turn the telescope through and check whether the bubble remains central.

Elimination of parallax
1. Remove the lid from the object glass.
2. Hold a sheet of white paper in front of the object glass.
3. Move the eyepiece right or left until the cross hairs are distinctly visible.
4. Direct the telescope towards the staff.
5. Turn the focusing screw until a clear and sharp image is formed in the plane of the
cross hairs.

EXPERIMENT – VIII

Object - Exercise of differential levelling and fly levelling.

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Apparatus - Level, Leveling staff, Tripod, Staff bubble.

Procedure - Suppose that B, C and D are points whose reduced level is to be

determined.

1. Place the staff over a bench mark (BM), whose reduced level is known, and set up
the instrument in convenient and safe location where the BM (point A) is visible.
Take a sight on the staff, that reading is called backsight (B.S). See Figure 2
2. Place staff over B. Take a sight on the staff, that reading is called Intermediate
sight (I.S). See figure 2
3. Place staff over C. Since the distance between the level and D is long, so it is not
possible to read the staff over D from the current level position (pos 1). So take the
last reading over C for this position, this will be a foresight (F.S). See figure 2
4. Now, move the instrument to a new position (position 2) and take the reading on
the previous position of the staff (over C). This position of staff is known as Turning
Point (T.P) and this reading will be backsight (BS). See figure 2
5. Now, shift the staff to the point D and take reading, this reading will be foresight
(F.S). See figure 2

Observation and calculation

Station B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L Remark

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Checks: The following checks on the booking and arithmetic calculations are
performed:

ΣBS - ΣFS = RL of last point – RL of first point

Experiment – IX
Object- Study of Theodolite
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DEFINITON AND TERMS

VERTICAL AXIS:
It is the axis about which the telescope can be rotated in a horizontal plane.

HORIZONTAL AXIS:
It is the axis about which the telescope can be rotated in a vertical plane.
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LINE OF COLLINATION:
It is the imaginary line joining the intersection of the cross hairs of the diaphragm to
the
optical center of the object glass and its continuation.

AXIS OF THE TELESCOPE:

It is the line joining the optical center of the object glass to the center of the eye-
piece.

AXIS OF THE LEVEL TUBE:

It is the straight line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the level tube at the center
of the tube.

CENTERING:
The process of setting the theodolite exactly over the station mark is known as
centering.

TRANSITING:
It is the process of turning the telescope in vertical plane through 180º about the
trunnion axis.

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT:

TELESCOPE:
It consists of eye-piece, object glass and focusing screw and it is used to sight the
object.

VERTICAL CIRCLE:
It is used to measure vertical angles.

LEVELLING HEAD:
It consists of two parallel triangular plates called tribrach plates. Its uses are
1. To support the main part of the instrument.
2. To attach the theodolite to the tripod.

LOWER PLATE:
It consists of lower clamp screw and tangent screw
UPPER PLATE:
The upper plate is attached to the inner axis and it carries two verniers. It consists an
upper clamp screw and tangent screws. These screws are used to fix upper plate with
lower plate accurately.

FOOT SCREWS:
These are used to level the instrument
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PLUMB BOB:
It is used to center theodolite exactly over the ground station mark.

SWINGING THE TELESCOPE:

It means turning the telescope about its vertical axis in the horizontal plane. A swing
is called right or left according as the telescope is rotated clockwise or counter
clockwise.

FACE LEFT:
If face of the vertical circle is to the left side of the observer, then the observation of
the angles taken is known as face left observation.

FACE RIGHT:
If the face of the vertical circle is to the right side of the observation, then the
observation of the angles taken is known as face right observation.

CHANGING FACE:
It is an operation of bringing the face of the telescope from left to right and vice-
versa.

TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS:

There are three temporary adjustments of a theodolite. These are

1. Setting up the theodolite over a station.
2. Levelling up.
3. Elimination of parallax.

SETTING UP:
It includes two operations
1. Centring a theodolite over a station: Done by means of plumb bob.
2. Approximately levelling it by tripod legs only: Done by moving tripod legs
Radially or circumferentially.

