LABOUR LAW PROJECT ON

WORKMAN

Prepared by

Shreya Prabhudesai

S.Y.LLM

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. No. Particulars Page No.

1. Introduction 3

4-20
2. Workmen under Industrial Disputes Act, 1947

3. Workmen under Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 21-25

4. Workmen under Industrial Employment (Standing Orders 26-27

Act), 1946

28
Workmen under Factories Act,1948
5.

Laws relating to workers/workmen in Singapore 29

Bibliography 31
8.

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 WORKMAN

INTRODUCTION

Labour market is not homogenous. It is broadly segmented into unorganised and

organised, wage earners and self-employed, skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled and so on.

Every regulation relating to social security and working conditions has different meaning

and implication for every segment. The life of a worker is also not homogenous,

throughout his living, at different stages of life. The perception, understanding and need

of the things change and vary at different periods of life such as adolescence, youth, and

old age. The meaning of social security is not the same throughout the life of a worker. In

the same way, the perception pertaining to decency undergoes a change during the life

cycle of a worker. For him decency has a different meaning at different levels of age. At

the young age, it is something else than what it may be during the old age. It means the

social security and decency are not only significant for a worker but also have a different

meaning at different levels of living during the life of a worker. For any regulation, which

can become a source of employment promotion, it is very important that it should fulfill

its purpose. From this point of view, there is every need to evaluate different

legislations/rules/ acts in regard to social security and decency of workmen. 1

Workmen under various labour legislation are as follows;

1. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947

1
DR. BALWINDER SINGH WORKER’S LIFE, WORK AND DECENCY : NEEDED REGULATORY MEASURES
IN INDIA (2009)

3
 2. Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923

3. Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1947

4. Crown Construction Contracts Act

Workmen under Industrial Disputes Act, 1947

The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (Act) is the governing legislation that provides the

machinery and procedure for the amicable settlement of conflicts between an employer

and employee so that industrial peace is maintained. This Act applies to all industries and

establishments which employ workers, irrespective of the number employed. Under

Section 2(j) of the Act, the definition of "industry" means any business, trade,

manufacture or calling of employers and includes any calling, service, employment,

handicraft, or industrial occupation or avocation of workmen. The term "industry" has

evolved, and at present it covers even establishments run without any profit motive, such

as government undertakings, statutory bodies and corporations, clubs, chambers of

commerce, educational institutions, co-operatives, research institutions, charitable

projects and other kindred activities. 2

To determine if an employee is a workman or not under the Act is a subject of intractable

controversy. When an employee is involved in a dispute with the employer or in a

situation where his employment is terminated and such individual wants to avail the

protective umbrella of the Act, the employer contests by raising an objection that the

employee is not a workman within the definition of the Act. This article discusses various

factors which determine the circumstances when an employee will be considered a

workman.

2
Dr. V.G. Goswami- Labour Industrial Laws (2010)

4
Statutory definition & its analysis

The term ‘workman’ has been defined under Section 2(s) of the Industrial Disputes Act,

1947."workman" means any person (including an apprentice) employed in any industry to

do any manual, unskilled, skilled, technical, operational, clerical or supervisory work for

hire or reward, whether the terms of employment be express or implied, and for the

purposes of any proceeding under this Act in relation to an industrial dispute, includes

any such person who has been dismissed, discharged or retrenched in connection with, or

as a consequence of, that dispute, or whose dismissal, discharge or retrenchment has led

to that dispute, but does not include any such person –

(i) who is subject to the Air Force Act, 1950 (45 of 1950), or the Army Act, 1950

(46 of 1950), or the Navy Act, 1957 (62 of 1957); or

(ii) who is employed in the police service or as an officer or other employee of a

prison; or

(iii) who is employed mainly in a managerial or administrative capacity; or

(iv) who, being employed in a supervisory capacity, draws wages exceeding one

thousand six hundred rupees per mensem or exercises, either by the nature of

the duties attached to the office or by reason of the powers vested in him,
3
functions mainly of a managerial nature.

