Department of Electronics & Communication

Engineering

LAB MANUAL

SUBJECT: DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LABORATORY [ECE324]

B.Tech Year – 3rd, Semester - 5th

(Branch: ECE)

Version: 01st August 2018

The LNM Institute of Information Technology, Jaipur,

Rajasthan-302031
 Digital Communication Laboratory
Semester - ODD

List of Experiments:

S. No. Aim of Experiments Page No.

1 (a) To generate Delta modulated signal and Demodulation. 1−4

(b) Determine the conditions for slope overloading and step size.

2 To study of Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) and Generate various 5−6
Line Codes i.e. Polar NRZ, Unipolar RZ, Bipolar Manchester.

3 To implement BPSK Modulation and Demodulation. 7−8

4 To implement Carrier Recovery using Square Loop Method and demodulate the 9 − 10
BPSK Signal using the recovered carrier.

5 Implementation of FSK Modulation and Non-Coherent Demodulation. 11 − 13

6 Implementation of ASK Modulation and Non-Coherent Demodulation. 14 − 15

7 To implement Matched Filter Receiver for Rectangular Pulse Shaped Transmit- 16 − 17

ted Symbols.

8 Performance analysis of BPSK/QPSK/QAM over AWGN channel. 18−

9 Performance analysis of Linear Block Codes/Repetition Coding. −

10 Performance analysis of Convolutional Encoding and Viterbi Decoding. −

 Experiment No: 01

1 Aim
1. Generate Delta modulated signal and determine the conditions for slope overloading.

2 Apparatus Used
1. ICs: 393(comparator) 4. LM741 7. 7474 (D Flip Flop IC) 10. Resistance
2. Capacitor 5. Connecting wires 8. Breadboard 11. DC power supply
3. DSO Probe 6. Function Generator 9. Digital signal oscilloscope

3 Theory
Delta Modulation (DM) is a simplified PCM. In some type of signals, the neighboring samples are closely
correlated with each other. Therefore, once a sample value is known this enables the determination of
the following sample values most probably. Thus, instead of sending the real value of each sample at each
time, differences (variances) between adjacent samples are sent in DM.
In DM, two-level quantizer and one-bit coding is used. Transmitted code pulses do not carry the data
related to the message signal itself; instead they carry data regarding the differentials of the message
function. The output of a delta modulator is a bit stream of samples at a relatively high rate, the value
of each bit being determined according to whether the input message sample amplitude has increased or
decreased relative to the previous sample.

Block Diagram of Delta Modulation and Demodulation

Condition to avoid Slope overloading

 This occurs when the sawtooth approximation cannot keep up with the rate-of-change of the input
signal in the regions of greatest slope. The step size is reasonable for those sections of the sampled
waveform of small slope, but the approximation is poor elsewhere. This is ‘slope overload’, due to too
small a step. Slope overload is illustrated in Figure (a).

• To reduce the possibility of slope overload the step size can be increased (for the same sampling
rate).This is illustrated in Figure (b). The sawtooth is better able to match the message in the
regions of steep slope.
• An alternative method of slope overload reduction is to increase the sampling rate. This is illustrated
in Figure (c), where the rate has been increased by a factor of 2.4 times, but the step is the same
size as in Figure (a).

3.1 Connection Diagram

Figure 1: Delta modulation

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 Figure 2: Delta Demodulation

4 Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as given in Figure 1.
2. Give a sinusoidal message signal of 1 Vpp and 400 Hz at the input of comparator as shown in Figure
1. Give a TTL clock of 32 KHz at the clock input of D filp flop.

3. Connect the inverting and non-inverting input of comparator to the different channels of DSO.
Make voltage levels of both signal comparable by adjusting potentiometer of amplifier. (Why we
did that?)
4. Observe output after each stage of Figure 1 and draw it in your copy with proper specification.

