Beat Patrol

Republic of the Philippines
City of Taguig
Gen. Santos Avenue, Central Bicutan, Taguig City
Taguig City University 1
Chapter 1
The Problem and its Setting
Introduction
Police patrol is the ‘backbone of policing’. It accounts for more than two-
thirds of a department’s personnel. Their main purposes are similar to those of
security guards, only they have a wider area to survey. These watchmen go
around the community and arrest or question suspicious people and possible law
offenders. Due to this fact, they are avoided by criminals. After World War II the
idea of police patrol became a critical duty of police (Samaha, 2005).
From French patrouiller from Old French patouiller (“to paddle, paw about,
patrol”) from patte (“a paw”). In non-military law enforcement, patrol officers are
uniformed police officers assigned to monitor specified geographic areas that is, to
move through their areas at regular intervals looking out for any signs of problems
of any kind. They are the officers most commonly encountered by the public, as
their duties include responding to calls for service, making arrests, resolving
disputes, taking crime reports, and conducting traffic enforcement, and other crime
prevention measures. A patrol officer is often the first to arrive on the scene of any
incident; what such an officer does or fails to do at the scene can greatly influence
the outcome of any subsequent investigation. The patrol officer, as the person who
is in the field daily, is often closest to potential crime and may have developed
contacts who can provide information.

City of Taguig
A patrol officer’s main objective is to maintain order and enforce the law in an
assigned geographical area. But to successfully address that objective, a patrol
officer must regularly complete many other, smaller objectives. Fulfilling these
objectives requires constant alertness, an ability to remain calm in highly stressful
environments, negotiation and conflict-resolution skills and problem-solving
abilities.
Security Objectives, patrol officers get their title from the nature of their
work: They patrol an assigned area in an effort to keep the area safe and free from
crime. Patrol officers’ security objectives include responding to calls for help,
issuing tickets, making arrests and investigating suspicious activity. According to
the Bureau of Labor and Statistics, patrol officers usually patrol their assigned
areas with a partner. Depending on the area, they might patrol in a car, on a bike,
on foot or even on horseback.
Community Objectives, Patrol officers must know their areas well and
develop ties within the community to operate effectively. This practice is called
"community policing." A patrol officer newly assigned to a district spends time
learning about and exploring the area’s neighborhoods as well as forming
relationships with community members. When a community is familiar with the
patrolling police, members of the community are more likely to come to an officer
with information or evidence.

City of Taguig
Other community-based patrol officer objectives include acting as a police
escort, informing community members of available services or conflict-resolution
options and assisting stranded motorists.
Administrative Objectives, after patrol officers complete objectives, they must
diligently record their activities. At the scene of any incident, a patrol officer takes
notes and later translates those notes into a report, which can be used as evidence
in court. One of a patrol officer’s most important objectives is to fill out and file
reports as quickly and accurately as possible. Exact, detailed files allow other
officers to easily access information on crimes and communities, which increases
the ability of the police force to solve crimes.
Mobility for police forces is vital in public safety. As criminals can move so
fast after committing a crime, the police are much expected to move faster to catch
them. It is not only speed but precision is needed. Police vehicles must travel the
fastest way to the scene of the crime, and drivers must know the roots to cut-off
escaping criminals. The problem is that criminals also upgrade their mobility,
capability as the police and other law enforcement agencies.
The need for mobile operations is much needed in urban setting. With
intersecting roads and streets, thousands of vehicles, porous borders and huge
population, the police force burdened with the big task of patrolling the area.
City of Taguig
Public anxieties over crime and disorder have continued to grow over the past
20 years. During much of this period, crime rates increased and public anxieties
appeared to minor them. Despite successive attempts by police forces and
governments to promote community policing, the modern pressures on police have
largely served to pull officers away from locally based proactive activities into
demand-led reactive duties. Burgeoning public demand on the police has left little
time for non-incident-based interaction between police and local communities.
Moreover, governmental and organizational pressures to monitor
performance in the name of efficiency have led the police to prioritize easily
measurable activities. In a managerial list culture, in which what gets measured
gets done, public reassurance through locally tied patrols has lost out. This has
served to reduce the public’s sense of ownership over, or investment in, formal
professional policing. Patrol remains the backbone of the police operations. High
police visibility discourages criminals. Normally, criminals think twice before
executing their plans if there is obvious presence of police officers. Thus, patrol
activity should be carried in a manner that attracts maximum attention to the police
officer or police vehicles.
Mobile patrol operations is effective solution for protecting business giving the
confidence of the stakeholders knowing that they are safe and their facility is
secure.
.
City of Taguig
Background of the Study
The Taguig City Police Station otherwise known as Police Station Six under
the Southern Police District of the National Capital Region Police Office, in line with
its mission and function, it conducts constant and intensified anti-criminality
operations to abate criminality in the city of Taguig. This research work attempts at
helping improved the mobile patrol system/operation as a leading component of
crime prevention and control in the country’s global city
The Taguig City Police Station has of a total strength of 490 police officers
broken down into 26 Police Commissioned Officers (PCOs) and 452 Police Non-
Commission Officers (PNCOs) as of September 2014. The Station is comprise of
eight (8) Police Community Precincts scattered in different Barangays in the two
districts of Taguig City.
As to index crimes, Calendar Year (CY) 2010 registered 571 cases, 853 in
CY 2011, 938 in CY 2012, 1,833 in CY 2013 and 1,316 as of January to August
2014 with a total of 5,511. This shows that the registered crime incidents under this
category are increasing yearly.
As to non-index crimes, a total of 6, 875 cases were recorded for the year
2010 – 2014 broken down as follows; 426 for CY 2010; 658 for CY 2011; 556 for
CY 2012; 4163 for CY 2013 and 1072 for the period of January to August 2014.
City of Taguig
With regards to the number of mobile cars of me in Taguig City Police
Station there are a total of sixteen (16) broken down as follows; 1 mobile car for
Police Community Precinct 1; 2 for PCP 2; 2 for PCP3; 2 for PCP 4; 2 for PCP 5; 1
for PCP 6; 4 PCP 7; 1 for PCP 8; and, 1 for STEU.
Table 1. Designated Mobile Cars
Police Community Precinct Number of Mobile Car

1 1
2 2
3 2
4 2
5 2
6 1
7 4
8 1
STEU 1
Total 16
Indeed, the Taguig City Police Station, despite several constraints and
meager resources, has commendably surmounted all obstacles and fared well in
its sustained pursuit to combat lawlessness in the considered global city of the
country. In retrospect, Taguig City Police Station had been confronted by an
increasing trend in crime commission both crimes against persons and properties
were constantly on the rise.

City of Taguig
Taguig (Tagalog pronunciation: [taˈɡiɡ]), officially the City of
Taguig (Filipino: LungsodngTaguig), is a highly urbanized city located in south-
eastern portion of Metro Manila in the Philippines. From a thriving fishing
community along the shores of Laguna de Bay, it is now an important residential,
commercial and industrial center. The recent construction of the C-5 highway and
the acquisition of the Fort Bonifacio development area have paved the way for the
cityhood of the municipality. It will also be accessed by the future C-6 Road.
Taguig City lies on the western shore of Laguna de Bay and is bordered
by Muntinlupa City to the south, Parañaque to the southwest, Pasay to the
west, Cainta and Taytay on the northeast and Makati, Pateros, and Pasig to the
north. Taguig River, a tributary of the Pasig River cuts through the northern half of
the municipality and Napindan River, also a tributary of the Pasig forms the
common border of Taguig with Pasig City.
The original 800 farmer-fishermen settlers of the area were good at
threshing rice after harvest. Hence they were referred to as "mgataga-giik," and the
settlement as "pookngmgataga-giik." Spanish friar Fray Alonso de Alvarado,
together with conquistador Rey Lopez de Villalobos who crossed Pasig River to
reach Taguig in 1571 found "taga-giik" difficult to pronounce, and could only
produce the word sounding like "tagui-ig." So many mispronouncements later,
"tagui-ig" was shortened to the present day "Taguig.

