Journal of Engineering and Technology Research Vol. 3(12), pp.

342 - 350, November 2011

Available online at http:// www.academicjournals.org/JETR
DOI: 10.5897/JETR11.082
ISSN 2006-9790 ©2011 Academic Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Performance evaluation of bamboo with morter and

concrete
H. M. A. Mahzuz*, Mushtaq Ahmed, Md. Ashrafuzzaman, Rejaul Karim and Raju Ahmed
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet,
Bangladesh.
Accepted 4 November, 2011

Bamboo has remarkable properties as a construction material, being both light weight and extremely
strength and durable. Moreover it grows all over the Bangladesh; a South Asian lower-middle income
country where rural people is the majority of the total population. Bamboo having considerable tensile
and compressive strength as a construction material is used widely in Bangladesh. But the main
problem that it has is less sustainability. But if it is mixed with some durable material like mortar and
concrete than its durability as well as the strength taking ability will be much higher. This study
concentrates on the strength test of composite members made accompanied by bamboo. It determines
the compressive strength of bamboo, the strength of composite column made of bamboo and mortar in
its hollow area, and the strength of composite column of bamboo and concrete. Different mixing ratios
and cross-sectional areas are used for conducting the study. This study is performed mainly for the
rural areas, where bamboo is of ample amount, steel is rare, expensive or transportation cost is high. In
coastal area the economic condition of people is very poor. In such type of backward area, such study
may be essential for their development as well as an assurance for low cost housing. After the study it
is seen that samples constructed as aid of bamboo can offer respectable amount of strength that can
be safely used for low-cost housing.

Key word: Compressive strength, column, cement, sand, sample, stone, stone chips.

INTRODUCTION

Bamboo is a natural perennial grass-like composite and in rural areas (Rashid, 2007; Shila, 2002). It is also used
contains ligno-cellulosic-based natural fibers. Generally it as a common fuel product in Bangladesh as well as
occurs in the natural vegetation of many parts of tropical, different part of South Asia (Bhatt and Sachan, 2004;
subtropical and mild temperature regions, with about Leach, 1987; Miah et al., 2010). Construction industry is
1250 species identified throughout the world. It reaches one of the most polluting industries in the world.
its full growth in just a few months and reaches its Production of both concrete and steel causes
maximum mechanical resistance in just few years. considerable deterioration of the environment. For
Therefore Bamboo contains tremendous economical example cement requires over 1400°C by burning fossil
advantage as well (Ashrafuzzaman et al., 2010). Its fuel (CS Monitor, 2008; Aziz, 1995). Even the flame
height ranges from 10 cm to even 40 m in height. temperature may reach to 1650°C (Neville, 1995).
Bamboo plays an essential role in the daily life of millions Production of every ton cements results in emission of at
of people in subtropical and tropical regions (Liese, least one ton of CO2 (Baba, 2009). Similarly, production
1987). It is seen that everyday about 2.5 billion people in of per ton of steel releases over two tons of CO2 in the
Asia use bamboo for their everyday work (Scurlock et al., atmosphere (Ghavami, 2007). The steel making process
2000). In Bangladesh, a Southeastern country, bamboo is very energy intensive. The majority of energy used in
is a common material to build low cost houses especially the production of steel comes from coke/coal, electricity,
liquid oxygen, and the raw ingredients themselves
(www.energytechpro.com, 2004). Even transportation of
the construction material is also associated with the
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. emission of CO2 (Scientific American, 2008). Due to high
 Mahzuz et al. 343

The sclerenchyma fibers were more closely packed at the

top section of the bamboo, resulting in a higher strength
capacity of bamboo. The fiber density of sclerenchyma
tissue within the bamboo is a good indicator of the
strength capacity of bamboo (Lo et al., 2004). Though the
tensile strength of bamboo is much lower than that of
steel yet it offers respectable amount of tensile strength
(200.5 MN-m–2) (Carrasco et al., 2002). On the other
hand bamboo in terms of fiber composites and mat
composites offers better strength as well (175.27 MN-m–2
and 110.5 MN-m–2, respectively) (Jain et al., 1992).
However, wide applications of bamboo in civil
engineering were limited by its disadvantages in the past.
The principal disadvantages in its natural form are its
poor bond with concrete, low modulus of elasticity, high
water absorption tendencies, low durability, and low
resistance to fire. Nowadays, some of these
shortcomings can be significantly improved by subjecting
the bamboo to appropriate treatments (Ashrafuzzaman et
Figure 1. Prepared bamboo sample for compression al., 2010).
test.

