Common lapses in grammar and sentence structure

Subject Verb Agreement

The basic rule to remember is that the VERB must agree with its SUBJECT in number (singular or plural) and in
person (first, second or third)
Basic Rules in Subject-Verb Agreement
*There are two types of action verbs; regular verbs and irregular verbs
*The past and participle forms of regular action verbs are formed with an-ed.
*Irregular verbs in past time do not need helping verbs
*Irregular verbs in the past principle form need helping verbs
Basic Rules
1. A sentence in present tense with a singular subject is paired with a verb in the –s form.
Example:
The lady throws her bouquet in the air.
2. A sentence in present tense with a plural subject is paired with a verb in a regular present form(no-s).
Example:
The ladies throw their bouquet in the air.
Do not get confused with the words that may come between the subject and the verb.
Incorrect:
Belen, who gave me cupcakes, are my aunt.
Correct:
Belen, who gave me cupcakes, is my aunt.
3. Do not shift verb tenses unnecessarily in the sentences all throughout the paragraph and in the whole text.
Incorrect:
She likes cupcakes; thus, she baked them.
Correct:
She likes cupcakes; thus, she bakes them.
4. Place the subject after the verb when a sentence begins with the word “here” or “there”. This will help you determine
what number your verb should agree with.
Example:
Here are your clothes.
There is a rainbow.
5. The rule on the auxiliary verbs “is/are” and “are/were”
Examples:
The representative from the Philippines to the Southeast Asian Games is from Laguna.
The representatives from the Philippines, together with my uncle who happens to be their coach are
leaving tomorrow.
6. The auxiliary verb “has” is the singular form, while “have” is the plural form for the present tense. The past form for
both is “had.”
Incorrect: She have chickenpox. (present tense)
Correct: She has chickenpox. (present tense)
If she has recovered from the disease,
Correct: She had chickenpox. (past tense)
7. Present tense rule applies only to the third person. The first person and the second person pronouns such as “I” and
“you” take the plural form “have.”
Incorrect: I has chickenpox.
Correct: I have chickenpox. (present tense)
I had chickenpox. (past tense)
8. “Has,” “have,” and “had” should go with the past participle form of an action verb.
I have frozen the cake before putting icing on it. (Not freeze nor froze)
The announcement of the actress regarding her recent depression bouts has shaken many fans. (not shake nor
shook)
I have hidden my valuables beneath the pile of paper under my table.
9. The auxiliary verb “did” always goes along with the base form of a verb and never with the past form.
Incorrect:
Did she went to South Korea for a vacation?
Did she gone to South Korea for a vacation?
Correct:
Did she go to South Korea for a vacation?
10. “Does” is the singular form, and “do” is the plural form in the third person point of view. The first and second person
points of view take the plural form as well.
First person: I do like the food at the wedding reception.
Second person: You do like them too, don’t you?
Incorrect: She do a lot of baking during the weekends.
Correct: She does a lot of baking during the weekends.
11. The word “to” in the infinitive form should go along with the base form and not the past form.
Incorrect:
The backpackers would like to bought the souvenir shirt.
Correct:
The backpackers would like to buy the souvenir shirt.
Incorrect:
Tourists can use the train to went around the city.
Correct:
Tourists can use the train to go around the city.
12. Excellent writers are also conscious in making sure that the verb forms they use are consistent all throughout.
Incorrect:
Richard says that his contract ended yesterday.
Correct:
Richard said that his contract ended yesterday.
Incorrect:
His report was late because he includes too much information.
Correct:
His report was late because he included too much information.

PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
Pronoun-It is a word that stands for a noun
Example:
President Lincoln delivered Lincolin’s Gettysburg Address in 1863.
President Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address in 1863.

Antecedent-It is a word for which pronoun stands

Example:
President Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address in 1863.
-The pronouns and their antecedents should always agree with each other.
Example:
John left the car keys at the counter. He went back to get them.

Parallel Structure-Pay attention to gerunds (-ing) and infinitives(“to” + base form of verb).
-Do not shift voice (active or passive) unnecessarily.

