Rony-123 Original 1

A STUDY ON THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN CARBORUNDUM UNIVERSAL Ltd.
“A STUDY ON OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN

CARBORUNDUM UNIVERSAL Ltd.”
Dissertation submitted to
MAHATMA GHANDHI UNIVERSITY, KOTTAYAM

In partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Submitted by
RONY C GEORGE
Reg.no:130021063612
Under the guidance of
Prof. SHIBI PRADEEP

Department of Business Administration
BHARATA MATA COLLEGE,THRIKKAKKARA

KOCHI,KERALA
2013-2016
BHARATA MATA COLLEGE , TRIKKAKARA 1

BHARATA MATA COLLEGE
Department of Bachelor of Business Administration
(Affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University)
Thrikkakara, p.o.cochin-682 021, Kerala
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this dissertation entitled,”A study on the Occupational Health and
Safety inCarborundum Universal Ltd.”is an authentic record of work done by Rony C
George,under my guidance and supervision and in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of Bachelor of Business Administration of Mahatma Gandhi university,and it has not
previously basis for the award of degree,fellowship,associateship etc.
He is allowed to submit this dissertation.
Head of the Department Project Guide
Prof. Manjula R Iyer Prof. Shibi Pradeep
External examiner

DECLARATION
I RONY C GEORGE, hereby declare that the project report on “A STUDY ON

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN CARBORUNDUM UNIVERSAL Ltd.”
submitted to the Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam, in partial of original work done by me
during the period of December 2015 to January 2016 under the guidance of Ms.Shibi
Pradeep,Professor of Bharata Mata College, Thrikkakara
This work has not been taken or submitted elsewhere in connection with any other
academic course.
Place:Thrikkakara
Date: RONY C GEORGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I thank my GOD ALMIGHTY who helped me to complete this
project successfully.
I extend my sincere thanks to Prof. Jose joseph Puthussery, Principal and Prof.
Manjula R Iyer, Head of department for his assistance and moral support in the completion of
my project. I take this opportunity to thank all the teachers of the teachers of the commerce
department for their valuable suggestion.
I proudly utilize this great opportunity with great respect and love to express my sincere
thanks and gratitude to my esteemed guide Prof. Shibi Pradeep, Department of Bachelor of
Business Administration, Bharata Mata College Thrikkakara for his great
encouragement,valuable suggestions and above all for his excellent guidance.I am really very
thankful to her.
I also thank all the respondents who spend their valuable time to answer the questionnaire
and contributed to the success of my project.
Finally I thank all my dear friends and my dear parents for their help and cooperation for
the completion of the project.
Place:Thrikkakara RONY C GEORGE
Date:

TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter CONTENT Page

no No.
1 Introduction 8 - 13
2 Industry profile and company profile 14 - 21
3 Theoretical Framework 22 - 38
4 Data analysis and Interpretation 39 - 62
5 Finding Suggestion & Conclusions 63 - 71
 Bibliography
 Annexure

LIST OF TABLES
Sl. No. CONTENT Page No.

1 Age of the respondent 40
2 Management’s commitment towards health and safety of 41
employees
3 Training on safety 42
4 Safety manual 43
5 Functioning of safety committee 44
6 Medical check ups 45
7 Induction method to safety 46
8 Injury rate 47
9 Safety policy 48
10 Safety audit 49
11 Emergency team 50
12 Employee involvement in decision making 51
13 Rest room and First –Aid facilities 52
14 Statutory warnings and instructions 53
15 Personal protective equipment 54
16 Feeling of safety in organisation 55
17 Medical team 56
18 Mock drills 57

SI.NO CONTENT PAGE

NO
19 Overall satisfaction of health and safety 58
20 Hygienic conditions in and around firm 59
21 Insurance for employees 60
22 Increase in morale 61
23 Efficient feedback system 62

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Occupational health and safety is a discipline with a broad scope involving many specialized
fields. In its broadest sense, it should aim at:
 the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-
being of workers in all occupations;
 the prevention among workers of adverse effects on health caused by their working
conditions;
 the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse
to health;
 the placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment adapted to
physical and mental needs;
 The adaptation of work to humans.
In other words, occupational health and safety encompasses the social, mental and physical well-
being of workers that is the “whole person”.
Successful occupational health and safety practice requires the collaboration and participation of
both employers and workers in health and safety programs, and involves the consideration of
issues relating to occupational medicine, industrial hygiene, toxicology, education, engineering
safety, ergonomics, psychology, etc.
Occupational health issues are often given less attention than occupational safety issues because
the former are generally more difficult to confront. However, when health is addressed, so is
safety, because a healthy workplace is by definition also a safe workplace. The converse, though,
may not be true - a so-called safe workplace is not necessarily also a healthy workplace. The
important point is that issues of both health and safety must be addressed in every workplace. By
and large, the definition of occupational health and safety given above encompasses both health
and safety in their broadest contexts.

Prevention of workplace accidents and injuries is the aim of an effective occupational

health and safety (OH&S) program. Having a safe work environment where prevention is the
key to an organization's success is important to all workplace parties — employers, workers
including supervisors and managers, and OH&S committees. When all workplace parties work
co-operatively to incorporate safe work practices and procedures into their daily work activities,
the savings in human and financial costs are immeasurable. When workplace accidents and
injuries occur, the costs are high for workers and employers. For example, workers may sustain
an injury or illness leading to pain and suffering, a disruption in their daily lives, a loss in their
regular wages, and a negative impact on their families. Employers also experience loss; for
example, a decrease in worker morale and the loss of experienced workers; an increase in costs
arising from repair and/or replacement of equipment, materials, and product; and administrative
costs such as time to hire or re-train replacement workers. Development, implementation and
evaluation of an OH&S program will be instrumental in preventing workplace accidents and
injuries and the associated costs for both employers and workers. This booklet is designed to
provide all workplace parties with a basic overview of an OH&S program. It gives an outline of
the legislative requirements for provincially and federally regulated workplaces, the roles and
responsibilities of workplace parties, and a description of an OH&S program.
1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Work plays a central role in people's lives, since most workers spend at least eight hours a
day in the workplace, whether it is on a plantation, in an office, factory, etc. Therefore, work
environments should be safe and healthy. Yet this is not the case for many workers. Every day
workers all over the world are faced with a multitude of health hazards, such as:
 dusts;
 gases;
 noise;
 vibration;
 Extreme temperatures.

Unfortunately some employers assume little responsibility for the protection of workers'
health and safety. In fact, some employers do not even know that they have the moral and often
legal responsibility to protect workers. As a result of the hazards and a lack of attention given to
health and safety, work-related accidents and diseases are common in all parts of the world.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
 To develop in the workplace a collaborative approach to managing occupational health

and safety between management and employees.
 To provide and maintain safe working procedures and operations
 To promote awareness and develop preventive strategies against potential workplace
risks and hazards
 To provide appropriate training to all staff.
 To maintain a constant and continuing interest in the improvement of occupational health
and safety performance
1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The topic selected for the study is “A study on OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND
SAFETY IN CARBORUNDUM UNIVERSAL Ltd.”
Occupational health and safety encompasses the social, mental and physical well-being
of workers. Occupational health and safety is the organizational commitment towards the
workers. The studies will design to investigate the effectiveness of measures taken by the
organization to ensure health and safety of its employees.
The present study is an attempt to analyse the occupational health and safety at
carborundum universal Ltd.
1.5 RESEARCH METHEDOLOGY
Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problems. It is the

scientific steps that are generally adopted by the research in studying this problem along with the

logic behind them. The advanced learner’s dictionary of current English lays down the meaning
of research as “a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any
branch of knowledge”.
 Research Design
 Data Collection
 Sampling Techniques
RESEARCH DESIGN:
Research design contains:-
 A clear statement of research problem.