City of Taguig
Before the Spaniards came, Taguig was a part of the Kingdom of
Tondo ruled by Rajah Soliman. There were also accounts that Chinese settlements
were once present in the area as revealed by the recent archeological diggings of
various artifacts like cups, plates and other utensils, which bear Chinese
characters. This was believed to have originated from China's Ming dynasty.
Taguig was one of the earliest known territories to have been Christianized
when the Spaniards succeeded in subjugating mainland Luzon through
the Legazpi expedition in 1571. Between the years 1582 and 1583, Taguig was
part of the encomienda of Tondo headed by an Alcalde Mayor, Captain Vergara. It
was in 1587 when Taguig was established as a separate "pueblo" (town) of the
then province of Manila. Captain Juan Basi was its Kapitan from 1587 to 1588.
According to records, Taguig had nine (9) barrios then namely, Bagumbayan,
Bambang, Hagonoy, Palingon, Sta. Ana, Tipas, Tuktukan, Ususan, and Wawa.
Records show that Tipas had once petitioned to become an independent town but
was denied by the Spanish government.
During that time, Taguig was accessible via the Pasig River, which was
connected to two large bodies of water, the Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay. The
population then was estimated to be 800 tributes. The town produced more than
enough rice for consumption but had less sugar cane to mill. The men lived
through fishing while women wove cotton cloth and "sawali" from bamboo strips.
City of Taguig
The people of Taguig were known to have resisted both Spanish and
American colonial rule. During that early period of Spanish colonization. Don Juan
Basi, "Kapitan" of Taguig from 1587 to 1588, took part in the Tondo Conspiracy, an
attempt to overthrow the Spanish government which failed. Basiwas exiled for two
years as punishment. When the Katipunan was on its early years, many from
Taguig became followers and later joined the uprising. The people of Taguig also
joined the revolutionary government of General Emilio Aguinaldo on August 6,
1898.
During the American occupation, they struggled against the forces of
General Wheaton under the command of General PiodelPilar. It was recorded that
on February 6, 1898, Filipino forces including Taguig "revolutionarios" dislodged an
American position in the hills of Taguig, now a portion of Pateros and Fort
Bonifacio. They were defeated eventually by the Americans with superiority in the
armaments and training. Taguig finally fell to the contingent of the First Washington
Volunteer Infantry led by Col. Wholly.
The defeat of the Filipinos after two years of struggle against the American
forces subsequently subjected the Philippines to another system of governance.
On August 14, 1898, United States occupied the islands and established a military
government with General Wesley Meritt as the First Military Governor. He
exercised legislative powers until September 1, 1900.

City of Taguig
At the start of American occupation, Taguig was proclaimed as an
independent municipality with the promulgation of General Order No. 4 on March
29, 1900. The town was subsequently incorporated to the newly created province
of Rizal when the Philippine Commission promulgated Act. No. 137 on June 11,
1901. On October 12, 1903, Taguig, Muntinlupa and Pateros were merged by the
virtue of Act. No.942with Pateros hosting the seat of the municipal government.
The merger did not last long as a month later Muntinlupa was segregated from it
and made part of Biñan when Act. No. 1008 was enacted on November 25, 1903.
However it was returned to Taguig on March 22, 1905 with the promulgation Act.
No.1308. On February 29, 1908, Taguig was again declared an independent
municipality through Executive Order No. 20. Eventually, Pateros separated from
Taguig and both became independent municipalities of Rizal province on January
1, 1918.
It was also during the American Colonial Period that the US government
acquired a 25.78 km² property of Taguig for military purposes. This large piece of
land which had a TCT dated 1902, was turned into a camp and was then known as
Fort McKinley (named after the 25th president of U.S. President William McKinley).
When the Japanese occupied the Philippines in 1942, Fort McKinley was taken
over by the Japanese Imperial Army. They occupied the military camp until the end
of the war in 1945.

City of Taguig
After the Philippines gained its political independence from the United
States on July 4, 1946, the US surrendered the Republic of the Philippines all right
of possession, jurisdiction, supervision and control over the Philippine territory
except the use of the military bases. On May 14, 1949, Fort William McKinley was
turned over to the Philippine government by virtue of the US Embassy Note No.
0570.
Fort McKinley was made the permanent headquarters of the Philippine
Army in 1957 and was subsequently renamed Fort Bonifacio after the Father of the
Philippine Revolution against Spain, Andres Bonifacio.
The town's political subdivision was changed to barangays following the
nationwide implementation of the Integrated Reorganization Plan (IRP) in the
1970s when the country was under Martial Law. The IRP has increased its
subdivisions into 18 barangays, namely, BagongTanyag, Bagumbayan, Bambang,
Calzada, Hagonoy, Ibayo-Tipas, Ligid-Tipas, Lower Bicutan, Maharlika, Napindan,
Palingon, Signal Village, Sta. Ana, Tuktukan, Upper Bicutan, Ususan, Wawa, and
Western Bicutan. In the year 2009, Taguig re-organized and re-arranged the
barangays making a total of 28, the 10 added being Central Bicutan, Fort
Bonifacio, South Daanghari, North Daanghari, San Miguel, New Lower Bicutan,
South Signal,Katuparan, North Signal, Pinagsama and Tanyag. On November 7,
1975.
City of Taguig
Taguig was carved out from the province of Rizal to form the National
Capital Region through Presidential Decree No. 824. Today, Taguig is still one of
the seventeen (17) cities and municipalities that make up Metro Manila.
In 1998, a bill was passed in Congress pushing for the cityhood of Taguig.
The resulting plebiscite in April showed that the citizens were against cityhood. A
recent petition to the Supreme Court sought a recount of the plebiscite and the
Supreme Court on February 19, 2004 ordered the Commission on Elections to
conduct a recount. The recount showed that the residents did want the municipality
of Taguig to become a city (21,105 'yes' and 19,460 'no'). Subsequently, Taguig
became a city on December 8, 2004.
In 2008, the Taguig City council enacted City Ordinances Nos. 24-27, 57-
61, 67-69, and 78, Series of 2008 which created ten (10) new barangays, carving
them out from the initial 18 barangays. Hence, in December 2008, after a
successful plebiscite, Taguig was politically subdivided into twenty eight (28)
barangays. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taguig)
City of Taguig
Theoretical Framework
Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) which seek to enhance crime
prevention and solution, conduct of high police visibility (foot and mobile patrols),
anti-criminality and police security operations-checkpoints/chokepoints operations,
OplanBakal/Sita, saturation drives and other police interventions to address
motorcycle riding criminals, reduce street crimes and crime incidents perpetrated
with the use of firearms. It shall be guided by the QUAD concept of operation
(Intelligence, Operation, Police Community Relations and Investigation) with the
active support of the community and its implementation.
Proactive policing is the practice of deterring criminal activity by showing
police presence and engaging the public to learn their concerns, thereby
preventing crime from taking place in the first place. In contrast, responding to a
complaint after a crime has been committed is reactive policing. Proactive policing
is closely related to the practice of community policing. Community policing's goal
is "problem solving." Community policing emphasizes proactive enforcement that
proposes street crime can be reduced through greater community involvement and
integration between citizens and police. Community policing departments and
officers must commit time to develop a "partnership" with the community to: 1)
Prevent and counter crime; 2) Maintain order; and 3) Reduce the fear of crime.
Police organization is decentralized with every police officer and detective having a
neighborhood to patrol with agreed upon goals and objectives to solve. Police
City of Taguig
officers must feel integrated with the majority of the citizens of the community
where they patrol, and that they perceive themselves as sharing similar values and
beliefs so they are confident in their decision making ability. Each police officer
must get out of their cars (not just drive by and grin and wave) to visit with citizens
and businesses to learn the residents’ concerns and show they're a friend and
protector---in contrast to "strict law enforcement" or "reactive policing" which
doesn't view the citizens as customers.
Conceptual Framework
In connection with the above-cited theoretical framework, a conceptual
framework is developed and analyzed as the model of the study showing the
variables and their implied relations with other variables. The conceptual
framework of the study is the factors affecting the effectiveness of mobile patrol
system of Taguig City Police Station that will be served as the input for policy
enhancement pertaining to its operations. The paradigm of the study as shown in
figure 1 uses the input, process and output (IPO) scheme which will be the outlined
process to reach the preferred objectives of the study.
The first method is the input component, which pertains to the factors to
determine the effectiveness of Mobile Patrol System in Taguig City Police Station
in terms of: manpower, logistics, administrative support, and policy.
The second method is the process component, which pertains to the
procedures that will be used to reach the desired objectives of the study. It
City of Taguig
includes of administration of survey questionnaire, interview, document analysis
and interpretation and analysis of data.
The third method is the output component, which means the inputs of me
study will serve as the basis to formulate an action plan for the enhancement of
policy with regards to mobile patrol system of Taguig City Police Station.
City of Taguig
Conceptual framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Data gathering
Effectiveness of through:
Beat Patrol System
in Taguig City Police - Administration of
Enhanced Policy
Station in terms of Survey for Effective Beat
Questionnaire Patrol System
- Manpower
- Logistics - Interview
- Administrative
Support - Analysis and
- Policy Interpretation of
Data
FEEDBACK
Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

City of Taguig
Statement of the Problems
This research work will deal primarily to determine the level of effectiveness
of Beat Patrol System in Taguig City Police Station as basis for policy
enhancement.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following problems:
1. how do respondents answer the effectiveness of the Beat Patrol System in
selected barangays Police in terms of:
1.1 Manpower;
1.2 Logistics;
1.3 Administrative Support; and,
1.4 Policy?
2. Is there any significant difference in the assessments of the two groups of
respondents on the level of effectiveness of Mobile Patrol System selected
barangays in Taguig City in terms of the above cited variables?
3. What are the problems encountered in the implementation of Beat Patrol
System in selected barangays of Taguig City?
4. Based on the findings of the study, what recommendations may be
formulated to enchance the policy of the Beat Patrol System in Selected
Barangays of Taguig City?