The definition can be split into three parts.

The first part envisages that for any person employed in an industry to qualify as a

workman, he must be engaged in a type of work mentioned in the definition. The second

part gives an extended meaning to the word workman as it includes employees dismissed,

3
Dr. V.G. Goswami- Labour Industrial Laws (2010)

5
discharged or retrenched in connection with an industrial dispute or whose dismissal,

discharge or retrenchment has led to an industrial dispute. The third part is exclusionary

in nature.

Therefore, it is clear that all workmen are employees but all employees may not be

workmen for the purpose of the Act. In order to be a workman it is not necessary that a

person must be employed in a substantive capacity. This means every person employed in

an industry, regardless of his status of an apprentice (considered as a trainee), permanent

or probationer will be treated as a workman. Not all apprentices will fall within the four

corners of the definition; Indian jurisprudence has made it clear that an apprentice be

treated as a workman provided he performs duties of a workman.

The important question is what does it mean to be a workman? The answer lies in the fact

that every employee covered in the definition can avail various benefits under the Act. A

workman can raise an industrial dispute with the employer regarding discharge, dismissal,

retrenchment or termination of his services. Section 25F of the Act provides mandatory

conditions for retrenchment of workers.

However, all those employees who do not fall within the ambit of the definition of a

workman will not be entitled to benefits under the Act. In Purandaran vs. Hindustan

Lever Limited, the petitioner adopted the Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS) 4

introduced by the respondent and, subsequently, left employment. Thereafter, he learned

that there was a change of terms in the VRS under which 15% in excess of what the

petitioner got was payable. The petitioner claimed the payment of the enhanced amount

from the respondent and raised an industrial dispute. The Court held that the petitioner

had adopted the VRS, which amounted to his resignation, and, as a result thereof he is not

4
[2001 LLR 525 Kerala HC]
6
entitled to claim the status of a workman and so cannot raise any industrial dispute.

Clearly, the prerequisite for an industrial dispute is that the person raising it must fulfill

the criteria of a workman.

IMPORTANT POINTS

A. The object of Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 is to make provisions for the

investigation and settlement of industrial disputes, and for certain other purposes

between employer and workers. Therefore it is necessary to give an elaborate

definition explaining what sort of persons come under the purview of ‘workman’.

The approach of Section 2(s) is a positive one and not a negative one.

B. The word ‘workman’ means any person employed in any industry etc. It is a very

exhaustive term, including any person, apprentice employed in any industry to do

any manual, skilled, unskilled, technical, operational, clerical or supervisory work

for hire or reward etc.

C. Certain categories of persons viz the persons having managerial or administrative

capacity are excluded from the definition of workman. There is a difference

between ‘supervisory’, ‘managerial’ or ‘administrative’ capacity.

D. Whether the piece-rated workers are to be treated as workmen?

This is the most important question raised before the Courts on several occasions.

In the leading case Silver Jubilee Tailoring House vs Chief Inspector of Shops

and Establishments and Shining Tailors vs Industrial Tribunal, the Supreme

Court gave judgments in favour of piece-rated workers holding them as workmen

within the meaning of Section 2(s) of the Industrial disputes Act, 1947.

7
 Silver Jubilee tailoring House vs Chief Inspector of Shops and

Establishments 5

Introduction: Since the beginning of the human civilization upto the start of

industrial revolution, the employer used to have skills in his profession. He

appointed workers under him to assist and improve the production. If the worker

had any doubt with regards to the work, he approached the employer and clarified

the same. The employer was able to instruct his workmen what is to be done and

how it is to be done. The employer thus could exercise his control over the

knowledge and the skills that he possessed. This was the situation upto the

industrial revolution.