 Procedure and techniques to be used for gathering information.
 Population to be studied and
 Methods to be used in processing and analyzing data
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
The type of research chosen for the study is descriptive research. In descriptive research
various parameters will be chosen and analyzing the variations between these parameters. This
was done with an objective to find out the motivation level of the employees
SAMPLING DESIGN (Simple random sampling)
In the simple random sampling, more commonly known as simple random sampling,
every element in the population has a known and equal chance of being selected as a sample. The
respondent has different type of characteristics and spread across various groups. Standard form
of appraisal is being used irrespective of the class of the employees, so everyone knows about
the system. Each and every employee has something to contribute towards the study. The
employees have been selected from the list randomly.

SAMPLE SIZE
In this study also convenience sampling is applied. The sample size of the study is 50employees.
DATA COLLECTION
The data collected by the researcher were purely based in the primary data and was less
dependent on secondary data.
PRIMARY DATA
Primary data were collected through questionnaire method
SECONDARY DATA
The secondary data was collected from personal department files and records, company
brochures, magazines and journals.
STATISTICAL TOOLS USED IN THE STUDY
The collected data had been subject to analysis by using appropriate tools percentage method.
For tabulation of data, the researcher used the following statistical techniques.
PERCENTAGE METHOD:
Percentage analysis:
Percentage refers to special kind of ration. It is used in making comparison between two or more
series of data. It is used to describe relationship. It is used to analyses the data. Bar chart, pie
charts were used to explain tabulation clearly.
Formula:
Percentage (%) = Number of respondents X 100
Total number of respondents

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:
 Findings based on this study cannot be used in other organizations.

 There are chances of misrepresentation responses.
 The biased view of the respondent is another cause of the limitation.
 It was able to cover only those employees who were currently working in the company.
 To create good image, respondents may give responses vary from the facts.

CHAPTER 2
INDUSTRIAL PROFILE AND
COMPANY PROFILE

2.1 INDUSTRY PROFILE
ALUMINIUM OXIDE INDUSTRY
Aluminum oxide industry is one of the major Industries in India.India is considered to be the
fifth largest producer of Aluminum in the world.It accounts to around 5% of the total deposits
and produces about 0.8 million tons of aluminum. Aluminium is the most widely used oxide
ceramic material. Its applications are widespread, and include spark plugs, tap washers,
electronic sub stares, grinding media, abrasion resistant tiles, cutting tools, bio-ceramics and
laboratory ware and wear parts etc.It is estimated that if the country’s aluminum consumption
rate maintains, it’d be having the reserves for over 350 years.
GLOBAL SCNENARIO
Aluminium represents second largest metal found in earth’s crust, making it only second to
silicon. Growing demand for lightweight metal is propelled majorly by emerging economies
such as China that consumes large share of world’s aluminium production. In the year2011,
China’s automotive industry growth rate increased from 7% to 14%. The European Union also
plans to introduce stringent CO2 emision regulations for automobiles which will inevitably boost
high demand for aluminium. Aluminium which is lighter than steel is widely used to make cars
that are more efficient. Small quantity of aluminium such as 1Kg can be used as a substitute for
heavier metals in the car industry which reduces gas consumption by 8.5 litres and generates
20Kg less CO2 emissions.
INDIAN SCENARIO
India is considered to be the fifth largest producer of Aluminum in the world. It accounts to
around 5% of the total deposits and produces about 0.8 million tons of aluminum.In India, CUMI
is one of the leading players in aluminum oxide grains. Apart from CUMI, Grind well Norton,
Orient and SNAM Abrasives are the others. Imports from China are also a major source of
electro minerals for the India Market. Aluminium is most widely used oxide ceramic material. Its
applications are widespread. Carborundum Universal Ltd. Is the largest high alumina ceramic
manufacturing company in India. They pioneered the manufacture of coated and bonded
abrasives in India, besides super refractories, electro minerals, industry ceramics and ceramic

fibres. The company’s major customers include bearing, automobile, alloy steel, forging,
fabrication and general engineering works.
SWOT ANALYSIS ON INDIAN SCENARIO

Strengths
 Abundant resources of aluminium ore
 Low cost and efficient labour force
 Strong managerial capability
 Strong globalized industry
 Emerging global competitiveness
 Modern new plants and modernized old plants
Weaknesses
 High cost of energy
 Higher duties and taxes
 Labour laws
 Dependence on imports for aluminium manufacturing equipments and technology
Threats
 Market fluctuations and China’s export possibilities
 Global economic slow down
 Governance issues
 Environmental concerns
Opportunities
 Rapid urbanization
 Increasing demand for consumer durables
 Untapped rural demand
 Increasing interest of foreign aluminium producers in India
 Globalisation

2.2 COMPANY PROFILE
Established in year 1954,“Carborundum Universal Limited”, are among the eminent

organizations engaged in manufacturing, supplying and exporting Electrical & Hydraulic
Stackers, Plastic & Hydraulic Pallets, FRP Grating and Porous Tiles,Power Tool & Drilling
Machines, Abrasive Grinding and Cutting Wheels. Manufactured in accordance with industry
laid guidelines and standards, these products are appreciated by the clients for their exceptional
performance, durability, low maintenance and robustness. Stringently tested on different
parameters before the final dispatch, these products are available in various specifications as well
as in custom-built range to match the needs of the patrons.
They have constructed a state-of-the-art infrastructure, which is sprawling over a vast area and
enables us in conducting all our business related activities, under a single roof. Loaded with
modern machines and tools, this facility helps us in completing our trade tasks in a smooth
manner and within the stipulated time period. Our infrastructure is well connected with different
transportation modes, which results in timely delivery of the products to the customers place.
Factors like superior quality product-line, market leading prices, customer oriented approach and
ethical trade practices, we have gain the faith of numerous clients across the region of
Australia/NZ, Indian Subcontinent, East/Middle Africa, North Africa, South/West Africa, East
Europe, East Asia, Central America, North Europe, Middle East, South America, South/West
Europe, South East Asia and North America.
Under the tutelage of their mentor, they have created a niche for themselves in the highly
competitive market. His vast experience & knowledge of this domain, constant motivation and
leadership qualities have resulted in winning the confidence of numerous clients across the
region.

MURUGAPPA GROUP
Carborundum Universal Ltd (CUMI) a part of 4.4 billlion US $ conglomerate - Murugappa

Group CUMI is the pioneer and leader in Abrasives, Ceramics, Refractories, Electro minerals
and Bio Ceramics and Power Tools. In their group, they have few other prominent organizations
like CUMI Abrasives, CUMI Electro Minerals, CUMI Industrial Ceramics and CUMI Super
Refractories. Their group has its presence all our world and is counted among the top players of
the industry. Today they are among the distinguished manufacturers of abrasives & ceramics and
also recognized as a pioneer manufacturer of coated abrasives and bonded abrasives. Their
products are manufactured in ten locations across various parts and the range offered comprises
20,000 different varieties of refractory products, abrasives and electro-minerals.

ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
MANAGING DIRECTOR
SENIOR VP OF EMD
GENERAL MANAGER GM
R&D PRODUCTIONS
AGM AGM AGM SR MANAGER SR MANAGER

COMMERCIAL ACCOUNTS MARKETING HR Eng. Dept.
SR MANAGER
MANAGER DEPUTY MANAGER
JR OFFICERS & SUPERVISORS
EXECUTIVES
STAFF & OPERATIVES

STRATEGIC INTENT
 VISION
“we will be admired technical ceramic company driven by innovation continuously

enhancing stakeholder wealth”.
 MISSION
“we will steadily improve EMD ‘s profitability and grow aggressively in new products
and micro grits”.
2.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
They are among the distinguished organizations engaged in manufacturing, supplying

and exporting a comprehensive range of Hydraulic & Battery Operated Pallet Trucks, Electrical
& Hydraulic Stackers, Plastic & FRP Pallets, FRP Grating and Sheets, Porous Tiles,Power Tool
& Drilling Machines, Abrasive Grinding and Cutting Wheels. All these products are
manufactured under the guidance of experienced professionals, who strictly follow the
established norms and standards of the industry. Appreciated for their durability, least
maintenance, robustness and performance, all these products are available in various
specifications to match the needs of the customers.
The products range offered by us is mentioned as under:
CATEGORY PRODUCTS
Bonded Abrasive cutting and Grinding Wheels  Cutting Wheel

Tools  Grinding Wheels
Material Handling Equipment  Hydraulic Pallet Trucks

 Electric Pallet Truck
 Hydraulic Manual Stacker
 Semi Electric Stacker
 Ful Electric stacker
 Drum Lifter
 Drum Tilter
 Plastic Pallet
 Table Lift

 Scissor Lift Table

 Hand Truck
 Forklift
FRP Gratings & Sheet  FRP Gratings & Sheet
Powe r Tools  Angle Grinder

 Tile Cutter
 Circular SAW
 Cut off Machine
 Hammer & Rotary Hammer
 Pipe Threading Machine
 Drilling Machine
Industrial Supplies  Paper Rolls

 Buffing Wheels
 Flap Wheels
 Flap Discs
 Floor Pads
 Polishing Pads
 Hydraulic Oil – CD40 Rust Preventer
2.4 CARBORUNDUM UNIVERSAL,EDAPALLY UNIT.
 In 1962 November 29,Sri V.V.Giri,Governor of Kerala laid the foundation stone of

Carborundum Universal Ltd, Edapally. The work started and supported with the
technological collaboration of Carborundum Company USA & Universal Grinding wheel
Company UK.
 Production started in 1995 with a few number of staff and workers and average
production was 65 tons per month. During 1966-67,850 tones was the production. After
that, the company gained strength from the committed efforts of staff and workers. Now
the production is around 1800 tons per month.
 The momentum gained in the production enhanced the company to export its products.
CUMI, Edapallybagged the prestigious Commendation award for the energy conservation
from Kerala govt. for the year 1997-98, in the major industries category.
 The company started exporting and as a result when demand rose starting plant 2 at
Edappally unit in the year 1994 did expansion. The plant has modern machines and

operations carried out computerized manner. The capacity of plant 2 is 850 tons per
month.
Products manufactured at CUMI, Edapally
 Brown Fused Alumina(Cumite B)

 White Fused Alumina(Cumite W)
PLANTS
 CUMI Edapally has 2 plants:

 Plant 1
 Plant 2
PLANT-1
Brown Fused Alumina is the main product from Plant 1.It is used for grinding metals of high
tensile strength.
PLANT-2
Main product of unit is White Fused Alumina (WFA) .The Company has a furnace which is
Tiling Furnace, first plant in India having Tiling furnace for producing White Alumina.
White Fused Alumina (WFA) is made from Calcined Alumina and is a friable product.

CHAPTER 3
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

INTRODUCTION
Occupational safety and health (OSH) also commonly referred to as occupational health
and safety (OHS) or workplace health and safety (WHS) is an area concerned with the safety,
health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment.The goals of occupational safety
and health programs include to foster a safe and healthy work environment. OSH may also
protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers, and many others who might be
affected by the workplace environment. In common-law jurisdictions, employers have a common
law duty to take reasonable care for the safety of their employees. Statute law may build upon
this to impose additional general duties, introduce specific duties and create government bodies
with powers to regulate workplace safety issues: details of this will vary from jurisdiction to
jurisdiction.
DEFINITIONS
As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) "occupational health deals with all aspects
of health and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on primary prevention of
hazards.Health has been defined as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Occupational health is a multidisciplinary
field of healthcare concerned with enabling an individual to undertake their occupation, in the
way that causes least harm to their health. Health has been defined as it contrasts, for example,
with the promotion of health and safety at work, which is concerned with preventing harm from
any incidental hazards, arising in the workplace.
Since 1950, the International Labor Organization (ILO) and the World Health Organization
(WHO) have shared a common definition of occupational health. It was adopted by the Joint
ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health at its first session in 1950 and revised at its
twelfth session in 1995. The definition reads:
"The main focus in occupational health is on three different objectives: (i) the maintenance and
promotion of workers’ health and working capacity; (ii) the improvement of working
environment and work to become conducive to safety and health and (iii) development of work

organizations and working cultures in a direction which supports health and safety at work and in
doing so also promotes a positive social climate and smooth operation and may enhance
productivity of the undertakings. The concept of working culture is intended in this context to
mean a reflection of the essential value systems adopted by the undertaking concerned. Such a
culture is reflected in practice in the managerial systems, personnel policy, principles for
participation, training policies and quality management of the undertaking."
— Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health
Those in the field of occupational health come from a wide range of disciplines and professions
including medicine, psychology, epidemiology, physiotherapy and rehabilitation, occupational
therapy, occupational medicine, human factors and ergonomics, and many others. Professionals
advise on a broad range of occupational health matters. These include how to avoid particular
pre-existing conditions causing a problem in the occupation, correct posture for the work,
frequency of rest breaks, preventative action that can be undertaken, and so forth.
"Occupational health should aim at: the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of
physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention amongst
workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers
in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and
maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and
psychological capabilities; and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to
his job.”
HISTORY
The research and regulation of occupational safety and health are a relatively recent
phenomenon. As labor movements arose in response to worker concerns in the wake of the
industrial revolution, worker's health entered consideration as a labor-related issue.
In the United Kingdom, the Factory Acts of the early nineteenth century (from 1802 onwards)
arose out of concerns about the poor health of children working in cotton mills: the Act of 1833
created a dedicated professional Factory Inspectorate. The initial remit of the Inspectorate was to

police restrictions on the working hours in the textile industry of children and young persons
(introduced to prevent chronic overwork, identified as leading directly to ill-health and
deformation, and indirectly to a high accident rate). However, on the urging of the Factory
Inspectorate, a further Act in 1844 giving similar restrictions on working hours for women in the
textile industry introduced a requirement for machinery guarding (but only in the textile industry,
and only in areas that might be accessed by women or children).
In 1840 a Royal Commission published its findings on the state of conditions for the workers of
the mining industry that documented the appallingly dangerous environment that they had to
work in and the high frequency of accidents. The commission sparked public outrage which
resulted in the Mines Act of 1842. The act set up an inspectorate for mines and collieries which
resulted in many prosecutions and safety improvements, and by 1850, inspectors were able to
enter and inspect premises at their discretion.
Otto von Bismarck inaugurated the first social insurance legislation in 1883 and the first worker's
compensation law in 1884 – the first of their kind in the Western world. Similar acts followed in
other countries, partly in response to labor unrest.
WORKPLACE HAZARDS
Although work provides many economic and other benefits, a wide array of workplace hazards
also present risks to the health and safety of people at work. These include but are not limited to,
"chemicals, biological agents, physical factors, adverse ergonomic conditions, allergens, a
complex network of safety risks," and a broad range of psychosocial risk factors. Personal
protective equipment can help protect against many of these hazards.
Physical hazards affect many people in the workplace. Occupational hearing loss is the most
common work-related injury in the United States, with 22 million workers exposed to hazardous
noise levels at work and an estimated $242 million spent annually on worker's compensation for
hearing loss disability. Falls are also a common cause of occupational injuries and fatalities,
especially in construction, extraction, transportation, healthcare, and building cleaning and
maintenance. Machines have moving parts, sharp edges, hot surfaces and other hazards with the
potential to crush, burn, cut, shear, stab or otherwise strike or wound workers if used unsafely.