City of Taguig
Hypotheses
There is no significant difference between the assessments of the two groups
of respondents on the level of effectiveness of Mobile Patrol System in Taguig City
Police Station in terms of manpower, logistics, administrative support and policy.
There is no significant difference between the assessments of the two groups
of respondents on the issues and concerns on the extent of effectiveness of Mobile
Patrol System in Taguig City Police Station.
Significance of the Study
This research work will be conducted primarily to determine the level of
effectiveness of Mobile Patrol System in Taguig City Police Station. Furthermore,
this study is aim to enhance its policy in the operation of mobile patrol system
within the City of Taguig in order to combat any forms of criminal activities towards
the maintenance of peace and order and protection of life and properties for a
better place to live and do business. For the most part, this scholarly research work
will benefit the following entities:
Taguig City Police Station, specifically this will benefit the Police
Community Precinct (PCP) the police officers will find this study valuable to their
present situation to determine the level of effectiveness of mobile patrol operations
within their respective jurisdiction, through the findings of this study, this may
identify some issues and concerns which needs to give focus to enhance its policy
City of Taguig
towards the achievement of the fundamental goals of patrol divisions as one of the
line functions of Philippine National Police.
Taguig City, the findings of this study may give a valuable input for the
government of Taguig City to determine the level of effectiveness of police mobile
patrol operations and some factors or issues and concerns encountered by the
patrol officers in every Police Community Precincts (PCP) under the jurisdiction of
Taguig City Police Station that need to be addressed through enhancing the
resources in the implementation of mobile patrol system as the frontliners in
combating crimes and other illegal activities.
Taguig City Barangay Affairs, the patrol officers who conducting patrolling
within the Barangays under their jurisdiction, it is therefore, they are the one who
will be directly benefited with this study in order for them to be aware on the patrol
system being implemented by its respective PCP. Furthermore, the result of this
study will help them to improve the performance of patrol officers through their
close cooperation and coordination and to develop such programs that may
enhance the 24/7 mobile patrol activities specifically on high prone areas where
most of the times there are reported crime incidents.
Philippine National Police (PNP), as the study focuses in Taguig City
which is considered as the premier and globalized city and one of the busiest
business districts in the Philippines, henceforth, the PNP will be able to come-up
with a particular mobile patrol program which is intended specifically on the cities
which has business districts and commercial areas in order to be more effective in
City of Taguig
the conduct of patrol operations towards the maintenance of peace and order in
the specific area of jurisdiction of patrol officers and to deter criminal who has been
motivated to commit crimes because there is a police presence as deemed in the
psychology of police omnipresence.
National and Local Government, the findings of this study will be served
as an input or references of the government in order to identify some issues and
concerns encountered by the patrol officers which may serve as barrier to be fully
effective in the operations of mobile patrol system. Furthermore, this will help them
to identify their primary contributions on addressing the resources that needed by
the PNP particularly on its largest division which is the patrol.
Community, this study will provide them precise and relevant information
pertaining to the objectives and programs of mobile patrol system as they always
observes the mobile car of the PNP that patrolling in their areas. In addition, this
will also enhance the trust and confidence of the community to the PNP as well as
it will enhance the good image of the organization and active participation of the
community in fighting any forms of criminal activities.
Department of Budget and Management, the findings of this study will
help the national and local government to justify the resources needed by the PNP
in order to enhance the operations of Mobile Patrol System towards the attainment
of the objectives of the PNP organization.
Future Researcher, this study will inspire other researchers to conduct
similar and in depth study pertaining to police mobile patrol that will benefit the
City of Taguig
society as a whole. Further, this research work may serve as reference of the
future researcher that guides him/her in tremendous writing of thesis work.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The locale of the study will be focused specifically in every Police Community
Precincts which consists of nine (9) PCPs including the STEU within the
jurisdiction of Taguig City Police Station that located in different Barangay in the
City of Taguig. The study is focused primarily to assess the effectiveness of mobile
patrol system in Taguig City Police Station in terms of manpower, logistics,
administrative support and policy in order to determine some issues and concerns
which need to be given attention that will be considered as the basis of the
researcher to come-up with the policy enhancement as the major objectives of this
study. Furthermore, based on the above-cited factors that will be evaluated, the
researcher will be able to formulate a particular action plan that will improved the
performance of patrol officers particularly in conducting mobile patrol within their
respective area of jurisdiction that will also strengthen the confidence of the
community to the police officers as they doing their functions for the benefits of the
society.
There will be selected two groups of respondents in this study, in which the
first group of respondent will be focused purposively to Police personnel both
Police Commissioned Officers (PCO) and Police Non-Commissioned Officers

City of Taguig
(PNCO) who are assigned in every Police Community Precincts (PCPs) and to
selected Barangay residents because the researcher believed that they are aware
and knowledgeable on the extent of effectiveness of conducting mobile patrol
system. Herewith, the researcher will be distributing a constructive survey
questionnaire and interview to both respondents of the study. This study will be
focused from the period of 2010 to 2014 which measures whether the mobile patrol
system is effective.
Definition of Terms
To facilitate better understanding in this research work, herewith, the terms
cited below are being defined operationally, conceptually and will be used
according to its purpose.
Action Plan, refers to the program which is develop based on the scientific
findings and result of the conducted research work for purposes of enhancing a
particular program of operations which serves as basis for developmental plan.
Administrative Support, it pertains to the effort rendered by the
administration and management through giving of resources needed by the
specific unit, division, department or office under the jurisdiction of the governing
body.
Criminal Activities, it refers to clandestine or illegal activities being
committed by the perpetrator or syndicated criminal.