Even in the earlier cases in Great Britain, the employer exercised control over his

workers in extracting the work. This distinction of telling workers what to do and

how it is to be done was based upon the social conditions of an earlier age. It was

assumed that the employer was superior in the technology and was therefore

aware of technical methods in manufacturing. Therefore in the agricultural society

and in the earlier stages of Industrial revolution, the owner was regarded as

superior to the workmen in knowledge, skill and experience. This was called as

‘control test’. It reflected a state of society in which the ownership of means of

production coincided with the profession of technical knowledge and the skills

were largely acquired by being handed down by one generation to the next by oral

tradition and not by being systematically imparted in institutions of learning from

schools or technical training institutions. The control test postulates a combination

of managerial and technical functions in employer and his workmen.

5
(1973) II LLJ 495 SC)
8
In the modern context, this division and control test are not useful because today

economy plays an important role in establishing an industry and managing it. A

rich person having no knowledge about an industry to be established, can establish

the same with the help of technocrats. Money plays an important role in the

modern economy. An ordinary graduate or a matriculate can establish a five star

hotel by employing experts and people engaged in the technical field. Today a

drastic division has been established between the managers and technocrats.

Control is obviously an important factor. In some cases, it may still be a decisive

factor, however in every case it may not be so. This was decided in the leading

case.

Brief Facts: In this case the owner established ‘Silver jubilee tailoring House’. He

supplied cloth to the tailors and paid remuneration on a piece rate. He had never

controlled them in any manner apart from supplying the cloth as per the capacity

of the tailor and paying money as per the piece-rate. He provided sewing

machines, cloth and other sewing materials to them. He did not maintain any

registers under the labour laws. The Chief Inspector of Shops and Establishments

prosecuted him. The lower courts gave the judgment treating the piece-rated

tailors as the ‘workmen’ within the meaning of Section 2(s) of the industrial

disputes Act, 1947. He appealed to the Supreme Court. He argued that he had no

technical knowledge of tailoring and he had engaged them on contract basis, that

too on piece-rate, and that they were not regular employees, and also that his was

a seasonal business.

JUDGMENT: The Supreme Court gave judgment against the owner and treated

all the piece-rated tailors as workmen.

9
 PRINCIPLES: (i) Mathew J. observed: “it is in its application to skilled and

particularly professional work that control test in its traditional form has really

broken down. It has been said that in interpreting ‘control’ as meaning the power

to direct how a servant should do his work, the Court has been applying a concept

suited to a past age, but not now.”

(ii) The rule laid down in this case has been applied in subsequent cases

i.e. Shining Tailors vs Industrial Tribunal 6 etc.

(iii) The tailors working at one place at piece-rate for several employers are not

treated as workmen.

E. In R.G. Makwana vs Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation 7 (, The High

Court of Gujarat has held that any person who has been dismissed, discharged or

retrenched in connection with or as a consequence of a dispute is also included

within the definition of the workman under Section 2(s). What is important and

relevant is the date of reference. As on that date requisite conditions of the

definition of the term ‘workman’ as per Section 2(s) have to be satisfied. In this

case the workman was a dismissed workman and his salary on the date of

reference was clearly covered by the main definition of the term workman and did

not fall within the accepted category of clause (iv).

F. In Arkal Govind Raj Rao vs Ciba Geigy of India Ltd 8 it was observed that :

where an employee has multifarious duties and a question is raised whether he is a

workman or some other than a workman the Court must find out what are the

primary and basic duties of the person concerned and if he is incidentally asked to

6
(1983 II LLJ 413 SC)
7
1987) II LLJ 172
8
(1985) II LLJ 401(403) (SC)
10
 do some other work, which may not be necessarily in tune with basic duties, these

additional duties cannot change the character and status of the person concerned.

In other words, dominant purpose of the employment must first be taken into

consideration and gloss of some additional duties must be rejected while

determining the status and character of a person. Therefore, in determining which

of the employees in various categories are covered by the definition of a workman

one has to see what is the main or substantial work which he is employed to do.