Modifiers-Modifiers are words or phrase that add or change (modify) the meaning of another word or phrase.
*Place modifying words as close to the word or phrase they describe.

2 Types of Errors that can be committed

Misplaced modifiers
• Word, clause or phrase improperly separated to the word it describes.
For misplaced modifiers, move them as close as possible to the words or phrases that they describe.
Incorrect: The refrigerator is in the pantry with a missing handle.
Correct: The refrigerator with a missing handle is in the pantry.

Dangling modifiers
• The one that is being described by the modifying words is missing.
You may supply the missing subject (if it is missing). Sometimes, you can turn the modifying phrase into a clause.
Incorrect: Arriving late to work, the flag ceremony was missed.
Correct: Arriving late to work, Clifford missed the flag ceremony.

The following sentences make the meaning clear by specifying the subject.
Example:
Answering the phone, I slipped on the floor.
Answering the phone, I stepped on something and my feet slipped on the floor.
My feet slipped on the floor as I answered the phone.
As I answered the phone, my feet slipped on the floor.

REACTION PAPER
 Popular academic assignment
 Requires thoughtful reading
 Requires the writer to analyze a text.
 Form of writing in which the writer expresses his ideas and opinions.
 Comprises introduction, body and conclusion

HOW TO WRITE A REACTION PAPER?

Prewriting and actively reading (PART 1)
1. Understand the purpose of a reaction paper.
2. Figure out what the assignment is asking.
3. Read the text you are assigned right after it is assigned.
4. Write down your initial reactions.
5. Annotate the text as you read
6. Question as you read

DRAFTING YOUR ESSAY (PART 2)

1. Free write
2. Decide on your angle
3. Determine your thesis
4. Organize your paper
 5. Gather quotations
6. Structure your paragraphs
Writing your final draft (PART 3)
1. Write your introduction
2. Reread your reaction paragraphs to ensure you make a stance
3. Explain the greater implications of the text for the class, author, audience or yourself
4. Edit for clarity and length
5. Proof and spell check your document
6. Ask yourself if you responded to the assignment adequately

WHAT TO INCLUDE IN A REACTION PAPER?

1. AN ANGLE
Type of angle / analysis;
a. Contextual – a focus on the historical or cultural background of the text.
- When and where was the text written?
- Is it important to be aware of the time period or place in which the text was
written? Why or why not?

b. Comparative – a comparison between two separate texts or characters.

- in what ways are these two people / storylines the same?
- in what ways are they different?
c. Character Study – an in-depth look at one or more individuals within a text.
- Describe the character growth of this person
- Describe how this person relates to other characters
2. A THESIS
Points / observations / opinions:
- The Dursleys refuse to tell Harry about his true background. Harry doesn’t know anything about the
wizarding world.
Thesis Statement:
- “Harry Potter was only able to access the sorcerer’s stone through a combination of his own instincts and his ignorance
of dangerous magic and wizardry.”

3. TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
Must be able to back up your claims with textual evidence. Annotating in the margins of the text will help you
easily locate quotations, key plot developments and character descriptions. Once you begin writing your paper, it will be
easy for you to go through and find the relevant quotes to use.

THINGS TO AVOID IN A REACTION PAPER

1. ERROR
Carefully proofread your work before turning it in. Catch some grammar or punctuation errors
by reading your paper out loud.
2. LENGTH
Should be no longer than 5 pages.
3. STATING FACTS
Hear your unique point of view

ANNOTATED REACTION PAPER

1. State the name of the text, the author, and the focus of your paper in your introduction paragraph.
2. The last sentence of your introduction should be your thesis statement. Your thesis will explain what you plan to
analyze, criticize, or to prove about the text.
3. Your reaction paragraphs will form the body of your paper. Start with a topic sentence to introduce each paragraph.
This can be a scene or quote from the text. The remainder of your paragraph should analyze or critique the topic
sentence.
4. End your paper by exploring how the text might relate or connect to other ideas you’ve discussed in class.