City of Taguig
Effectiveness, a level to which the actual performance of mobile patrol
officers meets the targeted performance of actions as expected to produce a
desired results based on the formulated objectives.
Enhancement, it is a program that being formulated for the improvement of
the operations of mobile patrol system and development of patrol officers towards
the attainment of the goals and objectives of police patrol.
Input, it is a statement that expresses information which serves as the basis
or references for a particular developmental program for an enhanced operation of
mobile patrol system.
Logistics, it pertains to equipments and mobile cars necessary for an
effective conduct of mobile patrol system.
Manpower, it refers to enough numbers of police officers both
commissioned officers and non-commissioned officers that designated as patrol
officers assigned in Police Community Precinct.
Mobile Car, it pertains to vehicles which are necessary in conducting police
patrol activity especially on the high areas within the jurisdiction of assigned police
community precinct.
Mobile Patrol System, a program of activity with a time horizon and area of
jurisdictions in conducting police patrol operations in order to detect, prevent and
deter would-be potential perpetrators towards the maintenance of peace and order
in the community.
City of Taguig
Patrol Officer, police officers who are conducting a mobile patrol within the
assigned area of responsibility.
Police Patrol, it refers to the major and largest divisions of the Philippine
National Police which is located in the field or community with has specific area of
responsibility or jurisdictions that is mandated to respond to an emergency
situation such as in a reported crime incidents as well as it aims to detect criminal
activities, deter and prevent any person to who might attempt to commit crimes.
Policy, a plan of action adopted by police patrol division which is strictly
implemented that serves as the guidelines in the conduct of mobile patrol system.
Policy Enhancement, refers to an improve rules and regulations in the
implementation of policy acquired for an effective operations of mobile patrol
system.
Police Station, it pertains to specific unit of the Philippine National Police
such as City Police Station or Municipality Police Station which has areas of
responsibilities that is supervised and monitor by the city or municipality mayor as
deputized of the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM).
Respondent, it pertains to a group of people which is divided in to two
categories such as Police Commissioned Officers (PCO) and Police Non-
Commissioned Officers (PNCO) who agreed to be part of the study.
Chapter 2
City of Taguig
Review of Related Literatures and Studies
This Chapter presents a review of literature both foreign and local that
provided the researcher a frame of reference for the present study. Foreign and
Local studies were reviewed, they give the researcher information and relevant
data that helped him formulate the research design and the questions and queries
to be researched on.
Foreign Literature
Crime aspects and law enforcers around the world have long term aware of
the complexities of crime and the importance of crime prevention. Some experts
have published widely on the subject. Any initiative or policy which reduces or
eliminates the aggregate level of victimization or the risk of individual criminal
participation is defined as crime prevention. It includes government and community
based programs to reduce the incidence of risk factors …….. With criminal
participation and the rate of victimization, as well as efforts to change perceptions.
Criminologist such as Gottfredson, McKenzie, Eck, Farrington, Sterman,
Waller and others have been at the forefront of analyzing what works to prevent
crime. Prestigious commission and research bodies, such as the world health
organization, united nations, the united states national research council, the UK
audit commission and so on, have analyzed their and others research on what
lowers rates of interpersonal crime, and they agree that governments must go
beyond law enforcement and criminal justice to tackle the risk factors that cause
City of Taguig
crime because it is more cost effective and leads to greater social benefits than the
standard ways to responding to crime. Interesting, multiple opinion polls also
confirm public support for investment in prevention. Walker (2005) uses these
materials in Lees Law, More Order to propose specific measures to reduce crime
as well as the crime bill.
Some of the highlights of these authorities are set below with some sources
for further reading/ the World Health Organization Guide (2004) compliments the
World Report on Violence and Health (2002) and the 2003 World Health Assembly
Resolution 56-24 for governments to implement nine recommendations, which
were:
1. Create, implement and monitor a national action plan for violence
prevention;
2. Enhance capacity for collecting data on violence;
3. Define priorities for, and support research on, the causes,
consequences, costs and prevention of violence;
4. Promote primary prevention responses;
5. Strengthen responses for victims of violence;
6. Integrate violence prevention into social and educational polices, and
thereby promote gender and social equality;
7. Increase collaboration and exchange of information on violence
prevention;
City of Taguig
8. Promote and monitor adherence to international treaties, laws and other
mechanisms to protect human rights;
9. Seek practical, internationally agreed responses to global crimes and
terrorism.
The European Forum for Urban Safety and the United States Conference of
Mayors has stressed the Municipalities and Cities must be targeting the programs
to meet the needs of youth at risk and women who are vulnerable to violence and
crime. These authoritative bodies agree on the Role of Cities and Municipalities,
because they are best able to organize the strategies to tackle the risk factors that
cause crime.
To succeed, they need to establish a coalition of key agencies such as
schools, job creation, social services, housing and law enforcement around a
diagnosis. Impressive successful policies to reduce crime in cities such as
Birmingham and Bogota illustrate this as do the local neighborhood successes in
Chicago. Primary prevention addresses individual and family level factors
correlated with later criminal participation. Individual level factors such as
attachment to school and involvement in pro-social activities decrease the
probability of criminal involvement.
Family level factors such as consistent parenting skills similarly reduce
individual level risk. Risk factors are additive in nature, as the greater the number
of risk factors present the greater the risk of criminal involvement. In addition there
City of Taguig
are initiatives which seek to alter rates of crime at the community or aggregate
level.
For example, Larry Sherman from the University of Maryland, in Policing
Domestic Violence (2003), demonstrated that changing the policy of police
response to domestic violence calls altered the probability of subsequent violence.
Policing hot spots, areas of known criminal activity, decrease the number of
criminal events reported to the police in those areas. Other initiatives include
community policing efforts to capture known criminals. Organizations such as
America’s Most Wanted, Crime Stoppers, and Most Wanted Foes, help catch the
criminals.
Secondary prevention uses techniques focusing on at risk situations such
as youth who are dropping out of school or getting involved in gangs. It targets
social programs and law enforcement at neighborhoods where crime rates are
high. The uses of secondary crime prevention in cities such as Brimingham and
Bogota have achieved large reductions in crime and violence. Programs that are
focused on youth at risk have been shown to significantly reduce crime.
Tertiary prevention is used after a crime has occurred in order to prevent
successive incidents. Such measures can be seen in the implementation of new
security policies following acts of terrorism such as the September 11, 2001
attacks.
City of Taguig
Several approaches and methods to combat crime have been studied and
evaluate by so many law enforcement agencies around the globe but the current
trend in terrorism and crime caught the world unprepared. One of the tested and
proven approaches that came out lately in handling crime is by involving the
community or through Community Oriented Policing system which is being used by
many countries here in Asia. Community policing began to appear in both the
United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) during the early 1980s (Kelling &
Moore, 1988). The global adoption of community policing that follows was
reflective of a paradigm shift with in many policing organizations from the
professional era to the community era (Thurman et al, 2001). As such, an accepted
definition remains elusive (Moir & Moir, 2002; Fielding, 2005). In its purest form,
community policing can simultaneously be defined as a philosophy and an
organizational strategy (Trojanowicz & Bucquerouz, 2002). A frequently used
structure to frame the impact community policing is intended to have at different
points in policing organization is that developed by Cordner (2004).
Cordner identified four ‘dimensions’ of community policing, encompassing
both the less tangible philosophical elements as well as the practical elements of
community policing.
The philosophical elements of community policing are crucial to its
implementation, as without an understanding and commitment to the central tenets
of community policing both the implementation and the potential benefits to be

City of Taguig
gained will be limited. These elements include: the community as the key priority
for police work (Rosenbaum, 1998); the community as a central to the identification
and response to crime and safety concerns (Moore, 2002), and; broadening the
police role (Bennett, 2004)
Cordner defines the strategic dimension of community policing as including
the “key operational concepts that translate philosophy into action”, linking the
broad ideas and beliefs of community policing to the specific programs and
practices that are implemented. Community policing impacts upon the strategic
directions and operations of policing organizations through: expanding the role and
duties of police officers to enable them to think more laterally, to engage in both
proactive and follow-up activities and to provide a more personalized service
delivery; redeveloping police activities and operations, for example, through
reorienting operations to focus less on patrol and more on local problem solving,
crime prevention education, and developing positive relationships with youth;
emphasizing prevention, focusing on long-term benefits and re-conceptualizing
how the impact of the police work is measured beyond crime rates and
clearance rates (for example, focusing on community perception of safety and
attitudes towards law enforcement); and developing a more localized, community-
specific focus for officers to generate a sense of accountability and responsibility
for specific areas.
The tactical elements of community policing are the concrete programs and
practices that are implemented. These have been wide in scope and varied
City of Taguig
considerably between organizations and have included: establishing community
partnership, through public relations/media campaigns, shop front and mini-police
stations, Neighborhood Watch (Rosenbaum et al, 2003) and; developing problem-
solving techniques to address the underlying causes of identified issues, achieved
through training officers to reorganize problems and to be knowledgeable
regarding possible ways to address them, and officers working with the community
to identify problems, for example though community collaboration and meetings.
Those advocating the adoption of community policing have identified a wide
array of potential benefits. The major arguments can be loosely organized to
include: the mobilization and empowerment of communities to identify and respond
to concerns; a reduction in problems and issues of concern as they are prioritized
and addressed; an improved local physical and social environment; an increase in
positive community attitudes towards police; and reduce fear of crime. Police-
specific benefits include; an improved police-community relationship; an improved
community perception of police “legitimacy”, and an increase in officer
satisfaction with their work. Shared benefits are enumerated as; a decrease
potential for police-citizen conflict; a reduction in crime rates; a better flow of
information between the police and community, and ; better implementation of
crime prevention and crime control activities, as a result of both parties working
together towards shared goals (Hahn, 1998).
Community participation is the cornerstone of community policing. Initiatives
are developed based on the presumption that community members will be both
City of Taguig
willing and able to respond to a community policing initiative. Yet, evaluations of
past initiatives have found that responsive vary considerably-some groups may be
fearful or unappreciative of an increased police presence, others simply may not
have resources to work with the police (Rosenbaum et al, 2002). Community
policing officers must be prepared for an unenthusiastic initial response to an
increased police presence, aware that participation and partnership will not
automatically occur, and understanding that time and effort must be invested to
overcome these barriers (Walker et al, 2002).
A major issue for police organizations when implementing community
policing is the presence of strong personalities and influential groups, who may
dominate discussions and control the initiative’s director (Thurman, et al., 2001).
This is a particularly pertinent issue when there is great variety in the
problems identified by different community policing presents itself as an initiative
for the whole community it ultimately serves the interests of a vocal minority. It is
essential that policing organizations seek to address these issues to ensure
community policing is implemented for the benefit of the whole community.
Community policing initiatives tend to be implemented with little regard to past
initiatives and often neglect to adopt a clear definition of “success”. Many that are
evaluated focus on traditional indicators such as crime statistics and clear-up rates
despite the fact that less traditional objectives are driving the initiative. Community
City of Taguig
policing tends to lack a long-term focus and relatively few evaluations have been
conducted that have produced strong scientific evaluations (Sherman & Eck,
2002). A central recommendation of community policing evaluations including the
Community Patrol Officer Program (CPOP) program that operated in New York
and the Community Police Stations project that was implemented in Victoria,
Canada was the need for rigorous evaluations that employ wide-ranging
methodologies. The lack of rigorous evaluations has limited the continued
expansion of the knowledge base and the ability to identify effective community
policing strategies (Sarre, 2001). Policing organizations must ensure that rigorous
evaluation of community policing initiates occurs prior to the development of future
initiatives.
The decision as to which type of patrol should be implemented is not a
simple one. It in fact requires careful analysis of the situation; the geography of the
area, the feasibility of the plan. The formats that they may be adopted are
numerous. Patrol was intended to be a random. The idea was that by distributing
patrol officers over a wide area and allowing them to just roam through their beats
would not enable criminals to predict police movement. It was felt that this would
allow the police some element to surprise and give them an advantage over their
adversaries. They called this method non-directed patrol (Knickerbocker, 2003).
LocalLiterature
City of Taguig
In the Police Beat System Manual, a police beats consists of any contiguous
inhabited area defined by identifiable boundaries within the area of operation of a
police block (or sub-station_ which a policemen can effectively patrol during his
tour of duty. In rural areas, a Police Beat can consist of blocks of residences such
as a portion, a whole, or a number of barangays. There is no fixed area for Police
Beat. What is important is that its area can be effectively patrolled on foot and
policemen are able respond to calls for police assistance within a matter of
minutes.
The community expects much from the PNP in terms of delivery of basic
public safety services. Generally, the PNP is understood as having only three basic
functions, crime prevention, crime solution, and traffic control. However, among
these three basic functions, the most basic is crime prevention.
At present, the PNP is being critically rated by the community in its crime
prevention program. When we talk about crime prevention or crime deterrence, we
talk about police visibility. This role is performed the police personnel in uniform
who walks around streets and who is always exposed to and in direct contact with
the community. Retired police Major Isaias Alma Jose of WPD in his notes on
police patrol said, “…Police Visibility is their psychological tool to make their
presence felt, so as to give a feeling of security from the law and feeling of fear to
the would criminal. In performing patrol work, the objective is to prevent the
commission of the crime by destroying the opportunity through constant and alert
patrolling” (Integrated Patrol System, 1998).