Biological hazards (biohazards) include infectious microorganisms such as viruses and toxins
produced by those organisms such as anthrax. Biohazards affect workers in many industries;
influenza, for example, affects a broad population of workers. Outdoor workers, including
farmers, landscapers, and construction workers, risk exposure to numerous biohazards, including
animal bites and stings, urushiol from poisonous plants, and diseases transmitted through animals
such as the West Nile virus and Lyme disease. Health care workers, including veterinary health
workers, risk exposure to blood-borne pathogens and various infectious diseases, especially
those that are emerging.
Dangerous chemicals can pose a chemical hazard in the workplace. There are many
classifications of hazardous chemicals, including neurotoxins, immune agents, dermatologic
agents, carcinogens, reproductive toxins, systemic toxins, asthmagens, pneumoconiosis agents,
and sensitizers. Authorities such as regulatory agencies set occupational exposure limits to
mitigate the risk of chemical hazards.
Psychosocial hazards include risks to the mental and emotional well-being of workers, such as
feelings of job insecurity, long work hours, and poor work-life balance. A recent Cochrane
review - using moderate quality evidence - related that the addition of work-directed
interventions for depressed workers receiving clinical interventions reduces the number of lost
work days as compared to clinical interventions alone. This review also demonstrated that the
addition of cognitive behavioral therapy to primary or occupational care and the addition of a
"structured telephone outreach and care management program" to usual care are both effective at
reducing sick leave days.
IDENTIFYING SAFETY AND HEALTH HAZARDS
HAZARDS, RISKS, OUTCOMES
The terminology used in OSH varies between countries, but generally speaking:
 A hazard is something that can cause harm if not controlled.

 The outcome is the harm that results from an uncontrolled hazard.

 A risk is a combination of the probability that a particular outcome will occur and the
severity of the harm involved.
“Hazard”, “risk”, and “outcome” are used in other fields to describe e.g. environmental damage,
or damage to equipment. However, in the context of OSH, “harm” generally describes the direct
or indirect degradation, temporary or permanent, of the physical, mental, or social well-being of
workers. For example, repetitively carrying out manual handling of heavy objects is a hazard.
The outcome could be a musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) or an acute back or joint injury. The
risk can be expressed numerically (e.g. a 0.5 or 50/50 chance of the outcome occurring during a
year), in relative terms (e.g. "high/medium/low"), or with a multi-dimensional classification
scheme (e.g. situation-specific risks).
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
Hazard identification or assessment is an important step in the overall risk assessment and risk
management process. It is where individual work hazards are identified, assessed and
controlled/eliminated as close to source (location of the hazard) as reasonably as possible. As
technology, resources, social expectation or regulatory requirements change, hazard analysis
focuses controls more closely toward the source of the hazard. Thus hazard control is a dynamic
program of prevention. Hazard-based programs also have the advantage of not assigning or
implying there are "acceptable risks" in the workplace. A hazard-based program may not be able
to eliminate all risks, but neither does it accept "satisfactory" – but still risky – outcomes. And as
those who calculate and manage the risk are usually managers while those exposed to the risks
are a different group, workers, a hazard-based approach can by-pass conflict inherent in a risk-
based approach.
RISK ASSESSMENT
Modern occupational safety and health legislation usually demands that a risk assessment be
carried out prior to making an intervention. It should be kept in mind that risk management
requires risk to be managed to a level which is as low as is reasonably practical.

This assessment should:
 Identify the hazards

 Identify all affected by the hazard and how
 Evaluate the risk
 Identify and prioritize appropriate control measures
The calculation of risk is based on the likelihood or probability of the harm being realized and
the severity of the consequences. This can be expressed mathematically as a quantitative
assessment (by assigning low, medium and high likelihood and severity with integers and
multiplying them to obtain a risk factor), or qualitatively as a description of the circumstances by
which the harm could arise.
The assessment should be recorded and reviewed periodically and whenever there is a significant
change to work practices. The assessment should include practical recommendations to control
the risk. Once recommended controls are implemented, the risk should be re-calculated to
determine of it has been lowered to an acceptable level. Generally speaking, newly introduced
controls should lower risk by one level, i.e., from high to medium or from medium to low.
IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSH)
Occupational safety and health is that discipline of management that is concerned with protecting
the safety, health and welfare of employees, organizations, and others affected by the work they
undertake.1 Occupational safety and health standards are broadly classified into four groups or
categories.2
Standards which aim at guiding policies for action, such as the Occupational Safety and
Health Convention, the Occupational Health Services Convention and their accompanying
Recommendations.
Protection in given branches of economic activity including mining, the building industry,
commerce and offices and dock work.

Measures of protection, e.g. guarding of machinery, medical examination of young

workers, maximum weight of loads to be transported by a single worker.
Protection against specific risks: e.g. ionizing radiation, benzene, asbestos, prevention of
occupational cancer, prevention of air pollution, noise and vibration in the working environment
and safety in the use of chemicals including the prevention of major industrial accidents .
There are both direct and indirect costs of accidents that occur at workplace which is due to lack
of OSH in organizations. While direct costs are those costs that are attributed to the medical
treatment of the employee, cost of finding and training a replacement for the period of sickness
of the employee and damage to the equipment in case of accidents. Indirect costs constitute
underutilization of capacity of production, reduced life span of equipment that have been
repaired after the damage and reduction in sales due to adverse publicity of poor OSH standards.
Keeping in view the above costs involved OSH management systems are advocated for the
following reasons:-
Ensure that there is a safe and healthy working environment
Identify and control actual and perceived hazards
Encourage safety and health management
Comply with legal and organizational obligations to avoid costly litigations
Constantly evaluate the environment to improve existing safety & health standards.
Ensure correct recording and reporting of adherence or violations of safety and health norms.
Identify needs and provide training on safety and health
To avoid economic losses due to loss of productive man hours, reduction in efficiency,
human resource turnover and negative reputation in the market.
In a joint press release issued by WHO & ILO in Geneva on 25 Apr 2005, it has been
estimated that while job related accidents and illness claim more than two million lives annually,
there are almost 268 million non-fatal workplace accidents in which the victims miss at least
three days of work as a result, as well as 160 million new cases of work-related illness.3 In a

