Class 1: Introduction and Basic Thermodynamic Concepts: Navy Shipyard Fire Department Vehicle (1881)
Class 1: Introduction and Basic Thermodynamic Concepts: Navy Shipyard Fire Department Vehicle (1881)
thermodynamic concepts
Navy Shipyard Fire
Department Vehicle (1881)
Manufactured in England by
Merryweather & Sons – London.
The steam which set in motion
the water pumps to the fire hose
was provided by the coal boiler.
In less than 10 minutes it
produced the required pressure,
which happened while the car
was on its way to the fire.
The car was pulled either by
man or mules.
(Museu de Marinha, Lisbon)
Universe
System
Universe
System
Universe
Universe
Surroundings or
Environment
System
System
Boundary
Universe
Mass ?
System
Boundary
System Energy ?
P0 = P1 = P2 → Intensive prop
Po, To,
P1
T1
P2
T0 = T1 = T2 → Intensive prop
T2
Vo, mo V1 V2 V0 ≠ V1 ≠ V2 → Extensive prop
m1 m2
m0 ≠ m1 ≠ m2 → Extensive prop
• Specific properties
• Dividing an extensive property by mass gives a specific one
• Specific properties are intensive properties as they are not dependent
on the size of the system
• Denoted by lower case letter
• Fresh fruit, vegetables and meat are priced in Euro per kg:
• you buy Y kg and you pay Y kg x euro/kg (price is independent of the
amount of vegetables or meat that the shopkeeper has)
More in class 3
Class 1: Introduction and basic thermodynamic concepts M. Muñoz Rojo/GGM Stoffels 18
Changing the state of a system: Processes
P P = constant
• Pv-diagram (isobaric)
v =constant
(isometric)
• Tv-diagram T = constant
T
(isothermal)
v =constant
(isometric)
v
Class 1: Introduction and basic thermodynamic concepts M. Muñoz Rojo/GGM Stoffels 21
Example: Isobaric, Isentropic & Isometric Processes
• A system is only in
equilibrium when all relevant equilibrium criteria are satisfied
• If the properties of a system (like pressure
and temperature) are not changing with time
the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium
Class 1: Introduction and basic thermodynamic concepts M. Muñoz Rojo/GGM Stoffels 23
Quasi-Equilibrium
• A system's equilibrium changes during a process
• During the process the system passes a series of states
• Describe the system at any point in time ⟶ always consider a system to
be in quasi-equilibrium
• Quasi-equilibrium
• Idealized process, not a true representation of an actual process
• Modeling tool
Slow compression:
every step quasi-
equilibrium is reached
• All steps can be considered infinitesimal small and the process occurs
between the upper and lower limit
• Mathematics: differentials and integrals
1 m
ρ= = Time is one of the fifty
v V subjects in the beta canon
(http://www.foksuk.nl/betac
anon en
http://extra.volkskrant.nl/be
tacanon/)
1 second is 9.192.631.770 trillingen in cesium-133
1m
A computer-generated image of
the International Prototype
kilogram (IPK), which is made
from an alloy of 90% platinum
and 10% iridium (by weight) and
machined into a right-circular
cylinder (height = diameter) of
39.17 mm (the inch ruler is for
scale), its edges have a four-
angle chamfer to minimize wear.
Pline
• Patm = 1 bar = 105 Pa
• Solution
• Derive the answer in symbols → e.g.:
• Fill in the data for a quantitative solution (unit!)
• Discussion of Results
• Does the answer make sense?
• What are implications? → this follows from the symbolic solution