Factors which determine when an employee will be a workman

(i) Contract of employment: The first essential condition for a person to be a workman is

that there must be a contract of employment between the parties and a relationship of

employer-employee or master-servant must exist. Indian courts have ruled that the prima

facie test to determine the relationship between master and servant is the existence of the

right in the master to supervise and control the work done. It is important to be able to

direct not only the work to be performed but also the manner in which it shall be done.

An employment contract also establishes an employer-employee relationship, and in the

absence of which no person can claim to be a workman. For instance, professionals like

doctors, lawyers, physicians who render part-time services in various institutions can

claim the status of workman only when it is established that they render services to an

employer who owns an industry.

Additionally, the employee must be paid some remuneration irrespective whether the

terms of his employment are express or implied.

(v) Contract labour: At this stage, it is pertinent to discuss an important and a

growing segment of the workforce - contract labour. Large industrial

11
 operations increasingly use the services of an independent contractor who, in

turn, supplies people to an enterprise. Where a contractor employs a workman

to do the work which he contracted with a third person (a company), the

workman of the contractor will not become the workman of the management.

For instance, employees engaged by a contractor running the canteen of a

factory cannot be the employees of the company.

The contractor is responsible for payment of remuneration to the employees and not the

management. However, under Indian law, the contract workers are legally bound to the

contractor, but if the contractor defaults in providing any benefits that a contract labour is

entitled under the law, the principal employer is liable. The principal employer will be the

company where the workers work. Contract labourers under the law are eligible to

receive, from the contractor, benefits such as provident fund and employee state

insurance.

There is ambiguity whether a contract worker will qualify as a workman. There have been

situations where such workers have come within the ambit of the definition of a

workman.

The terms of the contract between the contractor and the Company govern the

employment of the contract labour. The triggers for creation of a potential industrial

dispute for contract and temporary/casual employees may arise when there is: (i) a

tendency/frequency to hire workers who are engaged in the activities that are contrary to

any local notification prohibiting employment of contract labour, (ii) non-compliance

with provisions of legislations which require employers to provide benefits to its

employees including contract labour, and (iii) excessive control/check on the activities of

contract labour. The Courts have held that if the principal employer keeps control on

12
contract labour, including granting them leave or extending any salary advance, then the

contract between the contractor and principal employer is a sham. In Ram Singh & Others

v. U.T. of Chandigarh; 9 both the contractor and contract labours were held to be direct

employees of the principal employer.

(vi) Employment in an industry: Another essential condition for a person to be a

workman is employment in an "industry" as defined in Section 2(j) of the Act.

It is not essential that the employment in the industry should have direct nexus with the

main industrial activity; the employees who are employed in connection with operations

incidental to the main industry will also be treated as workmen. For instance, if workers

are employed by a sugar factory to remove press-mud from the sugar factory, the workers

will be considered workmen, as removing press-mud is an activity which is the part of the

sugar factory.

(vii) Nature of work: Another determinative factor is the nature of duties and

functions enumerated in the definition of workman. This means that in order

to become a workman, an employee must be engaged in mainly seven types of

work i.e. manual, unskilled, skilled, technical, operational, clerical and

supervisory work. However, under modern industrial conditions large numbers

of employees are often required to do more than one work. In such a scenario,

it becomes necessary to determine under which of the seven classifications the

employee will fall in order to determine whether he qualifies as a workman.

The scope of the present discussion is limited to the people who are engaged

in doing technical, supervisory and managerial activities.

9
(2004) I LLJ 227
13
 (viii) Technical work: Any person who is engaged in doing any technical work

which involves special mental training or scientific or technical knowledge,

will fall under the definition of workman. However, every work of technical

nature which involves technical skill does not necessarily give rise to the

relationship of employer and employee. Technical work requires training or

knowledge or expertise of a particular art or science to which that works

pertains. For example, a doctor performing the duties of examining patients,

diagnosing diseases and prescribing medicines is considered to possess

specialized skills required for performing the job. As a result, he will qualify

as a workman doing technical work only when it is established that he is

employed in an industry, and where the condition of an employer-employee

relationship is fulfilled. Doctors rendering professional services to various

establishments or engaged in private practice where no relationship of

employment is created will not be entitled to claim the status of workmen.