later press release of the ILO during the 95th ILO conference held at Geneva from 31 May to 16
June 2006 the ILO estimates that nearly 6,000 workers die every day due to work related
accidents or illness the worldover.4 This huge deficit in manpower will definitely have a
negative impact on the scales of economics. Therefore, the importance of good OSH
management systems in organizations cannot be undermined and neglected.
CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTS
On an international scale, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labor
Organization (ILO) have begun focusing on labor environments in developing nations with
projects such as Healthy Cities. Many of these developing countries are stuck in a situation in
which their relative lack of resources to invest in OSH leads to increased costs due to work-
related illnesses and accidents. As a 2007 Factsheet from the European Agency for Safety and
Health at Work states: "Countries with less developed OSH systems spend a far higher
percentage of GDP on work-related injury and illness – taking resources away from more
productive activities . . . The ILO estimates that work-related illness and accidents cost up to
10% of GDP in Latin America, compared with just 2.6% to 3.8% in the EU." There is continued
use of asbestos, a notorious hazard, in some developing countries. So asbestos-related disease is,
sadly, expected to continue to be a significant problem well into the future.
WORLD DAY FOR SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORK
On April 28 The International Labour Organisation celebrates "World Day for Safety and
Health" to raise awareness of safety in the workplace. Occurring annually since 2003, each year
it focuses on a specific area and bases a campaign around the theme.
OHS IN INDIA
India, a growing economy and world's largest democracy, has population exceeding 1.2 billion.
Out of this huge number, 63.6% form working age group. More than 90% work in the informal
economy, mainly agriculture and services. Less than 10% work in the organized sector; mainly
industry, mining and some services. New service industries like Information Technology (IT),
Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) are increasing rapidly; so is the proportion of females in

the workforce. The occupational safety and health (OSH) scenario in India is complex.
Unprecedented growth and progress go hand in hand with challenges such as huge workforce in
unorganized sector, availability of cheap labor, meager public spending on health, inadequate
implementation of existing legislation, lack of reliable OSH data, shortage of OSH professionals,
multiplicity of statutory controls, apathy of stakeholders and infrastructure problems. The
national policy on OSH at workplace, adopted by the government in 2009, is yet to be
implemented. Some of the major occupational risks are accidents, pneumoconiosis,
musculoskeletal injuries, chronic obstructive lung diseases; pesticide poisoning and noise
induced hearing loss. The three most important OSH needs are: 1. legislation to extend OSH
coverage to all sectors of working life including the unorganized sector; 2. spreading the
awareness about OSH among stakeholders; 3. development of OSH infrastructure and OSH
professionals. Other issues include integration of occupational health with primary health care.
LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR OSH IN INDIA
India being a Socialist country and great importance being placed on the welfare and wellbeing
of the citizens, the basic statutory requirements of OSH have been embedded in the Constitution
of India, which every organization is legally bound to follow. Apart from this there are also a
plethora of statutory Acts, Rules and Regulations which spell out the mandatory requirements to
maintain a minimum level of OSH standards. In addition, by virtue of being a member of the
WTO and ILO, India has ratified and signed various International treaties and covenants which
endure to promote occupational safety and health. Therefore, it is essential that the OSH
management systems at the bottom level, i.e., organizational level should encompass all these
statutory requirements for them to be effective.A model that can be adopted for designing OSH
standards in an organization is given below in Figure 1.

National
guidelines and
statutory
requirements on
International OSH standards
guidelines and Tailored
statutory guidelines on
requirements on OSH standards
OSH standards
OSH
Management
systems in
organizations
The primary objective of having these standards specified by law are to:-
 Ensure minimum and uniform standards of OSH throughout the country and dispense the
differences in its administration by various agencies
 Provide yardsticks for measurements and evaluation of OSH standards, and
The provisions for OSH provided in the various statutory frameworks in India are as under:-
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA.
Article 21. Under the ambit of Article 21 of the Constitution that provides for protection of life
and personal liberty, the Courts in India have been liberal in its interpretations and have
encompassed various issues in their judgments which highlights that OSH is necessary for
protection of life. In one case the Supreme Court has ruled that public health and ecology have
priority over loss of revenue, therefore organizations cannot ignore and refuse to implement OSH
measures on the plea that it is non profitable. The Apex Court has also ruled that checks and
safeguards should be adopted to guard against the ill effects of radiation of X rays, necessity of
pollution free air and water for full enjoyment of life
Article 24. This article restricts the employment of children below the age of fourteen years in
any factory or mine or in any other hazardous employment.

Article 39 (e) & (f). These articles requires the States to direct its policies towards ensuring that
the health and strength of workers are not abused and provide for opportunities and facilities for
children to develop in a healthy manner and protect them against exploitation.
Article 47. This article requires the States to formulate policies that aim towards improving
public health and raise the standard of living.
With such wide and unlimited scope for interpretations, these articles can be effectively
employed to ensure that OSH management systems put in place by organizations can actually
improve the OSH standards and not provide mere lip service to the cause.
Apart from the Constitution, some other important Statutory Acts which stipulate the OSH
standards to be followed in various industries are as under:-
The Apprentices Act, 1961 – Section 14
The Atomic Energy Act, 1962 – Section 17
The Beedi and Cigar Workers (Condition of Employment) Act, 1966 – Section 8 to 17
The Building and other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of
Service) Act, 1996 -Section 28 to 38
The Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 – Section 13
The Contract Labor (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 – Section 16 - 19
The Factories Act, 1948 – Section 11 to 49
The Inter State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service)
Act, 1979 -Section 16
The Mines Act, 1952 – Section 19 to 21
The Plantations Labor Act, 1951, Section 8 to 18
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has also published IS 15001: 2000 Indian Standard on
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems— Specification and Guidance for Use,
which is based on OHSAS 18000 and adapted to the Indian needs. In IS 15001 the process of
improving OSH has been broadly classified under the following heads - planning,
implementation & operation, measurement & evaluation, and management review. Similarly,
The National Building Code, 2005 published by the BIS specifies the safety measures that have

to be adopted in the construction industry, which is the second largest occupation provider after
agriculture and provides livelihood to almost 10 percent of the country’s population.9
The objectives of all these Acts and standards is to ensure that employers take all practicable
steps to ensure the health and safety of the employees at work by:
providing a safe working environment, and maintaining facilities for staff members' safety
and health,
ensuring plant and equipment on the premises are safe,
ensuring staff members are not exposed to hazards,
developing emergency procedures,
ensuring that no action or inaction by any employee is likely to cause harm to themselves or
any other person, and
create a safety organisation within the organisation to evaluate and monitor the OSH aspects,
Unfortunately, none of these Acts stipulate any minimum threshold levels of OSH standards that
have to be adopted. This has led to complication in its interpretation, implementation and
monitoring.
PROBLEMS FACING IMPLEMENTATION OF OHS MEASURES IN INDIA
In spite of the labyrinth of laws there have been many hurdles in effectively implementing OSH
measures across the country. According to the data for the year 2001available with the ILO for
India there have been 3, 02,000 work related deaths amongst an economically active population
of 444 million. Some of the reasons which have been identified as the culprits for the ineffective
implementation of OSH measures are:-
Incorrect assessment of risks. The basic requirement before formulation of any Act
pertaining to OSH is to assess the potential risks & hazards accurately and thereafter evolve
measures to prevent them or reduce their probability of occurrence. However, in India there are
no laws governing OSH in the major occupations, i.e., agriculture and construction industry.
Agriculture being the major occupation in the country, there are no laws or standards of OSH to
be followed in the agricultural industry. These workers are exposed to water borne diseases,