5. Step size of delta modulator circuit can be calculated by observing the change in amplitude of
unipolar to bipolar output in the sampling duration (Why?). Compute following table

S.N o Sampling Frequency Step Size(Volt)

1 32KHz
2 16KHz
3 8KHz
4 4KHz

6. Now Fix sampling frequency to 32KHz. Increase the frequency of message signal by varying the
frequency of sinusoid and record the maximum frequency at which the integrator’s output ceases
to follow the message signal on DSO. This condition is called slope overloading. Now restore the
frequency and start increasing the amplitude of message signal. Note the amplitude at which slope
overloading occurs.

7. The estimated message signal from unipolar to bipolar output is passed through a low pass filter
as shown in Figure 2. Low pass filter will recover the message signal.

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5 Analysis of Results
6 Conclusion
Precautions
1. Check the connections before switching on the kit.
2. Connections should be done properly.
3. Observation should be taken properly.

Page 4
 Experiment No.: 02

1 Aim
1. Generation and study of Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS).
2. Generation and study of Various Line Codes ie NRZ, RZ, Manchester.

2 Apparatus Used
ICs: 7474 (D Flip Flop IC) 7404 (NOT Gate) 7408 (AND Gate) 7486 (Ex-OR Gate)
Capacitor Connecting wires Breadboard DC power supply
DSO Probe Function Generator Digital signal oscilloscope

3 Theory
3.1 Connection Diagram

Figure 1: Generation of Line Codes

4 Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as given in Figure 1.
2. Give 9.6KHz TTL clock to the input of D Flip-Flops. Observe time domain waveform of PRBS
output. Note down output sequence. What is the periodicity of output sequence? What is the bit
rate of output sequence? Now take FFT of PRBS Output. What is the distance between spectral
lines?
3. Observe output time domain waveforms of different line codes. Draw it in your copy and compare
it.

4. Observe and draw discrete line PSD of all line codes What is the distance between spectral lines?
Compute following table

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 S.No Line Code Bandwidth(Hz) Spectral Efficiency (bits/sec)/Hz Power at DC
1 Polar NRZ
2 Unipolar RZ
3 Bipolar Manchester

Table 1: Observation Table

5 Analysis of Results
6 Conclusions
Precautions
1. Check the connections before switching on the kit.
2. Connections should be done properly.
3. Observation should be taken properly.

Page 6
 Experiment No.: 03

1 Aim
1. Implement BPSK Modulation and Demodulation.
2. Implement carrier recovery using square-loop method.

2 Apparatus Used
1. ICs: LM741 5. 7476 (J-K Flip Flop IC) 8. 565 (PLL) 11. BJT [BC547, BC557]
2. Diode 6. Resistance 9. Capacitor 12. Breadboard
3. DC power supply 7. Connecting wires 10. DSO Probe 13. Function Generator
4. Digital signal oscilloscope

3 Theory
3.1 Connection Diagram

Figure 1: BPSK Modulation and Demodulation

4 Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as given in Figure 1.
2. Give Square wave as a message signal of 5Vpp and 200Hz at the base of NPN and PNP BJT switches
as shown in Figure 1. Give sinusoidal carrier signal of 16KHz and 2Vpp at the collector of NPN
BJT switch.
3. Observe BPSK Modulated output after Subtractor. Draw it on your copy.
4. Observe demodulated output and draw and compare it with message signal.

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5 Analysis of Results
6 Conclusions
Precautions
1. Check the connections before switching on the kit.
2. Connections should be done properly.
3. Observation should be taken properly.

Page 8
 Experiment No.: 04

1 Aim
1. Implement BPSK Modulation and Demodulation.
2. Implement carrier recovery using square-loop method.

2 Apparatus Used
1. ICs: LM741 5. 7476 (J-K Flip Flop IC) 8. 565 (PLL) 11. BJT [BC547, BC557]
2. Diode 6. Resistance 9. Capacitor 12. Breadboard
3. DC power supply 7. Connecting wires 10. DSO Probe 13. Function Generator
4. Digital signal oscilloscope

3 Theory
3.1 Connection Diagram

Figure 1: BPSK Modulation and Demodulation

4 Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as given in Figure 1.