In Bombay Dyeing and Manufacturing Co Ltd v RA Bidoo10 it was held that a person

is said to be employed in a technical capacity if he possess some special skills. In the

present case, the respondent was employed as a camera operator in the company. He was

working in the screen-making department of textile mills and was responsible for testing

new chemicals and graphite films and, accordingly, advice the management of their

suitability. The company terminated the employment of the respondent without assigning

any reason. The respondent raised an industrial dispute contending that his termination

was not justified. The Court considered the nature of his work and held that the work

done by him was not of a technical nature as it did not require application of any special

10
[1990 1 LLJ 98 Bombay HC]
14
knowledge which would result in the creation of a work peculiar to the talent of the

respondent. Hence, the petition was dismissed.

Therefore, it is pertinent to note here that there are two guiding factors which determine

whether a technically qualified person is a workman or not. He will become a workman

only when it is established that he is employed in an industry and performing work of a

technical nature. However, in order to determine whether the nature of duties performed

by a workman will fall under the technical category, the court has to consider the facts

and circumstances of each case.

(ix) Supervisory work: In determining disputes regarding the nature of work

performed by an employee and whether it was supervisory in nature or

otherwise, the court considers the primary duties of an employee and functions

assigned to him. An important consideration for this section is that it deals

with persons doing supervisory work and earning below Rs1,600 a month. An

employee working in a supervisory capacity whose monthly salary is above

the aforesaid limit will not qualify as a workman. In practice, very few people

will earn the sum mentioned, and yet be supervisors. Therefore, the legislators

need to evaluate the wisdom of retaining this amount.

In any event, Indian courts have ruled that where an employee has multifarious duties and

a question is raised whether he is a workman or not, the court should consider the primary

and basic duties of the person concerned. The determinative factor is the main duties of

the concerned employee and not some work done incidentally. For instance, where an

employee is mainly engaged in supervisory work and if he is asked incidentally to do

some clerical work, these additional duties cannot change the character and status of the

person and he will be considered as a workman doing supervisory work.

15
In Management of Sonepat Cooperative Sugar Mills Ltd. vs Ajit Singh 11 , the

respondent was appointed as a legal assistant by the appellant to prepare written statement

and notices and draft legal opinions. He also used to perform some quasi-judicial

functions like conducting departmental enquiries against the workmen employed in the

industrial undertaking of the appellant. While he was employed by the appellant in that

capacity, it was decided to abolish the position. The respondent raised an industrial

dispute raising his contention that his termination was not justified. However, the

appellant opposed the respondent's contention and pleaded that he was not performing

any managerial or supervisory duties and, therefore, would not be a workman. The

Supreme Court held that the job performed by the respondent was of "legal clerical

nature" which involves creativity of mind. Further, merely because the respondent had

not performed any managerial or supervisory duties did not disqualify him as a workman.

Moreover, if the workman is mainly engaged in work which is of manual, clerical or

technical nature, the mere fact that some supervisory or other work is also done by him

incidentally or as a small fraction of his work, will not take him out of the purview of the

definition of a workman. In other words, the dominant purpose of employment must be

first taken into consideration and the gloss of some additional duties must be rejected

while determining the status and character of a person.

(x) Managerial or administrative work: The definition of workman specifically

excludes a person working in a managerial or administrative capacity. The

mere designation of a person as a manger or an administrator of an industry is

not sufficient to conclude that he is not a workman. To ascertain his status as a

workman the nature of duties assigned to him are relevant. For instance, while

11
[2005 1 LLJ 1122]
16
 considering whether a software engineer is a workman or not it is essential to

see whether his position has administrative or managerial powers. If he is

working only in a managerial or administrative capacity he will not be a

workman.