City of Taguig
Men compose the nation and this nation in order to continue existence has
to police itself, set-up rules and regulations, guide and educate its inhabitants.
Because of the systematic movements and activities of people who at the same
time are governing themselves, the so-called society came into existences. Society
could not exist in a group of people who are living in a territory unless they govern
themselves by rules and regulations because, then, they are not able to establish
peace and order among themselves. The “law of the jungle” would have prevailed.
This means that only the fit will survive. In the jungle, in order that the lion could
continue to live, it has to kill its fellow creatures and use them for food. But man is
higher than animals and plants. He is wise and he uses his power to think unlike
the animals which are only governed by their instincts. So, in order to preserve
himself and mankind, he has to discipline himself society and live in accordance
with the rules and regulations he himself had established (Tradio 2000).
There had been drastic changes in the police service in the last 40 years.
Striving for greater efficiency, the police deviated from the concept of the “Cop on
the Beat” in the 1940s to the idea of more police service in 1950s. Yet, in this
process, what society sees as “police duties and responsibilities” remain the same
to date, in proportion to the demands of the society’s prevailing situations. (Civil
Security, 2008).
Mobile Patrol Units of an urban police station have always assumed an elite
role or image because they not only possess the best equipment but they are also
City of Taguig
the first line of defense in the crime prevention, control, and suppression function
of the police. (Cagsawa, 2005).
A highly capable mobile patrol unit in an urban police station adds credibility
to the police image, in the other hand, mobile patrol units also suffer from a host of
problems especially maintenance, logistics, and sustainability. Add to this the fact
that mobile patrol personnel have also been accorded the notoriety of committing
abuses and even violation of the very laws they are mandated to enforce. Mulcting
and extortion charges are most common including physical abuses, harassment,
and intimidation. (De Leon, 2002).
Crime impairs the overall development of communities. It undermines both
the spiritual and material well-being of people as it breeds a climate of fear and
violence, crime exacts heavy toll on the national economy, as it causes heavy
strain on a country’s financial resources, particularly in terms of increasing cost of
law enforcement. More importantly, crime poses a major threat to national stability.
(PNP Journal, 2007)
Coronel (1996) stated that crime occurs with the presence of the following
elements:
1. Motive – which refers to the reason or cause for the offender to commit
the crime;
City of Taguig
2. Instrumentality – refers to the means or device used to carry out the
crime; and
3. Opportunity – refers to the chance or opening afforded to commit the
crime.
The Philippine Daily Inquirer (2005) in its editorial entitled, “How to
maintain Peace and Security,” advanced various proposals how to prevent the
commission of crimes. The proposals given where as follows:
1. A ban on movies that glorify the criminals, the formation of anti-crime
councils in schools, and the adoption of more stringent libel laws;
2. Improve the economy, establish more industries and businesses, create
more job opportunities, give people a chance to earn an honest living
and reduce the crime rate;
3. The return to foot patrol system, the adoption of the community-based
“Koban” system of Japan, and the fielding of more mobile patrol cars
should help to reduce the crime incidence at the neighborhood, or
community level. At the same time, the police has to be given better
weapons, better transport and more gasoline, and more modern
communication and crime detection equipment, so it can match the
sophisticated weaponry and logistics of the gangs and crime syndicates;

City of Taguig
4. Weeding our undesirable judges. The Daily Inquirer endorsed this
proposal hoping that the Supreme Court and the lower courts can
conduct their own housecleaning; and
5. Another measure that could help reduce criminality is the modernization
of the penal system, make it efficient and impartial, so that no convicted
criminal, be the rich or poor can escape service of sentence. The
certainty that convicted criminals will serve time in prison could be a
strong deterrent to the commissions of crimes. At the same time, the
system of rehabilitation should be improved so that prisoners, once they
have served their sentence, can rejoin the society and become useful
members of their communities.
In his book Criminal Investigation which was first published in 1987,
Tradio stated that campaign against criminality is a war that the police that the
police cannot fight, much less win, alone. The support of the community is an
absolute must. This is one of the problem areas confronting the PNP right now.
Community support seems weak in most part.
Foreign Studies
Gascon (2010), Assistant Chiefs and Director of Operation, Los
Angeles Police Department, for patrol it’s looked at deployment schemes to
assess whether assigned patrol personnel will be deployed to maximize their
impact on crime. This review included an assessment of the number of patrol

City of Taguig
officers assigned to each watch (shift) on each day of the week to ensure
resources were being allocated in clear proportion to evolving crime patters and
community needs. It also reviewed computer dispatching schemes to ensure
efficient allocation of calls for service, including the order of secondary dispatching
protocols to maximize automated dispatching efficiencies based on beat
adjacencies, traffic patterns and work load. Additionally, it examined individual
personnel performance indicators such as patterns of absenteeism, officer
productivity and other sign of supervisory to respond to calls for service and those
uniformed assets primarily dedicated to deal with gangs, and other career
criminals such as burglars, car thieves, illegal drug sales and use etc.
This analysis yielded important findings in each of the fields
examined. For instance, it quickly learned that deployment and programmed
computer aided dispatching protocols were not set up to maximize the use of
existing patrol resources. It also uncovered leadership gaps that were affecting
the employee behaviour in the areas of attendance and productivity. Finally, it will
determined the personnel mix and mission focus between first responders to calls
for service and those primarily assigned to deal with more specially targeted
criminal behaviour such as gang members and other career criminals, could be
improved.
Leichtman, (2007) discussed the importance of the military model throughout
police reform, and how it has coexisted with, rather than been supplanted by, the
professional model. It was revealed that early that early reformer chose the
City of Taguig
military upon which to structure their concept of the urban police. That concept
was refashioned into the professional model as the background of the reformers
change. This new model then replaced the military model in criminal justice
literature, public vernacular, and police self-image, although the military model
continued to exist under the radar. Today the militarization of the police is a major
criminal justice topic, but its recent visibility is actually an ongoing part of the
original reform ideal.
Cohn and terry (2005) focused upon officer perceptions of rapid response to
calls for service, attempting to examine officer’s perception of what their
organization expects of them when responding to calls, particularly emergency
calls of service. Rather than looking at actual response times, it considers how
quickly officers think they should be responding to calls, from both the perspective
of their department and the expectations of the public. It examines whether length
of service, age, and gender are related to their perceptions of rapid response and
whether, in fact, these variables play a greater role in their perceptions than do
organizational expectations. It also asks these officers to examine the relationship
between their perceptions of rapid response and its relationship to community
oriented policing.
. It looked at the effects of the new information technologies on the
organization of policing intelligence and argues that a number of organizational

City of Taguig
pathologies have arisen that make the functioning of security intelligence
processes in high policing deeply problematic. The study also looked at the
changing context of policing and argued that the circuits of the security intelligence
apparatus are woven into, and helped to compose, the panic scenes of the security
control society. Seen this way, the habits of high policing are not the governance of
crisis, but rather governance through crisis. An alternative paradigm in suggested,
viz; the human security paradigm. The paper concludes that, unless senior ranking
policing officers- the police intelligentsia-adopts new ways of thinking, the already
existing organizational pathologies of the security-intelligence system are likely to
continue undermining efforts at fostering security.
Central to the philosophy of community policing is the emphasis on effective
working partnerships with the community. Despite the varied manifestations of
community policing as it is adopted and implemented internationally, it is
impossible to identify some common elements to provide a more comprehensive
picture of what community policing entails. (Peak and Glensor, 2003)
In a study by Morris (2002), city governments and police authorities have to
contend not only with increasingly large population but also of the more
problematic traffic situation. It is for this reason that police station give top priority
to mobile patrol capability and operational thrust in order that they may be able to
cope with the rising tide of criminality. That the ability of an urban police station to
respond quickly to crime victimization is essential to the solution of the crime and
such capability also sends a strong signal that the police are on top of the situation;
City of Taguig
that it has the capability to catch the criminal and overall-it has a deterring
influence to criminal elements.
According to Walter (2004), the speed to police response to calls for
police assistance is usually the barometer which people and other peace and order
stakeholders use in measuring the effectiveness of a police unit, particularly police
station, in addressing the crime situation in its area of responsibility.
The slower the time that police arrives in a crime scene, the more likely that
the perpetrator could escape. The possibility that evidence is tampered, destroyed,
or lost to the curious onlookers is high. There is also a great risk or possibility that
unauthorized persons would enter the crime perpetrators themselves who wanted
to remove the evidence of their crime and prevent their identification.
Community policing has been enthusiastically received and readily
implemented by communities and policing organizations alike over recent decades
to an unprecedented extent. Community policing identifies pertinent issues for
consideration regarding the future of law enforcement policing as a mechanism for
a crime control. It is about police engagement with the community, through
restricting police organization and altering the daily activities of operational police.
However, the implementation of community policing on the ground has resulted in
community policing being “many things to many people” (Mastrofski, 2006). Such
challenges in attempting to engage the wider community to support and participate