fumes of pesticides and other air pollutants which not only causes deaths but also long term non-
fatal illness. Being in the unorganized sector of the industry, like the construction industry, there
are no laws governing their functioning, monitoring and reporting of accidents mechanisms.
Accidents due to mechanized farming, some of which are fatal take place regularly all over the
country but are not reported. The incidents in Mangalore, Karnataka, where in large number of
villagers took ill and also children with deformities were born was traced to the use of pesticides
for the cashewnut crop which is grown in the area, or in Kerala where children born with
deformities were traced to consumption of fishes which were infected with chemicals in the
fertilizers used for agriculture are all example of the neglect of OSH aspect in the largest industry
in the country. Even according to ILO reports the use of pesticides causes some 70,000
poisoning deaths each year, and at least seven million cases of acute and long-term non-fatal
illnesses.11
The NBC 2005 has addressed the OSH aspects in the construction industry and comprehensive
guidelines have been issued. Part 7 of the Code lays down the aspects of safety that have to be
adhered to during construction activities. Unfortunately, all these involve finances and the
investments does not reap any returns to the contractors. Hence, the effectiveness of these
guidelines needs to be assessed in a realistic manner.
Government Policies.
The creation of Special Economic Zones (SEZ) in the country to encourage development of
backward areas by providing subsidies is another stumbling block in the implementation of OSH
measures. Since these industries are established in backward areas the main objective is to
generate employment. Efforts to implement stringent OSH measures may be counterproductive
and lead to closure of the industries. A case in example is Mahindra Industries who had to shut
down their plant in Mysore in the mid 80’s due to the death of a few workers during construction
and negligence due to inadequate OSH measures. So in this Catch 22 situation enforcing
implementation of OSH measures may not be a easy task. Realistic review of the situation and
redrafting of statutory laws of OSH measures will have to be done to strike a balance between
the economic policies and functional requirements.

The tendency of industries to grow around existing and developed communication hubs puts
tremendous pressure on the scarce resources and increases their prices exorbitantly. In their
endeavor to maximize profits the first victim of cost reduction will be OSH aspects. For example
the cost of land, electricity and water, which are the basic essentials for the establishment of an
industry, are high in and around the developed cities and are inescapable expenditures. However,
the fourth essential commodity, human resource is available in surplus and cheaply, thanks to the
unemployment and poverty in the country that the management does not even have to blink an
eyelid in exploiting them. This calls for realistic Environmental Impact Assessments, which has
to address the issues of OSH along with the other issues and cater for the costs of
implementation of OSH measures in the initial project proposals.
Composition of the workforce. With a major chunk of the economically active workforce
being uneducated, migratory in nature and from the unorganized sector, it is very difficult to
make them realize the importance of OSH practices and standards. Also, the employers play
truant in implementing OSH measures and exploit the helpless conditions of the employees and
resort to OSH measures as an eyewash for the inspecting staff of the various Government
agencies. The precarious conditions of the employees due to poverty and unemployment
problems in the country, restricts them against raising their voice over OSH issues. Exorbitant
costs of litigation, time delays in deciding cases relating to labor issues and reluctance of
employers to implement awards by judgments deters employees from engaging in legal battles
over these issues. Any attempts to implement OSH measures without the active and sincere
participation of all stakeholders is futile. Legislations to prevent harassment of employees who
champion the cause of OSH will go a long way in improving OSH standards in the country.
Inadequate Enforcing Authorities. According to a study carried out, the number of Health
and Factory Inspectors in India are far too small. For example, for the NCT of Delhi, there are
only three Factory Inspectors. They were in charge of 6496 factories covered by the Factories
Act at the end of 1999. That is not even one Inspector per 2000 factories, whereas a reasonable
ratio would be one per 250, i.e. 24 Inspectors in all. Due to this scarcity of staff, regular visits to
companies are virtually impossible, and inspectors react only when complaints are lodged or

accidents are reported.12 Therefore, enforcement is more of reactive nature rather than proactive
which is preferred for successful implementation of OSH measures.
Minuscule Penalties. The economic gains obtained by violation of the OSH provisions
listed out in the Act outweighs the penalties specified by leaps and bounds and hence there is no
fear or hesitation to violate them. For example The Factories Act, which is the leading Act with
regards to OSH standards, specifies a fine of Rs 500 for the violation and Rs 75 every day
thereafter for every day the contravention is continued.
Lack of Collective Consensus on OSH issues. The associations of employees do not take
any initiative in insisting on implementation of OSH measures. There is always a tradeoff for the
economic incentives in the form of bonus and other perks against the insistence of OSH
measures in the industry. Issues related to accidents are addressed after occurrence and settled
with compensation without any preventive measures being contemplated. OSH is the last thing
on any trade unions agenda. Till date there has been no record of any trade union championing
the OSH issues during negotiations.
Lack of Data. Revision of legislation to keep pace with the changing environmental
demands can be undertaken based on realistic data which has to be collected, compiled and
analyzed. Even though India has ratified the C 160 Labor Statistics Convention, 1985, on 01 Apr
1992, and is required to collect, compile and publish basic labor statistics, this has not been done.
In the absence of realistic data, revision of existing laws to encompass the changed
environmental conditions into its realm cannot be undertaken.
CONCLUSION
Occupational Safety and health is an important aspect for the progress of the country and to
improve the economic condition of the nation and its citizens. New technologies and
developments at the work place, the work environment and work organizations and the growing
mechanization and industrialization in the country which is the result of globalization has given
rise to new thresholds of occupational and work-related diseases and injuries. In addition,

demographic changes in working populations call for new strategies and programme to counter
occupational safety and health hazards in the country. International treaties mandate that local
laws must be in confirmation with certain obligations stipulated by them. Legislations must cater
for these changing demands of the industry.
Safety and health at work are important matters and should be given due consideration in
policies at all levels i.e. national and organizational levels. Safety and health at work are
preventable and the endeavour should be to prevent them at the very onset by using legislative,
technical, research, training and education, information, and economic instruments. Safe designs
of the work place and processes are of prime importance to prevent and reduce the risks and
hazards which threaten occupational safety and health. Practical experiences have illustrated that
preventive measures are economically beneficial in the long run and also increases employee
morale, reduces employee turnover and improves market credibility. In a country like India
where there are vast cultural, educational and ethical values differences, legislations can only act
as guidelines. The employers must realize their moral responsibility towards the country and
their employees and sincerely attempt to enforce OSH measures without comparing the
economic returns for their investments.

CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS

TABLE 4. 1
Years working with the organization
Items No. of Respondents % of Respondents

0-5 Years 10 20
5-10 Years 20 40
10-15 Years 15 30
< 15 Years 5 10
Total 50 100
Graph 4.1
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0-5 Years 5-10 Years 10-15 Years < 15 Years
Graph 4.1
INTERPRETATION
From the above bar diagram we can understand that 10% of employees are working for 0-5years,
40% for 5-10 years, 30% for 10-15 years, and 5% for more than 15 years.

TABLE 4. 2
Rating Managements Commitment towards health and Safety of employees.

Highly Satisfactory 27 54
Satisfactory 20 40
Average 3 6
Dissatisfactory 0 0
Highly Dissatisfactory 0 0
Total 50 100
Graph 4.2
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Highly Satisfactory Satisfactory Average Dissatisfactory Highly Dissatisfactory
Graph 4.2
INTERPRETATION
From the above bar diagram we can understand that 54% of employees have ratedmanagement’s
commitment for safety as highly satisfactory whereas 40% have rated satisfactory while 6% has
rated only average.