CRITIQUE PAPER
 It is an intellectual discourse integrating just few personal opinions, many facts supported by sources, and similar
phenomena.
 It is a category of academic writing that unified in-depth analysis, few personal opinions and critical judgement
on an issue or matter.
 Commonly used in senior high, in college, and in graduate school.
 Most challenging to write among the three types of paper.
 Displays the writer’s ability to evaluate and pass sound and critical judgement on an issue or matter.

How to write a critique paper?

TIPS
 Be sure that you have enough knowledge about the matter or the issue of the literary work.
 Read or watch the material or subject of your paper.
 Choose three major points that you would like to emphasize and focus on in your paper.
 Define what your thesis statement is.
  Apply writing process to generate your ideas for the paper.
 Have a conclusive statement.

How to Write a Critique Paper?

S T R U C T U R E/ C O N T E N T
INTRODUCTION
 State the name of the author and the title of the article
 Give a brief summary of argument or the author's key ideas
 Write your thesis statement (your reaction to the work)
BODY
 Point One
1.supporting details (paraphrased points from the work)
2.supporting details (paraphrased points from the work)
3.supporting details (paraphrased points from the work)
 Point Two
1.supporting details (paraphrased points from the work)
2.supporting details (paraphrased points from the work)
3.supporting details (paraphrased points from the work)
 Point One
1.supporting details (paraphrased points from the work)
2.supporting details (paraphrased points from the work)
3.supporting details (paraphrased points from the work)
CONCLUSION
 Restate your thesis
 summarize your critique
 offer recommendations

WRITING A POSITION PAPER

• It is a more complex version of a persuasive essay.
• It is not an essay, but it has various parts just like the concept paper.
• A persuasive essay is a position on a certain issue, and it is presented in paragraph forms.
• A Position Paper can be likened to a debate, but you are presenting your arguments in a written form.
• Its primary goal is to declare a “position” on a certain matter or an issue.
• Its secondary goal is to convince or persuade others to take that side of an issue or matter.
• In writing a Position Paper, the principles of argumentative writing should be followed.
• Remember that you are declaring your own thoughts and beliefs, hence, the skills for argumentation should be
used.

Principles of Argumentative Writing

• Audience. Consider your audience.
• Viewpoint. You have to know the issue and the side that you have chosen. To do so, you should do basic
research to gain knowledgeable information about the issue.
• Organization. Organize your arguments in the most in the most persuasive or convincing manner.

Suggested Outline of Presentation

1. Introduction- Your introduction should present the topic and the issue at hand. It should also be very clear
from the beginning what your position is. Provide a background on the issue or the matter. Highlight your personal stand
in a clear thesis statement. Your introduction should also clearly show the importance or significance of your position to
the readers.
2. Opposite Arguments- Present the strongest arguments of the opposition. Choose at least three of their
strongest arguments. You may use other data such as statistics, illustrations, and figures from your sources.
3. Your arguments- Assert your arguments to counter the opposition. You should also think of at least three
arguments that would counter the argument of the opposition that you have previously presented. Again, you may use data
from other sources to support your arguments.
4. Conclusion- Restate your position. Summarize your main points. Conclude your paper with a resounding
statement that will definitely bring the opposition down!

Writing Style
• In argumentative writing, you should also choose your words carefully and write with style and clarity. Choose
strong words and vary them.
• Use synonyms so that you don't have to repeat a terminology again and again.
• Your arguments should be separated in small chunks so that it is easier for the reader to understand and remember
them.
• Remember to use transition words effectively so that you can move from one thought or idea seamlessly and
smoothly.

Writing reports
 Is a systematic, well-organized presentation of an issue , a problem, or an incident.

3 majors types of reports

 The informative – to inform
 The investigative – to investigate
 The recommendation – to recommend

When do you use these types of reports?

• You use these types of reports according to your need and purpose.