City of Taguig
in community policing have been identified in various US evaluations (McElroy,
1998)
Bayley (1995) explained more comprehensively the nature of nature of
policing as it is often referred to as law enforcement, though law enforcement
agencies perform much more functions which policing infers. His study focuses on
a common understanding to many of what policing is, that policing is created by
the community of the social unit from which police agents or units are created, they
are authorized to regulate interpersonal relations within the group through the
application of physical force. He further discussed that police are agents of force,
they are allowed to lay hands on people to mold behavior and without this
authority, and they will be unrecognizable. Internal usage of this force, as Bayley
explained, distinguishes policing from the act of protecting national territory or
security from external threat.
Cameron (1990) presented in his paper the four major approaches being
used by evaluators to define and asses’ organizational effectiveness. First is the
goal oriented approach which defines effectiveness in terms of how well an
organization accomplished its goal. Second is the system resource approach

City of Taguig
where an organization’s effectiveness is judge on the extent to which it acquires
needed resource – that is, the more needed resources an organization can obtain
from its external environment, the more effective is.
Third is the process and operations of an organization. Under this model,
effectiveness is shown by organizations where there is an absence of internal
strain, whose members are highly integrated onto the system whose internal
functioning is smooth and typified by trust and benevolence toward individuals,
where information flows smoothly both vertically and horizontally, and so on.
Fourth is the strategic constituency approach or the participant satisfaction model
where effectiveness is defined as the extent to which all of the organization’s
strategic constituencies are at least minimally satisfied.
Walker (2005) expounded on police forces who find themselves
under criticism for their use of force, particularly deadly weapons. He specifically
mentions that tension increases when a police officer of one ethnic group harms or
kills a suspect of another group. Police departments and local departments that
oversee them in some jurisdiction have attempted to mitigate some of this issues
through community outreach programs and community policing to make the police
more accessible to the corners of local communities, by working to increase hiring
diversity, by updating training of police in their responsibilities to the community

City of Taguig
and under the law, and by increased oversight within the department or civilian
commission.
The Minneapolis 911 study (2011) this study discovered that a small number
of location in Minneapolis accounted for disproportionate number of calls for police
service. A brief period of intensive patrolling reduced or displaced robberies and
other offences in high crime areas and place.
Local Studies
In the study of santianes (2010), police-community partnership in the conduct
of Patrol operations enabled the Caloocan city police to reduce crime incidents
within its area of responsibility. He, however, cited poor capability of mobile patrol
unit operations, problems of communication with the community, and the absence
of CCTV linked with police headquarters. Santianes recommended that mobile
patrol personnel should undergo training on intrapersonal and interpersonal
relation forbetter police-community rapport, and to include CCTV cameras in
mobile patrol units in city.
Macapagal (2010) in his unpublished research paper on the ‘’ anti Criminal
Campaign through Motorcycle Patrol Operations in Quezon City” after his findings
and conclusions were obtained offered the following recommendations: a) the
Quezon City police District should come up with additional members/personnel in

City of Taguig
motorcycle patrols to support its anti-criminality campaign with community and with
sufficient logistical support; b) The Quezon City police district should have regular
motorcycle patrols and establish additional street stations to evenly enhance anti-
criminality campaign through motorcycle operations in Quezon City; and
c) that, Quezon City police District should mobilize community and barangays
for motorcycle patrol visibility on the streets for better anti-criminality campaign
through motorcycle patrol operations in Quezon City.
In his unpublished study entitled “Beat Patrol System in Malabon City,
Ramos, 2010) stated in his conclusions that: a) The conduct of Beat Patrol System
in Malabon City requires a close supervision of assigned supervisors its successful
implementation and b) lack of equipment to be used in the conduct of Beat Patrol
and limited personnel to be deployed in the operation which hindered its operations
as well as the community involvement, intensification of policr visibility in the city of
Malabon.
Ongkiko (2002), in this study about street crimes, conducted that the
ineffectiveness and inefficiency of the Philippine National Police (PNP) in dealing
with street crimes contribute to the continuing increase of crime incidence and the
added boldness and daring of street criminals. Ongkiko assessed how the
residence of Caloocan City viewed their local police unit’s performance and found
that 88% of respondents claimed the police failed to arrive on time to intervene and
control an ongoing criminal offense. In addition, he found that in most cases of
homicide and murder, the scene of the crime investigation is not done by
City of Taguig
responding police personnel and wait for Scene of Crime Operation (SOCO)
before formal investigation is started thereby resulting in loss of much vital
evidence due to uncontrolled crowd gathering at the crime scene.
When asked of their perception on the attitude/behavior of police personnel to
respond in time in case of bank robbery or gang violence, some 89% of the
respondents believed that police deliberately come late at the scene of the crime
for their own personal safety.
The increasing incidence of street crimes has prompted the PNP leadership
to device several measures to address such. Every chief of the PNP had their
respective thrusts and key result areas, all of which point to combating criminality
thru pro-active policing. Since the community feels the brunt of criminality, the
thrust is to enlist community support and participation in reducing the occurrence of
the crime. All of them saw the need for police patrols in every crime prone area.
They all wish they could substantially improve some more on the public safety
concerns. One of their wish lists is to see more policemen in the streets, very
visible and well equipped, either on foot or mobile patrol. (Mateo, 2009)
Mateo (2009), the increasing incidence of street crimes has prompted the
PNP leadership to devise several measures to address such. Every chief of the
PNP had their respective thrusts and key result areas, all of which point to
combating criminality thru pro-active policing. Since the community feels the brunt
of criminality, the thrust is to enlist community support and participation in reducing

City of Taguig
the occurrence of crime. All of them saw the need for police patrol in every crime
prone area.
They all wish they could substantially improve some more on the public
safety concerns. One of their wish list is to see more policemen in the streets, very
visible and well equipped, either on foot or mobile patrol.
PNP Manual PNPM-DO-DS-3-10 Entitled “Police Operational Procedure”.
The Patrol Procedures under Rule 12 are follows:
Section 1. Duties and Responsibilities of Patrol Officers
a. Attend the role call from Formation before his tour of duty for briefing and
likewise attend the Tour of Duty formation for debriefing;
b. Patrol the assigned beats, observe and check suspicious people,
structures/compounds and vehicles:
c. Responds to calls, entertain complaints, initiate the investigations and
protection of the scene and minimize the after effects of accidents, fires and
others catastrophes;
d. Observe and monitor public gatherings, prev disorders and disperse unlawful
assemblies;
e. Prevent crimes and arrest sighted law violators, assuring the public the peace
is preserved;
City of Taguig
f. Inspect and/or conduct surveillance in various in places of business
establishments and other installation and remove hazards to public safety.
g. Assist personnel of responsible agencies/unit in facilitating the flow of traffic at
busy intersections/roads within his Area of Responsibilities (AOR), assist and
provide pedestrian information such as direction and street locations;
h. Conduct home visitations when circumstances warrants, ugnayan/dialogues
with the residents in their beat;
i. Report occurrences and conditions which relate to crime, public peace, order
and safety;
j. Enforce city/municipal ordinances or liquor establishments and night clubs,
cabarets and all houses of ill-reputes; and
k. Check suspicious vehicles (private, public, or commercial/delivery vehicles)
along the highways in the course of their patrol.
l. Patrol officers shall wear the prescribed patrol uniform.
m. Patrol officers must have the equipment necessary in the performance of their
duty.
Ramos (2010) “Beat patrol system in Malabon City”, stated in his conclusions
that a.) The conduct of beat patrol system in Malabon City requires a close
supervision of assigned supervisors its successful implementation and b.) Lack of
equipment to be used in the conduct of beat patrol and limited personnel to be

City of Taguig
deployed in the operation which hindered its operation as well as community,
intensification of police visibly in the City of Malabon.
Santianes (2010), police-community partnership in the conduct of patrol
operations enabled the Caloocan City police to reduce crime incidents within its
area of responsibility. He, however, cited as drawbacks the poor capability of
mobile patrol unit operations, problems of communication with the community, and
the absence of CCTV linked with police headquarters. Santianes recommended
that mobiles patrol personnel should undergo training on intrapersonal and
interpersonal relations for a better police-community rapport, and to include CCTV
cameras in mobile patrol units in the city.
Tecson (2008), eradicating street crimes by the police can be made more
effective through the implementation of a public safety development program
having positive implication in the administration of justice, and welfare of the
community in general. The program will most likely influence the state of public
safety and security, especially by protecting the lives and properties of the people
and providing efficient police service. In like manner, the public safety development
program will also encourage, enlist, and develop the active participation particularly
of street crimes. Thus, a community involved in eradicating street crimes is of
paramount importance to effective law enforcement, maintenance of peace and
order, and ensuring of public safety.