METHODOLOGY
cost of building materials for low cost housing search of In order to prepare the study, major steps like work procedure
low cost housing material is always a good area of design, sample preparation, laboratory test and comparison of the
research (Mahzuz et al., 2009). Wood based building conducted studies are followed. Four basic types of samples are
materials such as bamboo are the oldest form of building prepared for study at this test; all are accompanied by bamboo at
materials. They are easy to work with, structurally strong different form. The basic types of samples are:
construction material suitable for framing, flooring, a) Bamboo sample alone.
roofing, lining etc (Joseph and Mc-Nally, 2010; Sun et al., b) Composite sample of bamboo with mortar poured in its hole.
2003). Research and developments are also made for c) Composite sample of bamboo with the mixture of cement, sand
the effective utilization of natural fibres from coconut and stone chips poured in its hole.
husk, sisal, sugarcane bagasse, bamboo, jute, wood, d) Bamboo reinforced column sample where bamboo sticks are
used as an alternative of steel.
akwara, plantain and musamba for making concrete
It is to be noted that all the bamboo samples used for this study
(Aziza, 1981). Due to its superior properties like high were at least of 3 years of age. In the following section the
strength to weight ratio, high tensile strength and other preparation of those samples and the test procedures are
factors like low cost, easy availability and harmless to the discussed.
environment during service, bamboo has constantly
attracted the attention of scientists and engineers for use Preparation of bamboo sample
as reinforcement in cement based composites
(Ashrafuzzaman et al., 2010). Modern uses of bamboo as The bamboo samples selected for the study were air dried and
an alternative for construction products such as concrete, worm free. Bamboo was sized into one feet length as shown in
brick and (hard) wood in particular are in increasing Figure 1.The internodal regions of the stem are hollow. The two
demand. Researches are already made pointing how ends of the bamboo were kept perpendicular to the surface/length
of the bamboo. Three replicates were tested under compression
laminated bamboo-frame building could be a direct machine and the average was taken as the result.
alternative for wood-frame building, bamboo having a
great advantage in yearly yield per forest area compared
to wood (Flander and Rovers, 2009). Even bamboo is Preparation of composite sample of bamboo with mortar
used to make footbridge now a days (Laroque, 2007). poured in its hole
Bamboo is a very kin interest for various researchers to Each of the bamboo samples was taken of one feet length as
use as reinforcement in concrete elements (Ghavami, stated above. Then mortar is poured at the hole of the bamboo
2005; Yao and Li, 2003; Ghavami, 1995; Brink and Rush, sample. After curing (28 days) it is prepared for the compression
1966). Different researchers have made their research test. Water/cement ratio was fixed (0.45). The mortar was prepared
about the mechanical properties of bamboo (Lakkad and in three (1:5, 1:4 and 1:3) mixing ratios of cement and sand. Three
replicates were tested for each ratio. Total 9 samples were made.
Patel, 1981; Amada and Sun, 2001; Li et al., 2002;
Curing of mortar was performed for 28 days as shown in Figure 2.
Chung and Yu, 2002). Diameter and age have significant Due to swelling and odorous problem of bamboo, at the 16th day of
effect on the compressive strength capacity of bamboo. curing the samples were dried two days. Then the curing started
344 J. Eng. Technol. Res.

Figure 4. Preparation of bamboo reinforcement

case with tie bar.
Figure 2. Curing of composite sample.

Figure 5. Concrete and bamboo case placed

mould.
Figure 3. Prepared bamboo splints.