Structure of a report
 Cover page- contain the title of your paper.
 Acknowledgement page- This page will acknowledge who have help you.
 Content page/Table of Contents- here is the parts of your report.
 Definition of Terms- a section where you can define, expound, explain some terms.
 Introduction- it should present your topic as well as the purpose of you report.
 Objectives - State the objectives and observe parallelism in your statements.
 Main Body - Simply the body of your report.
 Results - present if it is informative, investigative and recommendation report.
 Conclusion – conclude you r report objectively.
 Recommendations – may not always be necessary unless it is recommendation report.
 Appendices – may contain other supporting documents or forms that you have used in your report.
 References – used the recommended APA format.

Instruments for gathering information for reports

• Interview – this is face-to-face interaction between the researcher and the subject.
• Questionnaire – this contains a list of standardized questions that aim to get specific answers from
respondents.
a. Multiple choice
b. Checklist
c. Rating
d. Open and closed questions
• Experiment – this is when the researcher plans and executes a controlled situation to yield a result.
• Observation – this is when the researchers creates an opportunity to further monitor the subject.

Writing and presenting reports

• Providing Jargons – Jargons are specific words used in a particular setting. They are used in almost
every field-literature,economics,education, and arts,sports.Using jargons in your report is acceptable, as
long as the ones you use are appropraite to the situation and nature of your report.
• Presenting Graphic Illustrations – the content of academic paper, such as a report, is not soley limited
to text. Graphic elements, such as diagrams, illustrations, graphs,and tables, may be included as long as
they are appropraite and relevant to the content. It would also be better if you put captions for the
illustrations, and titles and appropraite labels for the graphs and tables.
• Providing citations – As mentioned in the previous modules, you should provide citation as a way of
giving credit to people who originally thought of the ideas. Citations can also help your readers read
more information about the topic.

Fallacies in Reasoning
-Fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning, or ‘wrong moves’ in the construction
of an arguments.
-A fallacy in reasoning makes an arguments false or unreliable.

Fallacies in Reasoning
Bandwagon
 this is a reasoning based on popularity rather than on scientific evidence or facts.
 This gives one of feeling of “you are the only one not doing (or using) it, so why not join”
Example:
Everyone is going to get the new smart phone when it comes out this weekend. Why aren’t you?
Hasty generalization
 This is searching a conclusion without enough pieces of evidence or further studies.
 You should not use an isolated experience to make a general statement or judgment on something or
someone.
Examples:
 If you see a Chinese being disrespectful to an older person, you should not say, “Chinese people are
disrespectful to the elderly”.
 Some teenagers in our community recently vandalized the park downtown. Teenagers are so
irresponsible and destructive.
Red Herring
 is an arguments that distracts the opponent away from the real issue and leads them to an irrelevant issue.
Examples:
 The real problem is not eliminating handguns; the real problems is that pawnshops that sell guns are
controlled by the Mafia.
Attack on a person
 This reasoning attacks the person instead of the issue.
 Usually happens a lot in politics. Some politicians attacking their opponents instead of the issue.
Examples:
  “He is always late for his meeting. How do you expect him to advance the progress of this country if he is
always running late?”
Either-or reasoning
 An author limits the solution to two possible choices, instead of allowing for another possibilities.
 This presents only two alternatives and acts as if there are no other choices.
Examples:
- “Eat an apple a day or you will get sick”
- Parents should either let their children get fat by eating fastfood all the time or never let them eat fast
food all the time or never let them eat food.

Evaluating an Author’s Argument

Author’s Argument- An author’s argument is the opinion or belief that he or she wants to persuade readers to
believe.
Identify the Issue- Issue means the controversial topic the author is discussing. Controversial issues on ones on
which people disagree. Examples of controversial issues include the death penalty, gun control, foreign policy,
and abortion.
-Ask yourself, “Is the author writing about a controversial issue?”
Determine the Author’s Argument- The author’s argument is his or her point of view on an issue. Ask yourself,
“What is the author’s position on the issue?”