2. Give Square wave as a message signal of 5Vpp and 200Hz at the base of NPN and PNP BJT switches
as shown in Figure 1. Give sinusoidal carrier signal of 16KHz and 2Vpp at the collector of NPN
BJT switch.
3. Observe BPSK Modulated output after Subtractor. Draw it on your copy.

Page 9
 Figure 2: Carrier Recovery

4. Observe BPSK Demodulated output and draw it in your copy, compare it with message signal.
5. Now connect circuit as shown in Fig. 2.

6. Give BPSK Modulated signal at the input of diode (Fig 2). Observe output after each stage of
Figure 2 and compare recovered carrier with original carrier signal. Draw it in your copy with
proper specification.
7. Now disconnect carrier input at demodulator circuit (Fig 1) and connect recovered carrier signal.

8. Observe demodulated output and draw it.

5 Analysis of Results
6 Conclusions
Precautions
1. Check the connections before switching on the kit.

2. Connections should be done properly.

3. Observation should be taken properly.

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 Experiment No.: 05

1 Aim
1. Implementation of FSK Modulation.
2. Non-Coherent Demodulation of modulated FSK.

2 Apparatus Used
ICs: XR-2206 (Monolithic Function Generator) LM741 (Op - Amp) LM393 (Voltage Comparator)
1N4007 (Diode) Capacitor Connecting wires
DSO Probe Breadboard DC power supply
Digital signal oscilloscope Function Generator

3 Theory
3.1 FSK Modulator circuit and Block diagram of FSK Demodulation

Figure 1: FSK Modulator circuit

Figure 2: Block Diagram of FSK Demodulation

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3.2 Band Pass Filter Circuit and Designing Equations

Figure 3: Band Pass Filter

C1 = C2 = C = 0.01uF; BW = 500Hz
Q Q
1. R1 = 3. R3 = 5. Af < 2Q2
2πfc CAf πfc C
Q fc R3
2. R2 = 4. Q= 6. Af =
2πfc C(2Q2 − Af ) BW 2R1

Table 2: BPF Designing Equations

3.3 Envelope Detector Circuit

Figure 4: Envelope Detector Circuit

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4 Procedure
(FSK Modulation)

1. Connect the FSK Modulator circuit shown in Figure 1 and Give Square wave signal of 200 Hz and
2.5 Vpp as input.
2. As the formula given in the data sheet calculate R1 and R2 with the given carrier signals frequencies,
f 1 = 2 KHz and f 2 =5.2 KHz.
3. Observe the time and frequency domain wave forms of FSK modulator output. Draw the output
and analyze it in both domains.

(FSK Demodulation)

1. Design the Band pass filter for different carrier frequencies and envelope detector circuit. Connect
as shown in Figure 2.
2. Give a FSK Modulated signal as input.
3. Observe FSK Demodulated output and draw it in your copy, compare it with message signal.

5 Analysis of Results
6 Conclusions
Precautions
1. Check the connections before switching on the kit.
2. Connections should be done properly.
3. Observation should be taken properly.

IC’s Pin Diagrams

Figure 5: Pin Diagrams

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 Experiment No.: 06

1 Aim
1. Implementation of ASK Modulation.
2. Non-Coherent Demodulation of modulated ASK.

2 Apparatus Used
ICs: LM741 (Op - Amp) Transistor BC547 (NPN) 1N4007 (Diode)
Capacitors Resistors Potentiometer (1KΩ)
Breadboard DC power supply Connecting wires
Digital signal oscilloscope Function Generator DSO Probes

3 Theory
The binary ASK system was one of the earliest form of digital modulation used in wireless telegraphy.
In a binary, ASK system binary symbol 0 10 is represented by transmitting a sinusoidal carrier wave
of fixed amplitude Ac and fixed frequency fc for the bit duration Tb , whereas binary symbol 0 00 is
represented by switching of the carrier for Tb seconds. This signal can be generated simply by turning
the carrier of a sinusoidal ON and OFF for the prescribed periods indicated by the modulating pulse
train. For this reason the scheme is also known as on-off shift Keying. Let the sinusoidal carrier can be
represented by C(t) = Ac cos(2πfc t) then the binary ASK signal can be represented by a wave S(t) given
by S(t) = Ac cos(2πfc t), symbol 0 10 ASK signal can be generated by applying the incoming binary data
and the sinusoidal carrier to the two inputs of a product modulator. The resulting output is the ASK
wave.