City of Taguig
According to Loares (2007), the incidence of crime in the country is
prejudicial to Philippine society on several counts. First, it undermines economic
growth and development. Second, it critically affects the security on the population
that in turn subjects the people to a feeling of endangerment and, worse,
helplessness. Third, it undermines the political development of our society where
the institutional capability of the Philippine state is continually put to the test.
In a study by Layug (2007), regarding response time of police assistance,
he recommended to fill the need of highly organize Manila Police District complete
with car mobile patrol units, motorcycle patrol units, and SWAT assault units
including special action force unit, adequate logistical support to implement fully
the program of activities of the Manila Police District, enhanced training of
personnel in relation to immediate response to calls for police assistance,
purchase of mobility and communications equipment to support the activities of
the police community relations of MPD. He urged that patrol programs must be
constantly restricted to see and monitor whatever problems arise in their
implementations, and to provide trainings to all law enforcers in all aspects of
police works.
City of Taguig
According to Perez (2007) the conceptual foundation of the Quezon City
police district crime prevention campaign rests on the goal of achieving a
progressive and peaceful community. To operationalize this at the conceptual
level, the study employed system analysis to examine the perceptions of civilian
and police personnel regarding the Quezon City police district mobile patrol unit in
street crime prevention and their visions of a progressive and peaceful community.
The creation and achievement of a progressive and peaceful community is made
by possible by a confluence of factors and processes in a society. The
government, non-government and business sectors all play their corresponding
roles to achieve this social condition. For instance the business sectors contribute
to this goal by providing economic growth and instituting corporate social
responsibility. As for the non-government sectors, they provide social pressure to
abusive social forces and insists on cause-oriented undertakings to emphasize
social commitment.
City of Taguig
Resos (2003) in his “Hard Target – protecting yourself from terrorists and
kidnappers” stated some insights and cited that with every operation, the
experience of PNP operatives and joint teams was enhanced and honed for
optimum operational efficiency. Technical equipment, communication system and
vehicles are critical in mounting successful operations. He recommended the
allocations of resources for procurement of high-tech equipment and other facilities
such as night vision goggles, bullet proof vests, communication equipment,
firearms and field vehicles.
Relatively, De Leon (2005) cited the “Best practices” initiated by the
kamuning police station. He stated that one of the important aspects of law
enforcement is the ability of the police to respond to a crime quickly. To enhance
the mobility of the police, the station created a quick reaction unit through the
deployment of motorcycle tandems and the mobile patrol cars.
The PNP Journal (2011) noted in its column entitled. “PNP Post high public
satisfaction rating”, where in the Philippine information agency (PIA) conducted a
nationwide opinion survey. The study is to determine selected sector’s opinions
about a crime situation in their communities and their assessment of the PNP’s
ability to address the problem.

City of Taguig
The research activity was a one-shot study design which involves face-to-
face interviews, by the PIA staff, of representatives from the different sectors: local
officials, business man, religious, agricultural workers, labor, employees of
government/private organizations, head of government agencies, youth, media and
barangay folk. The interviews were conducted in 51 provinces nationwide with a
total of 1160 respondents. Result of the survey was the police visibility was the
second most common suggestion to improve the police’s performance. About one-
fifth (49%) wants more police foot patrol.
In the same manner, Abogado etal (2000) in the study about the
effectiveness of “Barangay Adopt-A-Cop” program found out that police detailed
with the barangay s it was practiced in the city of Marikina, Paranaque and Makati
City have contributed greatly in improving the police response against criminality
and succeeded in developing positive police-community relations.
Furthermore, Santos’ (2006) study “The Community Based Police Action
Center in the Province of Cagayan: An Assessment” recommended to strengthen
the coordination among the local government units, government agencies, non-
government agencies and other concerned institutions to forge a stronger multi-
sectoral partnership in combating insurgency and criminality in the province of
Cagayan.
City of Taguig
In a study by Abrugena (2011), “Evaluation of Performance of the Police and
Community Partnership: Basis to Uplift the Police Image in the Province of
Batangas” also stressed that in order to have peace and security, there is any to
give emphasis on the advocacy of promoting police-community partnership by
orchestrating the organization of the individuals and institution in order to build a
united front against criminality and other threats.
The increasing incidence of street crimes has prompted the PNP leadership
to device several measures to address such. Every chief of the PNP had their
respective thrusts and key result areas, all of which point to combating criminality
through pro-active policing. Since the community feels the brunt of criminality, the
thrust is to enlist community support and participation in reducing the occurrence of
crime. All of them saw the need for police patrols in every crime prone area. They
all wish they could substantially improve some more on the public safety concerns.
One of their wish lists is to see more police men in the streets, very visible and well
equipped, either on foot or mobile patrol. (Mateo, 2009 “The Five Minutes
Response Time of the Quezon City Police district”)

City of Taguig
Synthesis of Reviewed Literatures and Studies
It has pointed out that the PNP mobile patrol has a good and reliable source
in getting information the researcher have observe that, all too often, forces are
attempting to introduce technology as tools, rather than considering the effect of
that tool on the work process undertaken by those who use it. As a result, complex
issues of organizational and even need for individual to change their work habits
are ignored. Consequently, pilot project may be deemed to have failed when in
facts they have not been introducing a new technologies is related to the different
cultures that operate within any organization, these culture have different motives,
different expectation of outcomes and different way of judging the success of
initiative, thus, the senior management of a force may introduce the technology
with the aim of keeping the officer on the street rather than needing to returned to
the police station to search for or records of information. The information service
division may want a technology success to demonstrate their competency in this
area, while operational officer may see the device ads something that makes to
him or her more anonymous in action. These differences, unless they are
effectively dealt with, are constant source of tension with the force. The relevance
show the complexity of the information task undertaken will vary considerably with
the complexity of the activity. The simple stop and account activity, which result to
the identification of the non – criminal person has very straight forward information
flows.
City of Taguig
The mobile patrolling similarly varied in character with the officer balancing
reconnecting with the local communities with the effective action required to deal
the issues those community raise. The raise complex issues of information
management, in that the priorities for an area to have to be identified effectively,
the local knowledge and the intelligence resource of the police constable and the
police community support officers have to be used to identified action that will
achieve the desire result without damaging relation or abstracting resource from
other areas with a consequent rise in crimes in those areas. The place or person
from which the information is obtained is called a “source” information and
intelligence can be source anywhere and anytime. However, the most important
(and often most under- utilized) source for criminal intelligence is the patrol officers
who are in constant contact with the community and the first to attend to the crime
scene. The more developed the concept of criminal intelligence is the greater
volume of information and intelligence is contributing by the patrol officers

City of Taguig
Chapter 3
Research Methodology
This chapter presents the research methodology which the research design,
population and sample size, sampling technique, description of respondents,
instrumentation include data gathering procedures and statistical treatment of data.
Research Method
The method of research will be employed in this study will be the
documentary analysis. According to Gay, descriptive method involves the
collection of data in order to test hypothesis and to fully describe the Taguig City
Police Station Mobile Patrol System. This particular method and technique will be
chosen because it allowed quantitative and qualitative description of current status,
traits, nature and characteristics of the respondents. It also described and
presented both factual and practical information that were used to evaluate
conditions. Further, it also revealed significant differences of the conditions under
study.
To better understand what descriptive method is, descriptive method is used
to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe
“what exist” with respect to variables or conditions in a situation. The methods
involved range from the survey which describes the status quo, the correlation
study which investigates the relationship between variables, to developmental
studies which seek to determine changes over time. Descriptive research answer
the questions who, what, where, and how.

City of Taguig
Locale of the Study
This study will be focused only at Taguig City Police Station (Police Station
Six) with a total strength of 490 police personnel, situated at Gen. Luna St.,
Tuktukan Taguig City.
Respondents of the Study
The researcher will float 100 survey questionnaire to two-groups of
respondents. The first group is the 50 police personnel in the City of Taguig
particularly assigned in each police sub-station or police community precinct;
second group is the 50 selected Barangay residents. The respondents profile
presented in terms of age, gender, civil status, highest educational attainment,
designation will be presented in the next chapter.
The group of respondents (PNP) has an actual strength of 100 personnel.
The first group of respondents includes Police-Non Commissioned Officers and
PCO’s or Police Commissioned Officers of Taguig City Police Station. The second
group of respondents includes selected Barangay residents of Taguig City.
Instrument Used
The study utilized the primary and secondary sources of data. The primary
source of data came from the actual responses of the two-groups of respondents.
The researcher distributed a questionnaire to the 100 PNP personnel of Taguig
City Police Station who are assigned in the Police Sub-Stations and 100 from the
selected Barangay residents in selected barangays. Simple random sampling will
be used in this study.