Step 1: Identify the Author’s Assumptions

An author’s assumptions consist of things the author takes for granted without presenting any proof (in
other words, what the author believes or accepts as true and bases the argument on).
Ask yourself, “What does the author take for granted?”
If the author’s assumptions are illogical or incorrect, the entire argument will be flawed. Readers may be
misled unless they identify the author’s assumptions.
Step 2: Identify the Types of Support
Types of support refers to the kind of evidence the author uses to back up the argument.
Ask yourself, “What kind of support does the author present to back the argument?”
Support can include research findings, case studies, personal experience or observation, examples, facts,
comparisons, expert testimony and opinions.
Step 3: Determine the Relevance of the Support
Relevance means the support is directly related to the argument.
Ask yourself, “Is the support directly related to the argument?”
Unless the author is an expert, his or her opinion or personal experience may not be particularly relevant.
Step 4: Determine the Author’s Objectivity
The author’s argument has objectivity when the support consists of facts and other clear evidence.
Ask yourself, “Does the author present facts and clear evidence as support?”
Step 5: Determine the Argument’s Completeness
An argument is complete if the author presents adequate support and overcomes opposing points.
Sometimes authors do not give enough support.
Sometimes they leave out information that would weaken their argument. Their argument would be
stronger if they presented it and countered it.
Step 6: Determine if the Argument Is Valid
An argument is valid (has validity) if it is logical.
Ask yourself, “Is the argument logical (well-reasoned)?”
Step 7: Decide if the Argument Is Credible
An argument has credibility if it is believable (convincing).
Ask yourself, “Is the author’s argument believable?”
Validity and credibility are closely related since an argument that is not valid will not be credible

Journal articles and citation of sources

◦ Journals are easily accessible
◦ they are the most popular form of reference in the academe
◦ Reading a paper from a journal is easy if you know hot to identify the :
1. topic
2. the main idea
3. predict the outcomes of the research paper based on its title and abstract alone.

FOUR WAYS ON HOW YOU CAN INTERACT WITH ACADEMIC TEXTS:

1.ANNOTATING – highlighting and underlining key words or ideas in the text
- writing short explanations or comments along the margins on the page.
2. OUTLINING – presenting the important main details in a particular text.
- shows how a text is organized
- an outline can be either a topic outline or a sentence outline.
3. ANALYZING – examining the content by breaking down the different elements of the text.
- can be particularly helpful if you are about to read a fairly long and difficult material.
4. SUMMARIZING – giving the gist of text.
- presents the main idea and important supporting details
 WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?
◦ Plagiarism is the act of using another person’s words or ideas without giving credit to the author.
◦ Plagiarism cases have been rapidly increasing in the academe. Using citations will not exactly prevent plagiarism,
but they can be used to lessen the impact of plagiarism by giving credit to the original writers.

COMMON CITATION STYLES:

1. American Psychological Association (APA) - mostly used for social sciences(e.g, economics,
geography, physiology)
2. Modern Language Association (MLA) – mostly used for liberal arts and humanities(fine arts, music, philosophy,
literature)
3. Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) – mostly used in the publishing industry, guides for correct grammar,
documentation, and writing.

Always Take Note of the Following:

◦ Name(s) of the author(s)
◦ The title of the book (or article, journal, etc.)
◦ The date it was published
◦ The name of the publisher
◦ And the place it was published

TWO WAYS ON HOW YOU CAN PRESENT YOUR CITATIONS

1. In-text citations – insertion of a citation within the text itself
- follows the format used in citation, depending on the type of research
- usually has the last name of the author and the date of the source was published
2. References/Bibliography – comprehensive list of sources, which is found at the end of articles. This part of the book
or journal article is called references, bibliography, or works cited.
Acquainting One’s Self in the Workplace
JOB ADVERTISEMENTS
o Billboards
o Radio
o TV
o Classified ads in the newspapers

JOB APPLICANT PROCESS

When a company advertises for a vacant job position:
• Applicants will start sending in their applications.
• Applicants with the most suitable credentials are screened through a phone interview.
• Applicants that pleased the hiring manager during the initial phone interview are then invited for a face-to-face
interview.
• Application forms may be filled out and examination such as the personality test and language proficiency
exams will be given.
• Once there will be more than one qualified job applicant, there will be another set of interview until one has
being chosen then contract signing will eventually follow.