LEVELING UP:
Having centred and approximately levelled the instrument, accurate levelling is done
with the help of foot screws with reference to the plate levels, so that the vertical axis
shall be truly vertical. To level the instrument the following operations have to be
done.

1. Turn the upper plate until the longitudinal axis of the plate level is roughly
parallel to a line joining any two of the levelling screws (A & B).
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2. Hold these two levelling screws between the thumb and first finger of each hand
Uniformly so that the thumb moves either towards each other or away from each
other until the bubble comes to the centre.

3.Turn the upper plate through 90º i.e. until the axes of the level passes over the
position of the third levelling screw ‘C’.

4. Turn this levelling screw until the bubble comes to the centre..

5. Rotate the upper plate through 90º to its original position fig(a) and repeat step(2)
till the bubble comes to the centre.

6. Turn back again through 90º and repeat step 4.

7. Repeat the steps 2 and 4 till the bubble is central in both the positions.

8. Now rotate the instrument through 180º. The bubble should be remaining in the
centre of its run, provided it is in correct adjustment. The vertical axis will then be
truly vertical.

3. ELIMINATION OF PARALLAX:
Parallax is a condition arising when the image formed by the objective is not in the
plane of the cross hairs. Unless parallax is eliminated, accurate sighting is not
possible. Parallax can be eliminated in two steps.
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a. FOCUSSING THE EYE-PIECE:

Point the telescope to the sky or hold a piece of white paper in front of the telescope.
Move the eyepiece in and out until a distant and sharp black image of the cross-hairs
is seen.
b. FOCUSSING THE OBJECT:
Telescope is now turned towards object to be sighted and the focusing screw is turned
until image appears clear and sharp.
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Experiment – X

Object: - To measure the horizontal angle by repetition method.

Instruments used:- Theodolite, ranging rods and arrows.

Theory:-
The method of repetition is used to measure a horizontal angle to a finer degree of
accuracy. By this method, an angle is measured two or more times by allowing the
vernier to remain clamped each time at the end of each measurement instead of
setting it back at zero when sighting at the previous station. Thus an angle reading is
mechanically added several times depending upon the number of repetitions. The
average horizontal angle is then obtained by dividing the final reading by the number
of repetitions. For very accurate work the method of repetition is used.

Procedure:-
1. Select a station point O.
2. Set the theodolite at O and do the temporary adjustments. The telescope is adjusted
for left face right swing.
3. Set the vernier A to zero using upper clamp.
4. Loosen the lower clamp, direct the telescope to the station point A and bisect A
exactly by using the lower clamp and lower tangent screw.
5. Loosen the upper clamp and turn the telescope clockwise until the point B is
exactly bisected.
6. Note the vernier readings (A and B).
7. The mean of the two vernier readings gives the value of <AOB.
8. Loosen the lower clamp and turn the telescope to station point A and bisected A by
using the lower clamp and lower tangent screw.
9. Loosen the upper clamp and turn the telescope clockwise until the point B is
exactly bisected. Now the vernier reading is twice the value of the angle.
10. Repeat the process for the required number of times (usually 3).
11. The correct value of the angle AOB is obtained by dividing the final reading by
the number of repetition.
12. change the face from left to right by transiting the telescope by 180º and swing
the telescope by 180º
13. Repeat the whole process by turning the telescope in anticlockwise direction.
14. Take the average of face left and face right observation to give the horizontal
angle AOB.
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OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Face Swing Face Swing Average

Left Right Right Left Horizonta
l
Angle
Instrument All

Sighted to

Horizontal angle
No. of Repetition

No. of Repetition

Horizontal angle
A B Mean A B Mean

º ' " º ' " º ' " º ' " º ' " º ' " º ' " º ' " º ' "

Results

The horizontal angle AOB =

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