TABLE 3
Rating Safety training provided by the Organisation

Satisfactory 20 40
Average 3 6
Dissatisfactory 0 0
Total 50 100
Graph 4.3
Highly Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Average
Dissatisfactory
Highly Disatisfactory
INTERPRETATION
From the above pie diagram we can understand that about 54% of employees are highly satisfied
with the safety training provided by the organization, 40% are satisfied and 6% are averagely
satisfied.

TABLE 4
Table showing that the organization has a safety manual

Yes 50 100
No 00 00
Total 50 100
Graph 4.4
100
90
80
70
60 Graph 4.4
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes 0
INTERPRETATION
from the above diagram we can understand that 100% of employees are conscious about safety
manual of the organization.

TABLE 5
Rating overall functioning of safety committee in the organization

Satisfactory 20 40
Average 4 8
Dissatisfactory 1 2
Total 50 100
Graph 4.5
Highly Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Average
Dissatisfactory
Highly Dissatisfactory
INTERPRETATION
From the above pie diagram we can understand that 50% of the employees are highly satisfied
with the overall functioning safety committee, 40% are satisfied, 8% are averagely satisfied and
2% are dissatisfied.

TABLE 6
Table showing the duration of Medical Check ups

1-3 months 00 00
3-6 months 50 100
6-9 months 00 00
1 year 00 00
Total 50 100
Graph 4.6
120
100
80
60
Graph 4.6
40
20
0
1-3 months 3-6 months 6-9 months 1 year
INTERPRETATION
From the above diagram we can understand that 100% of employees are aware about medical
facilities offered by the firm.

TABLE 7
Rating induction method to safety offered by the organisation

Satisfactory 14 28
Average 13 26
Dissatisfactory 2 4
Total 50 100
Graph 4.7
Highly Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Average
Dissatisfactory
INTERPRETATION
with the induction method of training to safety, 28% are satisfied, 26% are averagely satisfied
and 4% are dissatisfied with induction method.

TABLE 8
Table showing the injury rate in the organisation

High 3 6
Average 15 30
Low 32 64
Total 50 100
Graph 4.8
High
Average
Low
INTERPRETATION
From the above diagram we can understand that 64% has testified that injury rate has decreased
to a great extend whereas 30% has marked injury rate as average and 6% has marked it as high.

TABLE 9
Table showing the rating of safety policy of the organisation

Strict 32 64
Moderate 15 30
Lenient 3 6
Total 50 100
Graph 4.9
70
60
50
40 Graph 4.9
30
20
10
0
Strict Moderate Lenient
INTERPRETATION
From the above diagram we can understand that 64% of employees have rated safety policy of
the organization as strict whereas 30% has an opinion that safety policy is moderate and further
6% has an opinion that it is lenient.

TABLE 10
Table showing whether there is daily audit for safety in workplace

Yes 50 100
No 0 0
Total 50 100
Graph 4.10
No
Graph 4.10
Yes
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
INTERPRETATION
From the above diagram we can understand that 100% of employees assure that company
conducts daily audit for safety in workplace.

TABLE 11
Table showing whether the organization have an emergency team

Yes 50 100
No 0 0
Total 50 100
Graph 4.11
Yes
No
INTERPRETATION
From the above diagram we can understand that 100% of employees believe that there is an
emergency team to act for their safety when contingency appears.

TABLE 12
Rating employee involvement in decision making

Satisfactory 20 40
Average 10 20
Dissatisfactory 7 14
Total 50 100
Graph 4.12
Highly Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Average
Dissatisfactory
INTERPRETATION
with employee involvement in decision making, 40% are satisfied, 20% are averagely satisfied
14% are dissatisfied.

TABLE 13
Rating rest room, lunchroom, and first- aid facilities in the organization

Satisfactory 25 50
Average 10 20
Dissatisfactory 3 6
Total 50 100
Graph 4.13
60
50
40
30
Graph 4.13
20
10
0
Highly Satisfactory Average Dissatisfactory Highly
Satisfactory Dissatisfactory
INTERPRETATION
From the above line diagram we can understand that 24% of the employees are highly satisfied
with rest room, lunchroom, and first- aid facilities in the organisation, 50% are satisfied, 20% are
averagely satisfied and 6%are dissatisfied.

TABLE 14
Table showing does the organization displays statutory warning and instructions in plants

Yes 47 94
No 3 6
Total 50 100
Graph 4.14
100
90
80
70
60
50
Graph 4.14
40
30
20
10
0
Yes No
INTERPRETATION
From the above diagram we can understand that 94% of employees have observed warnings and
instructions displayed in the plant.

TABLE 15
Table showing whether the company provide personal protective equipment of quality to
employees

Yes 50 100
No 0 0
Total 50 100
Graph 4.15
120
100
80
60
Graph 4.15
40
20
0
Yes No
INTERPRETATION
From the above diagram we can understand that 100% of employees gave a feedback that the
personal protective equipment provided by the company are of quality.

TABLE 16
Table showing whether the employees have a feeling of safety in the organisation

Yes 33 66
No 17 34
Total 50 100
Graph 4.16
70
60
50
40
Graph 4.16
30
20
10
0
Yes No
INTERPRETATION
From the above diagram we can understand that 66% of employees have a feeling of safety in
the organization while others haven’t.

TABLE 17
Table showing does the company have a medical team to handle potential risks

Yes 50 100
No 0 0
Total 50 100
Graph 4.17
Yes
No
INTERPRETATION
From the above diagram we can understand that 100% of employees believe in medical team and
facilities provided by the company.

TABLE 18
Table showing whether the safety department conducts mock drills regularly on a monthly
basis

Yes 46 92
No 4 8
Total 50 100
Graph 4.18
100
90
80
70
60
50
Graph 4.18
40
30
20
10
0
Yes No
INTERPRETATION
From the above diagram we can understand that 92% of employees testify that company on a
monthly basis conducts mock drills for employee training.

TABLE 19
Rating overall satisfaction with health and safety activities of the organization

Satisfactory 21 42
Average 12 24
Dissatisfactory 2 4
Total 50 100
Graph 4.19
Highly Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Average
Dissatisfactory
INTERPRETATION
with thehealth and safety activities of the organization, 42% are satisfied, 24% are averagely
satisfied and 4% are dissatisfied with thehealth and safety activities.

TABLE 20
Table showing whether hygienic conditions are maintained in and around company

Always 20 40
Mostly 20 40
Sometimes 10 20
Never 00 00
Total 50 100
Graph 4.20
45
40
35
30
25
20 Graph 4.20
15
10
0
Always Mostly Sometimes Never
INTERPRETATION
From the above diagram we can understand that 40% of employees have opted that hygienic
conditions are maintained in and around company always. whereas 40% has opted that it is
maintained mostly while 20% are of the view that organization maintains hygienic conditions
only sometimes.

TABLE 21
Table showing whether every staffs are insured

Yes 50 100
No 0 0
Total 50 100
Graph 4.21
Yes
No
INTERPRETATION
From the above diagram we can understand that 100% of employees are insured.

TABLE 22
Table showing whether training increases morale of the workers

Yes 40 80
No 10 20
Total 50 100
Graph 4.22
Yes
No
INTERPRETATION
From the above diagram we can understand that 80% of employees believe thattraining has
increased morale of the workers whereas others not.