3 usual pre-employment documents asked from applicants:

1.) COVER LETTER
• is a document sent with your resume to provide additional information on your skills and experience.
• typically accompanies each resume you send out.
• should be short and simple
• find out the name of the person to whom you address your cover letter
• Avoid using:
“Dear Sir/Madam”
“To whom it may concern”
“Dear Hiring Manager”
“Dear Department Head”
Ways in making a cover letter:
• First paragraph
- should highlight your objective for applying in the job position, and how you have discovered the
position.
• Second paragraph
-should highlight your credentials that qualify you for such a position.
• Third Paragraph
- should bring a friendly end to your letter by offering how you can be contacted.
2.)RESUME
• is a written compilation of your education, work experience, credentials, and accomplishments.
• Should only be of one page
• Should contain important details of the credentials that you have mentioned in the cover letter.
 • Should contain only the relevant details for the job you are applying for
-Your highest educational attainment
Do not include:
-kindergarten and elementary schools
-awards or achievements during elementary years

3.) PORTFOLIO
• Is a compilation of proofs of your achievements.
ex.
-If you are a photographer, you can compile the most beautiful photos you have taken in a clear book
-Certificates
The Job Interview- Is the most crucial step in the hiring process for it is the “make or break” stage

Tell me about yourself

• Give a short background about yourself.
• Talk about your education, achievements, work experiences, or any relevant experiences.
Ex. You are a youth leader in your church, you can say that this experience has shaped your leadership skills, making
you ready for managerial position.
• Whatever you say, make sure you are honest
• False humility and arrogance are both annoying, so avoid these two pitfalls.

Why did you choose to apply in our company?

• You should do a background check on the company so that you can know the best things about it.
Ex. You can say “The revenues of this company have increased from 5% to 50% in the last two years. This is a good
indicator that the company is growing, and I would like to be part of it.

In a team, are you the leader or the follower?

• Give specific examples that would show how you have demonstrated being a leader or a follower.
• If you are a follower (which may sound a bit less impressive, as compared with being a leader), you can describe
your strengths as a follower that contributed to the team’s success and how your support has made the life of
the leader a lot easier.

What has been your most stressful situation and how did you handle it?
• Be sure to describe the context well, so that the interviewer will understand the stress and the pressure that you
went through.
• If you were able to handle the stressful situation well, then highlight the steps you did to overcome it. If not,
then highlight the lessons you’ve learned from it.

Why should we hire you?

• How do you answer this question without sounding too arrogant? The question should really be replaced as,
“Why are you the best fit for the job?”
• So highlight your skills and accomplishments that make you the best person for the job.

What is your edge over other applicants?

• Highlight the special skills that you have, that other applicants may not have.
• Mention outstanding qualities
Ex. All applicants may be high school graduates but you can speak three languages or have language proficiency
certification.

What are your goals in five years; time?

• Never mention that you are only gaining some job experiences .
• The interviewer should see that your personal goals will contribute to the company’s goals
Ex. You can mention that you plan to get a master’s degree. This goal will also benefit the company.
• Don’t mention something that implies you are looking for the benefits the company give you.

Describe you greatest achievement in life

• The interviewer should see “why” it is the greatest achievement in your life because what may be great for you
may mean nothing to others.
• You may say that graduating in high school was your greatest achievement because you had learned difficulties
when you were young and your parents thought you would not even make it through the first grade.

Describe one time in your life where you failed and how you handled your situation
• Be sure to also make the interviewer understand the context of your failure.
• Describe how you handled the situation and the lessons you learned from your failure.

What are your career plans?