City of Taguig
The researcher gathered all the necessary materials in order to make a
rough draft of the questionnaires. These includes books with regards to the
methods of effectively dealing with the implementation of mobile police patrol
system, journals, magazines, newspapers, and articles from the internet that are
related to the study. The researcher also interviewed some individuals to find out
what were their initial perspectives on the effective implementation of mobile police
patrol system.
After the development of the rough drafts, pre-test will make to five (5) top
ranking PNP officials of the Taguig City Police Station in order to help improve the
questionnaires by eliminating the redundant questions and inconsistencies in the
instrument. Criticisms of the persons who participated in dry-ran will be secured
before the rough drafts will be finalized. The five (5) top-ranking PNP officials who
will be participated in the dry-run/ try out/pre-test of the questionnaires will not
included among the actual respondents. The final drafts then will be reproduced.
Afterwards, the researcher will be secured permit from the Chief of Police of
Taguig City Police Station before distributing the drafts of the questionnaires to
selected PNP personnel.
The respondents were selected by the used simple random technique. For
the first group of respondents (Police Personnel assigned in the police sub-
station), the researcher secured a copy of Rooster of Troops from Personnel and
Administrative Department of Taguig City Police Station. Rooster of Troops
contains the complete names of all the personnel of Taguig City Police Station in
City of Taguig
alphabetical order. The researcher selected every fifth person in the alphabetical
list in the Rooster of Troops. They were the one given the questionnaire and has
an opportunity to participate in this study. While stratified random sampling
procedure have done by the researcher in the selection of the second group of
respondents
The questionnaire composed of two parts: part one indicates the personal
information of the respondents like their age, gender, designation, status, highest
educational attainment. The last part is about the problems encountered. The
questions consisted of the following:
The perception of the respondents to Taguig City Police Station in terms of
problems and issues encountered by the police personnel assigned in the sub-
station. These statements of the problem are keys to designing and formulating
questions used for the questionnaires and interviews in gathering information.
The secondary data consisted of collections of information that includes
reference such as Taguig City Police program of mobile patrol system and yearly
incident reports, PNP Statistical report, publications which have bearing on the
study, and other sources of data gathered through survey and research data.
The researcher also used mathematical and statistical tools in order to
interpret the data gathered from the survey questionnaire responses. The Likert 4-
Point Scale will be particularly used by the researcher. Problems encountered by
police personnel (patrol officers) to measure the levels of respondent’s perception.
Validation of Instrument
City of Taguig
The content of the validity of the research instruments will be used is ensured
by consulting the researcher adviser as well as the Dean of the Graduate School
for the constructed instruments to show for the content and meaning of the
questionnaire if it is applicable to float. Correctness of form or structure, which
render the data gathered valid for statistical analysis and validated by a
professional statistician.
The Likert 4-Point Scale was used as basis for the computation of the
Average Weighted Mean (AWM). This scale will be used to measure the level of
respondent’s perception. The Likert-Scale will used in this portion:
Scale Statistical Limits Descriptive Equivalent
4 3.2 – 4 Very Effective
3 2.2 – 3.1 Effective
2 1.2 – 2.1 Moderately Effective
1 1.1 & below Not Effective
Procedures in Data Gathering
Questionnaire. After the approval by the Chief of Police of Taguig City
Police Station to administer the questionnaires, the researcher randomly
distributed the questionnaires based on the Rooster of Troops of Taguig City
Police Station for the PCO and PNCO, base on the data gathered. Some, of the
City of Taguig
questionnaires, however, will be distributed through the help of personnel
departments of the said first group of respondents.
The researcher will be administered the questionnaire depending on the
availability and convenience on the part of the group of respondents.
The questionnaires were coded to identify the respondents participated in
the study. This aided in the speedy retrieval of the floated questionnaires. The
researcher made use of the questionnaire as the primary research instrument
complemented by the personal interview and personal knowledge of the
researcher. Specifically, Part 1 dealt with the personal profile of the respondents
like their age, gender, status, highest educational attainment and designation.
The last part is about the problem and the study. The questions composed
of the following: the perception of the respondents to Taguig City Police Station in
terms of problems and issues encountered by the police personnel (patrol officers)
and the suggested proposal for policy enhancement.
The results will be tallied and tabulated according to the items checked by
the participants. The percentages of the number of checks for each item will be
taken.
Document Analysis. Review of documents pertaining or printed materials
which are relevant on the assessment on the effectiveness of Taguig City Police
Station in effective implementation of mobile patrol system in each police
community precinct/sub-station, the researcher will be included references such as
Taguig City Police blotter and yearly incident reports, publications which has
City of Taguig
bearing to the study, and other sources of data gathered through survey and
research.
Interview. Interview technique in gathering additional data and information
will be used. The researcher conducted unstructured interview to the second group
of respondent which is the selected Barangay residents in Taguig City, since they
are the best persons to objectively to determine the level of effectiveness in the
implementation of mobile patrol system because they are already aware on how
the PNP mobile patrol unit conducting patrolling on their respective area of
responsibilities in order to prevent or deter crimes.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The research will be used mathematical and statistical tools in order to
interpret the data gathered from the survey questionnaire responses.
Percentage will be used to describe the respondents’ personal and
demographic profile.
Formula:
n
P = x 100
N
Where:
P = percentage
n = the frequency and
N = the total no. of responses

City of Taguig
Weighted Mean (WM). This was used to determine the frequency of the
responses to the items that required choices from options in the 4-point Likert
Scale:
Formula:
WM = f5x5+f4x4+f3x3 +f2x2 + f1x1
Where:
WM = Weighted Mean
f = frequency of responses
N = total number of respondents
x = item value of responses
Average Weighted Mean. This was a statistical tool used to obtain the
weighted average for the responses for quantitative analysis
Formula:
AWM = fx
Where:
AWM = Average Weighted Mean
fx = the computed weighted mean
N = total number of responses

City of Taguig
T- Test was used to determine the significant difference between the two groups
of respondents.
1 1
√(n−1)S2+(n−1)S2 X ( + )
n n2
T= n+n2−2
Where:
X1 = Mean of the first data
X2 = Men of the second data
S 2 = Variance of the first data
S22 = Variance of the second data

Beat Patrol

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Beat Patrol

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Beat Patrol

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Republic of the Philippines

Taguig City University 1

The Problem and its Setting

thirds of a department’s personnel. Their main purposes are similar to those of

idea of police patrol became a critical duty of police (Samaha, 2005).

contacts who can provide information.

Taguig City University 2

assigned geographical area. But to successfully address that objective, a patrol

objectives requires constant alertness, an ability to remain calm in highly stressful

environments, negotiation and conflict-resolution skills and problem-solving

issuing tickets, making arrests and investigating suspicious activity. According to

on foot or even on horseback.

"community policing." A patrol officer newly assigned to a district spends time

learning about and exploring the area’s neighborhoods as well as forming

relationships with community members. When a community is familiar with the

with information or evidence.

Taguig City University 3

Other community-based patrol officer objectives include acting as a police

escort, informing community members of available services or conflict-resolution

options and assisting stranded motorists.

Administrative Objectives, after patrol officers complete objectives, they must

officers to easily access information on crimes and communities, which increases

the ability of the police force to solve crimes.

capability as the police and other law enforcement agencies.

Taguig City University 4

appeared to minor them. Despite successive attempts by police forces and

governments to promote community policing, the modern pressures on police have

time for non-incident-based interaction between police and local communities.

Moreover, governmental and organizational pressures to monitor

measurable activities. In a managerial list culture, in which what gets measured

police visibility discourages criminals. Normally, criminals think twice before

officer or police vehicles.

Taguig City University 5

Background of the Study

its mission and function, it conducts constant and intensified anti-criminality

helping improved the mobile patrol system/operation as a leading component of

crime prevention and control in the country’s global city

Commission Officers (PNCOs) as of September 2014. The Station is comprise of

districts of Taguig City.

CY 2011, 938 in CY 2012, 1,833 in CY 2013 and 1,316 as of January to August

category are increasing yearly.

Taguig City University 6

With regards to the number of mobile cars of me in Taguig City Police

for PCP 6; 4 PCP 7; 1 for PCP 8; and, 1 for STEU.

Table 1. Designated Mobile Cars

Police Community Precinct Number of Mobile Car

country. In retrospect, Taguig City Police Station had been confronted by an

were constantly on the rise.

Taguig City University 7

Taguig (Tagalog pronunciation: [taˈɡiɡ]), officially the City of

Taguig (Filipino: LungsodngTaguig), is a highly urbanized city located in south-

eastern portion of Metro Manila in the Philippines. From a thriving fishing

community along the shores of Laguna de Bay, it is now an important residential,

by Muntinlupa City to the south, Parañaque to the southwest, Pasay to the

common border of Taguig with Pasig City.

The original 800 farmer-fishermen settlers of the area were good at

settlement as "pookngmgataga-giik." Spanish friar Fray Alonso de Alvarado,

produce the word sounding like "tagui-ig." So many mispronouncements later,

"tagui-ig" was shortened to the present day "Taguig.