TABLE 23
Table showing whether there is an efficient feedback system in the organization to check
deviations

Yes 35 70
No 15 30
Total 50 100
Graph 4.23
80
70
60
50
40
Graph 4.23
30
20
10
0
Yes No
INTERPRETATION
From the above diagram we can understand that 70% of employees promise that there is an
efficient feedback system in the organization to check deviations in the organization while 30%
are of the view that there is no efficient system of feedback to check deviations.

CHAPTER 5
FINDINGS SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION

FINDINGS
The study has been made to find out the Occupational Health and safety in Carborundum
Universal Ltd., Edapally. The study would come out with the following findings:
 Almost all the employees are satisfied with the management’s commitment for employee
safety.
 It seen that all the employees have access to safety manual and every employee is trained
well by induction method and regular mock drills.
 The survey shows that safety committee in the organisation do their job sincerely.
 It seen that the company provides medical benefits to all the employees in the
organization.
 There is a daily audit of safety done by the company.
 Employees are satisfied that they are considered while taking safety decisions.
 The injury rate has reduced to a great extend due to strict safety measures.
 Hygienic conditions are maintained in and around the company.
 There is an efficient feedback system to check deviations regarding safety
 Almost all the employees are satisfied with the safety measures offered by the company.
SUGGESTIONS
 Employees are not much satisfied with their involvement in decision making regarding
safety in the organisation.it would be good if more employee participation is elicited.
 Though there is an efficient feedback system in the opinion of some, the others are of the
opinion that it has to be improved further.
 From the overall study we can infer that there is an employee resistance to accept new
safety methods implemented by the company.so it would not be possible to implement an
occupational health and safety programme without their support. Therefore a conscious
effort must be there from the part of the management to reduce employee resistance.

CONCLUSION
Occupational Health and Safety plays an important role in any organization. Employee safety
must be the primary concern for any organisation, if the employee safety is maintainedthe
gradual result is increase in productivity.
Based onthe Occupational Health and safety in Carborundum Universal Ltd., Edapally, it is
clear that the company is very keen in the promoting all the safety and health facilities to its
employees. Employees are satisfied with company’s ability to handle risk and maintain hygienic
conditions. The greatest testimony to company’s safety measures is the sudden decline of injury
rate which was previously high to mere twelve is a matter of accomplishment.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
WEBSITES
WWW.CUMI.COM
WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM
CARBORUNDUM BROCHURES
WWW.GOOGLE.COM
WWW.LEGALSERVICESINDIA.COM
ILO
LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR OHS IN INDIA Lt. COL. L SHRI HARSHA

ANNEXURE

ANNEXURE
QUESTIONNAIRE
“A Study on the Occupational Health and Safety in Carborundum Universal Ltd.”
I’m Rony C George, final year BBA student from Bharata Mata College,Thrikkakara.
This information is required for successful completion of my project “A Study on the
Occupational Health and Safety in Carborundum Universal Ltd.,Edappally. I request you to
kindly spare some of your time and fill the questionnaire below. Your information will be kept
confidential.
Name:
Age:
Sex: M or F
Q1. From how many years you are working with this Organization?
a. 0-5 Years
b. 5-10 Years
c. 10 to 15 Years
d. More than 15 Years
Q2. How do you rate the management’s commitment towards health and safety of employees?
a. Highly Satisfactory
b. Satisfactory
c. Averagely Satisfactory
d. Dissatisfactory
e. Highly Dissatisfactory
Q3. How do you rate the safety training provided by the Organization for the employees?
b. Satisfactory
c. Average

d. Dissatisfactory
Q4 Is there a safety manual for employee reference?

a. Yes
b. No
Q5. How do you rate functioning of safety committee in the Organization?

b. Satisfactory
c. Average
d. Dissatisfactory
Q6. What is the duration of medical checkups in the organization?

a. 1- 3 months
b. 3-6 months
c. 6-9 months
d. 1 year
Q7. How do you rate the induction method to safety offered by the Organization?
b. Satisfactory
c. Average
d. Dissatisfactory
Q8. What’s the injury rate in the Organization?

a. High

b. Average
c. low
Q9. How do you rate safety policy of the Organization?

a. strict
b. moderate
c. lenient
Q10. Is there a daily safety audit in work place?

a. Yes
b. No
Q11. Does the Organization have an emergency team?

a. Yes
b. No
Q12. Rate the employee involvement in decision making related to health and safety in the
organization?
b. Satisfactory
c. Average
d. Dissatisfactory
Q13. Rate the Rest room and lunch room and first aid facility to the employees?
b. Satisfactory
c. Average
d. Dissatisfactory

Q14. Does the organization displays statutory warning and instructions in the plants?
a. Yes
b. No
Q15. Does the company provide personal protective equipment of quality to employees?
a. Yes
b. No
Q16. Does working in the organization give you a feeling of safety?

a. Yes
b. No
Q17. Does the company have a medical team to handle potential risks?
a. Yes
b. No
Q18. Does the safety department conduct mock drills regularly on a monthly basis?
a. Yes
b. No
Q19. Rate your overall satisfaction with health and safety activities of the Organization?
b. Satisfactory
c. Average
d. Dissatisfactory
Q20. Is the hygienic conditions maintained in and around workplace?

a. Always
b. mostly
c. Sometimes
d. never

Q21 Do all the employees whether permanent or temporary staffs are insured?
a. Yes
b. No
Q22. Do the health and safety training provided by the company increases the morale of the
workers?
a. Yes
b. No
Q23. Do you feel there is an efficient feedback system to check deviations in work place?
a.Yes
b.no

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A STUDY ON THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN CARBORUNDUM UNIVERSAL Ltd.

“A STUDY ON OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN

MAHATMA GHANDHI UNIVERSITY, KOTTAYAM

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Under the guidance of

Prof. SHIBI PRADEEP

BHARATA MATA COLLEGE,THRIKKAKKARA

BHARATA MATA COLLEGE , TRIKKAKARA 1

BHARATA MATA COLLEGE

Department of Bachelor of Business Administration

(Affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University)

Thrikkakara, p.o.cochin-682 021, Kerala

He is allowed to submit this dissertation.

Head of the Department Project Guide

Prof. Manjula R Iyer Prof. Shibi Pradeep

BHARATA MATA COLLEGE , TRIKKAKARA 2

I RONY C GEORGE, hereby declare that the project report on “A STUDY ON

Date: RONY C GEORGE

BHARATA MATA COLLEGE , TRIKKAKARA 3

Place:Thrikkakara RONY C GEORGE

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Chapter CONTENT Page

2 Industry profile and company profile 14 - 21

4 Data analysis and Interpretation 39 - 62

5 Finding Suggestion & Conclusions 63 - 71

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Sl. No. CONTENT Page No.

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SI.NO CONTENT PAGE

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Prevention of workplace accidents and injuries is the aim of an effective occupational

1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

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 To develop in the workplace a collaborative approach to managing occupational health

1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1.5 RESEARCH METHEDOLOGY

Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problems. It is the

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Research design contains:-

 A clear statement of research problem.

SAMPLING DESIGN (Simple random sampling)

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STATISTICAL TOOLS USED IN THE STUDY

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1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:

 Findings based on this study cannot be used in other organizations.

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2.1 INDUSTRY PROFILE

ALUMINIUM OXIDE INDUSTRY

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SWOT ANALYSIS ON INDIAN SCENARIO

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2.2 COMPANY PROFILE

Established in year 1954,“Carborundum Universal Limited”, are among the eminent

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Carborundum Universal Ltd (CUMI) a part of 4.4 billlion US $ conglomerate - Murugappa