• Describe plans that would also contribute not only to your personal growth but also to the growth of the
company.
• Make sure that your career plans are SMART: Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-bound
 PLAGIARISM
-THE WORD PLAGIARISM IS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN WORD PLAGIARIUS WHICH MEANS TO KIDNAP OR TO PLUNDER.
-THE WORD BEGAN TO BE USED IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE SOMETIME DURING THE 16OOs.
-It can be likened to a contagious disease that spreads quickly.
-(as defined in the dictionary) it is the act of using another person’s word, ideas, or work without giving credit to that
person.
-IT IS NOT ONLY COMMITTED THROUGH WRITING, BUT ALSO THROUGH SPEAKING.

EXAMPLES OF PLAGIARISM
• TURNING IN SOMEONE ELSE’S WORK AS YOUR OWN
• COPYING WORDS OR IDEAS FROM SOMEONE ELSE WITHOUT GIVING CREDIT
• FAILING TO PUT A QUOTATION IN QUOTATION MARKS
• GIVING INCORRECT INFORMATION ABOUT THE SOURCE OF A QUOTATION
• CHANGING WORDS BUT COPYING THE SENTENCE STRUCTURE OF A SOURCE WITHOUT GIVING CREDIT
• COPYING SO MANY WORDS OR IDEAS FORM A SOURCE THAT IT MAKES UP THE MAJORITY OF YOUR WORK,
WHETHER YOU GIVE CREDIT OR NOT
• COPYING MEDIA (ESPECIALLY IMAGES) FROM OTHER WEB SITES TO PASTE THEM INTO YOUR OWN PAPER OR
WEB SITES
• MAKING A VIDEO USING FOOTAGE FROM OTHERS’ VIDEOS OR USING COPYRIGHTED MUSIC AS A PART OF THE
SOUNDTRACK
• PERFORMING ANOTHER PERSON’S COPYRIGHTED MUSIC (e.g., PLAYING A COVER)
• COMPOSING A PIECE OF MUSIC THAT BORROWS HEAVILY FROM ANOTHER COMPOSITION

HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?

• CITATION
-IT IS ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAYS TO AVOID PLAGIARISM.
-IT IS THE ACT OR PROCESS OF QUOTING. A QUOTATION FORM OR REFERENCE TO
ABOOK, PAPER, OR AUTHOR, ESPECIALLY IN A SCHOLARLY WORK.
• QUOTING AND PARAPHRASING
-QUOTING IS WHEN YOU USE QUOTATION MARKS TO DENOTE EXACT WORDINGS IN
YOUR WORK THAT ARE THE SAME AS THE ORIGINAL SOURCE.
-PARAPHRASING IS STATING A BORROWED IDEA USING YOUR OWN WORDS.
• USING PUBLIC DOMAIN MATERIALS
-THESE ARE THOSE THAT ARE FREE FROM COPYRIGHT LAW.
• AVOIDING SELF-PLAGIARISM
-IT IS WHEN YOU COPY AN OLD WORK AND SUBMIT IT AS NEW WORK.
-THOUGH YOU MIGHT SAY THAT SELF-PLAGIARISM DOES NO HARM TO OTHERS, IT SHOULD BE STILL
AVOIDED.

THE POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES

SCHOOL
• “0” ON THE ASSIGNMENT
• REFERRAL TO DISCIPLINARY COMMITTEE
• SUSPENSION OR DISMISSAL FROM SCHOOL AND/OR ACTIVITIES
• NOTE ON STUDENT RECORD
• LOSS OF REPUTATION AMONG THE SCHOOL COMMUNITY
• YOU CAN GET EXPELLED
• IT CAN DESTROY YOUR WORK
• EXPULSION FROM YOUR ACADEMIC INSTITUTION, IN SOME CASES, PERMANENT EXPULSION

LAW
• MOST CASES OF PLAGIARISM ARE CONSIDERED MISDEMEANORS, PUNISHABLE BY FINES OF ANYWHERE BY A
HUGE SUM OF AMMOUNT─AND UP TO ONE YEAR IN JAIL.
• PLAGIARISM CAN ALSO BE CONSIDERED A FELONY UNDER CERTAIN STATE AND FEDERAL LAWS.
 ICT AS PLATFORM FOR CHANGE