Preparation of bamboo reinforced column sample

again. Before the final compression test the sample was air dried Here bamboo splints are made to test their effectiveness as an
two days. alternative of steel in concrete column. The moulds used to create
the samples were circular in shape
Composite sample of bamboo with the mixture of cement, ( Height : 300mm, Dia : 150mm ). Each sample was
sand and stone chips poured in its hole provided with six number of bamboo splints. Three types of splints
of cross sectional area of ( 12.5 × 12.5 ) mm2, ( 8.75 × 8.75 ) mm2
Each of the bamboo samples was taken of one feet length as
and ( 10.75 × 10.75 ) mm2 were used. Two concrete mix ratios
stated above. Then mixture of cement, sand and stone chips (of
about 6.25 mm size) are poured at the hole of the bamboo sample. were used for study purpose (1:1.25:2.5, 1:1.5:3). Three samples
After drying and curing it is prepared for the compression test. Used were made for each mixing ratio and each splint size. That is in total
water/cement ratio was 0.45 as well. The mixture was prepared in 18 samples were made. For all samples water/cement ratio was
three (1: 1.5:3, 1:2:4 and 1:2.5:5) mixing ratios of cement, sand and taken as 0.45. GI weir was used to hold the bamboo splints in
stone chips. Three samples were tested for each ratio. That is in position while concrete is poured in mould (Figure 4). For all sample
total 9 samples were made. After the preparation of the sample it a clear cover of 12.5 mm was maintained. Concrete mix was
was dried for one day in normal weather. Curing of concrete mixture prepared with sand, cement and stone (18.75mm size) . After the
was performed for 28 days as shown in Figure 3. Due to swelling preparation of sample it was dried for one day in normal weather.
and odorous problem of bamboo, at the 16th day of curing the Curing was performed for 28 days. After 28 days excess portion of
samples were dried two days. Then the curing started again. Before the bamboo splints were cut smoothly (Figures 5 and 6). Then the
the final compression test the sample was air dried two days. compression strengths of the samples were determined by the
 Mahzuz et al. 345

Figure 6. Cutting of the excess portion of bamboo splints.

Table 1. Determination of the compressive stress of bamboo.

2
Sample no Outer dia cm Inner di cm Cross sectional area cm Load KN Stress MPa
01 7.44 6.1 14.24 59.1 41.5
02 8.03 6.5 17.46 66.9 38.32
03 7.4 6.2 12.81 55.4 43.22
Average compressive strength of bamboo sample 41.02

Table 2. Determination of stress (ratio 1:5).

Sample no Outer dia cm Inner dia cm Cross sectional area cm2 Load KN Stress MPa
01 7.12 5.9 39.8 36.3 9.2
02 6.82 5.65 36.53 28.6 7.83
03 8.1 6.67 51.53 50.9 9.88
Average compressive strength 8.97

compression test machine. Test results are shown in Table 1.

RESULTS Determination of strength of composite sample of

bamboo with mortar poured in its hole
Relation between the ratio of morter and stress
Test results for the ratio 1:5: The results are tabulated in
Determination of the compressive stress of bamboo Table 2.
Test results for the ratio 1:4: The results are tabulated in
Three samples of bamboo were tested, each of which Table 3.
was about one foot in height as shown in the Figure 1. Test results for the ratio 1:3: The results are tabulated in
346 J. Eng. Technol. Res.

Table 3. Determination of stress (ratio 1:4).

2
Sample no Outer dia cm Inner dia cm Cross sectional area cm Load KN Stress MPa
01 8.01 6.51 50.39 80.1 15.9
02 7.91 6.42 49.14 68.6 13.96
03 7.17 5.69 40.38 29.6 7.33
Average compressive strength 12.39

Table 4. Determination of stress (ratio 1:3).

Sample no Outer dia cm Inner dia cm Cross sectional area cm2 Load KN Stress MPa
01 5.606 4.43 24.68 41.2 14.91
02 5.94 5.09 27.71 44.5 16.1
03 8.28 6.49 53.846 57.9 10.753
Average compressive strength 13.92

Table 5. Determination of stress (ratio1:1.5:3).