4 Circuit Diagram
4.1 ASK Modulator Circuit

Figure 1: ASK Modulator circuit and Waveforms

Page 14
4.2 Block Diagram of ASK Demodulator

Figure 2: Block Diagram of ASK Demodulator

4.2.1 Envelope Detector Circuit

Figure 3: Envelope Detector Circuit

5 Procedure
1. Connect the ASK modulator circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Give Square wave as a message signal of 5Vpp and 200Hz at the base of BJT (BC547) and sinusoidal
carrier signal of 2KHz and 4Vpp at the collector of BJT (BC547) shown in Figure 1
3. Observe the time and frequency domain wave forms of ASK modulator output. Trace the output
and analyze it in both domains.
4. Design the Demodulator circuit according to ASK Demodulation block diagram shown in Figure
2 and Observe ASK Demodulated output and Trace it on trace paper, compare it with message
signal.

6 Analysis of Results
7 Conclusions
Precautions
1. Check the connections before switching on the kit.
2. Connections should be done properly and tight.
3. Observation should be taken properly.

Page 15
 Experiment No.: 07

1 Aim
1. Implement Matched Filter Receiver for Rectangular Pulse Shaped Transmitted Symbols.

2 Apparatus Used
1. ICs: 555(Timer IC) 5. LM741 8. 7474 (D Flip Flop IC) 11. Connecting wires
2. CD4016 (Analog Switch) 6. Resistance 9. Capacitor 12. DC power supply
3. Digital signal oscilloscope 7. Breadboard 10. DSO Probe 13. Function Generator
4. 74161(4 bit Counter IC)

3 Theory
3.1 Circuit Diagram

Figure 1: Matched Filter Circuit

Page 16
4 Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as given in F igure1.
2. Give Polar NRZ Message signal of 200Hz from PRBS generator or Function Generator as shown in
F igure1. Observe output after adder, this is transmitted signal. Compute Signal Power in watts
and dBW .

3. Now add Noise to the signal of different Peak to Peak amplitude. Observe and draw transmitted
signal in your Notebook. Refer Noise power table given in Matched Filter design document for
computing Noise Power. Make a table for Signal to Noise ratio for different Peak to Peak Noise
voltages.
4. Give transmitted signal to the input of Matched Filter/ Integrate and Dump Circuit. Observe
output of the Matched Filter and validate it.
5. Now observe the output after sampler. Compare the recovered bits with the original. Do the same
for different SNR values and conclude when recovered bits cease to follow the original ones.

5 Analysis of Results
6 Conclusions
Precautions
1. Check the connections before switching on the kit.
2. Connections should be done properly.
3. Observation should be taken properly.

Page 17
 Experiment No: 08

1 Aim
1. Performance analysis of BPSK/QPSK/QAM over AWGN channel.

2 Software Used
1. MAT LAB

3 Theory
4 Procedure
5 Observation
Write/ Plot Your Own With Observation Table (If Required).

6 Analysis of Results
Write Your own.

7 Conclusions
Write Your Own.

Precautions
Observation should be taken properly.

Page 18
 Experiment No: 09

1 Aim
1. Performance analysis of Linear Block Codes/Repetition Coding.

2 Software Used
1. MAT LAB

3 Theory
4 Procedure
5 Observation
Write/ Plot Your Own With Observation Table (If Required).

6 Analysis of Results
Write Your own.

7 Conclusions
Write Your Own.

Precautions
Observation should be taken properly.

Page 19
 Experiment No: 10

1 Aim
1. Performance analysis of Convolutional Encoding and Viterbi Decoding.

2 Software Used
1. MAT LAB

3 Theory
4 Procedure
5 Observation
Write/ Plot Your Own With Observation Table (If Required).

6 Analysis of Results
Write Your own.

7 Conclusions
Write Your Own.

Precautions
Observation should be taken properly.

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