• GLOBAL DIGITAL DIVIDE- This describes the unequal distribution of information and communication
technology across nations, commonly described as “the gap between information haves and have-nots.” –Oxillo,
2018

ICT’S ROLE IN RECENT HISTORY

EDSA (PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION)

• A major protest that took place along EDSA from February 22 to 25 of 1986 involving 2 million Filipinos from
different sectors.
• Cardinal Sin encouraged the Filipinos to help end the regime of the former President Ferdinand Marcos through
Radyo Veritas which actually changed the course of history.
EDSA DOS
• The 2001 People Power Revolution.
• Occurred during the year 2001 in January 17 to 21.
• It was fueled after 11 prosecutors of then President Joseph Estrada walked out of the impeachment trial. As a
result, the people in EDSA grew over the course of a few days through text brigades.
Million People March
• This is a series of protest that mainly took place in Luneta Park from August 22 to 26, 2013.
• There were also several demonstrations that happened around key cities in the Philippines and some location
overseas.
• The organizers and promoters of the Million People March used Facebook and Change.org as their, mediums.
Yolanda People Finder
• Recent storms in Philippines history gave birth to the People finder database powered by Google.
• During typhoon Yolanda, the people finder was a vital tool for people across the globe to track the situation of
their relatives.
• This proved to be successful and is now adapted by more organizations to help people track relatives during
calamities.

ICT as Medium for Advocacy

Change.org
• Change.org is dubbed as the “world’s platform for change” where anyone from the online community can create
a petition and ask others to sign in it.
• During the past times petitions are only done through signing a paper, usually done by a group asking for
signatures via travel.
• Change.org gives access to more people by allowing the online community to affix their digital signatures on
petition.

Digital Citizenship
• Refers to the utilization of information technology (IT) in order to engage in society, politics, and government.
• K. Mossberger, et al. define digital citizens as “those who use the internet regularly and effectively.”

Digital Citizenship Principles:

• Engage positively
• Respect the rights of others to participate and have an opinion.
• Ask before tagging other people or posting photos.
• Report offensive or illegal content.
• Don’t respond to hurtful or nasty comments – block and report cyber bullying
• Know your online world
• Learn how new skills will help you explore the online world.
• Recognize online risk and how to manage them.
• Look out for suspicious emails and scams.
• Keep passwords secret, strong and unique.
• Choose consciously
• Choose privacy and security settings carefully and check them regularly.
• Choose friends wisely online – not everybody online is who they claim to be, regularly review your
connections and remove people.

• Digital Access- This is perhaps one of the most fundamental blocks to being a digital citizen.
-Digital access is available in many remote countries via cyber cafes and small coffee shops.
• Digital commerce- This is the ability for users to recognize that much of the economy is regulated online.
-It also deals with the understanding of the dangers and benefits of online buying, using credit
cards online, and so forth.
• Digital communication- This element deals with understanding the variety of online communication mediums
such as email, instant messaging, FB, messenger, the variety of apps, and so forth.
• Digital literacy- This deals with the understanding of how to use various digital devices.
-It is ability and knowledge needed to learn and teach using technology tools.
• Digital etiquette- This is the expectation that various mediums require a variety of etiquette.
-Certain mediums demand more appropriate behaviour and language than
others.
• Digital Law- This is where enforcement occurs for illegal downloads, plagiarizing, hacking, creating viruses,
sending spams, identity theft, cyber bullying, and so forth.
• Digital Rights and Responsibilities- This is the set of rights that digital citizens have such as
privacy , speech, and so forth.
• Digital Health- Digital citizens must be aware of the physical stress placed on their bodies by internet usage.
-They must be aware not to become overly dependent on the internet causing eye
strain, headaches, stress problems, and so on.
• Digital Security- This simply means that citizens must take measures to be safe by practicing using difficult
passwords, virus protection , backing up data, and so forth.