Sample no Outer dia cm Inner dia cm Cross sectional area cm2 Load KN Stress MPa
01 6.29 5.12 31.07 42.8766 13.80
02 7.25 5.93 41.28 58.4112 14.15
03 8.24 6.78 53.326 78.1226 14.65
Average compressive strength 14.20

Table 6. Determination of stress (ratio1:2:4).

Sample no Outer dia cm Inner dia cm Cross sectional area cm2 Load KN Stress MPa
01 7.17 5.69 40.37 51.3 12.71
02 7.52 6.23 44.41 57.4 12.925
03 6.91 5.45 37.50 46.7 12.453
Average compressive strength 13.45

Table 4. Relation between the ratio in the basis of their

strength capacity

Test of bamboo reinforced sample

Relation between the ratio of (cement+sand+stone
chip) Test results for the ratio 1:1.25:2.5: (splint size of bamboo
2
=(12.5 × 12.5 ) mm ):
Determination of strength of composite sample of
bamboo with the mixture of cement, sand and stone Total cross sectional area of bamboo = 6 x12.5x12.5 =
chips poured in its hole 937.5 mm2, the results are tabulated in Table 8.

Test results for the ratio 1:1.5:3. The results are tabulated Test results for the ratio 1:1.25:2.5 (splint size of bamboo
in Table 5. = (10.75 × 10.75 ) mm2):
Test results for the ratio 1:2:4.The results are tabulated
Total cross sectional area of bamboo =6 x10.75 x 10.75
in Table 6.
=693.5 mm2
Test results for the ratio 1:2.5:5.The results are
tabulated in Table 7. The results are tabulated in Table 9.
 Mahzuz et al. 347

Table 7. Determination of stress (ratio1:2.5:5).

Sample no Outer dia cm Inner dia cm Cross sectional area cm2 Load KN Stress MPa
01 8.12 6.42 51.78 63.21 12.21
02 7.4 5.93 43.01 53.31 12.4
03 7.06 5.43 39.21 49.9 12.73
Average compressive strength 12.44

Table 8. Determination of stress.

For the 1:1.25:2.5 For the ratio 1:1.5:3

Bamboo ratio ( ρ b )
Cross sectional area Bamboo reinforcement Load Stress Load Stress
Sample No. Diameter (mm)
(mm2) (cm2)
Bamboo area KN MPa KN MPa
Gross concrete area
01 150 17670 937.5 410.06 22.48 403.31 22.11
02 150 17670 937.5 0.053 360.81 19.78 366.28 20.08
03 150 17670 937.5 385.07 21.11 374.12 20.51
Average compressive strength 21.12 20.90

Table 9. Determination of stress.

For the 1:1.25:2.5 For the ratio 1:1.5:3

Bamboo ratio ( ρ b )
Cross sectional area Bamboo reinforcement Load Stress Load Stress
Sample No. Diameter (mm)
(mm2) (mm2)
Bamboo area KN MPa KN MPa
Gross concrete area
01 150 17670 693.5 347.13 19.03 391.82 21.48
02 150 17670 693.5 388.53 21.30 364.09 19.96
03 150 17670 693.5 0.039 409.69 22.46 365.91 20.06
20.50
Average compressive strength 20.93
348 J. Eng. Technol. Res.

Table 10. Determination of stress.

For the 1:1.25:2.5 For the ratio 1:1.5:3

Bamboo Ratio ( ρ b )
Cross sectional area Bamboo reinforcement Load Stress Load Stress
Sample No. Diameter (mm)
(mm2) (mm2)
Bamboo area KN MPa KN MPa
Gross concrete area
01 150 17670 460 391.27 21.45 382.69 20.98
02 150 17670 460 374.85 20.55 336.55 18.45
0.026
03 150 17670 460 366.64 20.10 381.24 20.90
Average compressive strength 20.7 20.11

8.97 Mpa respectively. That is the stress got at bamboo ratios are, 0.053, 0.039 and 0.026
Test results for the ratio 1:1.25:2.5 (splint size of the mix ratio of 1:3 is 12.35% higher than that of respectively. It is to be noticed that at higher
bamboo = ( 8.75 × 8.75 ) mm2 ): the mix ratio of 1:4, and the stress got at the mix bamboo ratio there higher resistance against load.
ratio of 1:4 is 38.13% higher than that of the mix Tables 8, 9 and 10 show the result of the tests of
Total cross sectional area of bamboo = 6 × 8.75 × ratio of 1:5. It means that at lower stress ratio samples related to these types of sample. Finally
8.75= 460 mm2, the results are tabulated in Table composite members provide better strength. the summery of the result is shown in Figure 9.
10. Tables 2, 3 and 4 show the result of the tests of
samples related to these types of sample. Finally
the summary of the result is shown in Figure 7. Conclusion
DISCUSSION Composite sample of bamboo with the mixture of
Bamboo is one of the oldest materials used for the
cement, sand and stone chips poured in its hole
construction of houses and other structures. As an
The observed results mainly focus on the strength have shown higher strength than the composite
excellent building materials it is relatively cheap,
of the elements where bamboo is used at different sample of bamboo with mortar poured in its hole.
easy to work with and readily available in most of
forms. It is seen from the study that compression It is seen from the test results that at the mix ratio
the countries where bamboo grows. The
test of bamboo gives an average stress of 41.02 of 1:1.5:3, 1:2:4 and 1:2.5:5 the average stresses
importance of bamboo as a construction material
Mpa that is a good value to resist moderate loads are 14.20, 13.45 and 12.44 Mpa respectively.
particularly for housing has received a greater
especially of low cost buildings because load of That is the stress got at the mix ratio of 1:1.5:3 is
attention in recent years. In Asia, traditional
low cost buildings are not so high. Such bamboo 5.58% higher than that of the stress of the mix
bamboo houses of the low-income group use
can be safely used as the feasible alternative of ratio 1:2:4, and the stress got at the mix ratio of
bamboo for supporting the structure. Even when
concrete column. If more than one bamboo is 1:2:4 is 8.12% higher than that of the mix ratio of
other materials are used, bamboo forms a major
used than the resulting composite column can 1:2.5:5. It means that at lower stress ratio
part of the unit. Low cost bamboo houses are a
provide more resistance against more load. Table composite members provide better strength.
cheap and safe alternative to the shelters of
1 shows the quantitative result of the compressive Tables 5, 6 and 7 show the result of the tests of
plastic, wood and stone that are currently being
stress test of bamboo samples. The Composite samples related to these types of sample. Finally
used by many homeless people. These houses
sample of bamboo with mortar poured in its hole the summery of the result is shown in Figure 8. At
are made from prefabricated and natural bamboo
also shown respectable amount of stress before Bamboo reinforced concrete three types of
generally associated with other kinds of building
failure. At the mix ratio of 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5 the bamboo area are used having the same gross
materials like wood, mud, brick and concrete as
average stresses are 13.92 Mpa, 12.39 Mpa and area. Two types of mix ratios are used. The
per necessary so as to make house in different
 Mahzuz et al. 349

15

S tres s in MP a
13.92
10 12.39
8.97
5

0
R atio 1:3 R atio 1:4 R atio 1:5
Figure 7. Strength of column at different ratio of mortar.

15
14.2
S tres s in MP a

14 13.45
13 12.44
12

11
R atio 1:1.5:3 R atio 1:2:4 R atio 1:2.5:5.5
Figure 8. Strength of column at different ratio of concrete.

21.6
21.12
20.9 20.93
21
S tres s in Mpa

20.7
20.5
R atio-
20.4 1:1.25:1.5
20.11 R atio-1:1.5:3

19.8

19.2
937.5 mm^2 693.5 mm^2 460 mm^2
C ros s -s ec tional area of B amboo s plint
Figure 9. Comparison between the ratio in the basis of their strength capacity.

appearances and to increase durability. The global not sacrifice quality, durability or space. In stead it allows
shortage of housing materials especially in the an option that is feasible for populations of scarce
developing countries is such that it warrants serious resourced areas like introducing bamboo in mortar and
consideration. Of all the advantages of bamboo housing concrete based on the observed resting strength using
technology, the most important is its low cost that does different mixing techniques and ratios. Further studies are
350 J. Eng. Technol. Res.

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