In Central Bank of India, Lucknow vs. Assistant Labour Commissioner, Kanpur

and others 12, respondent was a bank manager performing managerial and administrative

function as an executive officer of the branch. On account of his suspension, he raised an

industrial dispute contending that his suspension is illegal. The court held that the role of

a branch manager essentially consists of ensuring business development by continuously

educating his customers along with his staff on various services the bank can offer.

Therefore, on account of the nature of his duties which are purely of managerial and

administrative nature like planning and organizing branch's performance, staff

administration and development etc. he cannot come under the definition of workman.

Hence, the petition was dismissed.

PROTECTED WORKMEN

Who is a protected workman?

A protected workman in relation to an establishment means a workman who, being an

office bearer or member of the executive committee of a registered trade union connected

with the establishment, is recognised as such in accordance with rules made in this behalf.

12
[2000 LLR 84 Allahabad HC]
17
Rule 61(1) of Industrial Disputes (Central) Rules, 1957, provides that every registered

trade union connected with an industrial establishment shall communicate to the

employer before the 30th April every year, the names and addresses of the officers of the

union who are employed in that establishment who should be recognised as protected

workmen. Rule 61(2) makes it obligatory on the part of employer to recognise such

number of workers as provided u/s 33 (4) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, as

‘protected’ for a period of 12 months, within fifteen days of receipt of the proposal from

the union.

However, management is entitled to decline recognition as protected workman to a

person nominated by the union, if any disciplinary proceeding is pending against such

workman. Union certainly cannot exercise their power under Rule 61(1) to give immunity

to an employee against whom disciplinary proceedings initiated by the management are

pending, by nominating his name for recognition as protected workman. HLL Lifecare

Ltd Vs. Hindustan latex Labour Union (AITUC)] 13

How many protected workmen?

As per Section 33 (4) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, the number of workmen to be

recognised as protected workmen shall be one per cent of the total number of workmen

employed therein subject to a minimum number of five protected workmen and a

maximum number of one hundred protected workmen.

13
W.A 1171 of 2010

18
Where the total number of names received by the employer exceeds the maximum

number of protected workmen, admissible for the establishment, u/s 33(4) of the Act, the

employer shall recognise only such maximum number of workmen as “protected”.

Where there are more than one registered trade unions in the establishment, the maximum

number of protected workmen shall be distributed among the unions in such a way that

each union shall have representation as protected workmen in proportion to the

membership of the unions. If the number of protected workmen allotted to a union is less

than that proposed by the union, the union will have to select from the proposed list the

names of such persons who should be recognised as protected workmen and intimate the

names to the employer within five days.

Rights of Protected Workmen

Section 33 (3) of Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, provides that during the pendency of any

conciliation procedure before a conciliation officer or a Board or of any proceeding

before an arbitrator or a Labour Court or Tribunal or National Tribunal in respect of an

industrial dispute, the employer should not initiate any action against any protected

workman concerned in such dispute-

(a) by altering, to the prejudice of such protected workman, the conditions of service

applicable to him immediately before the commencement of such proceedings; or

19
(b) by discharging or punishing, whether by dismissal or otherwise, such protected

workman, save with the express permission in writing of the authority before which the

proceeding is pending.

Remedy for employer

If an employer wants to take action against a protected workman during the pendency of a

conciliation proceeding, before the Conciliation Officer, Board, Arbitrators, Labour

Court, Tribunal or National Tribunal, he should get express permission from the

conciliation Officer, Labour Court or Tribunal, as the case may be, by applying in form J.

It may be remembered that application for approval should be made before the action for

change in service conditions or discharge or dismissal, as the case may be, becomes

effective [McKenzie & Co Vs Workmen. 14 At the same time, during the pendency of

application for dismissal of a worker u/s 33, the employer can place him under

suspension.

14
(AIR 1959 SC 389)
20
WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION ACT, 1923

The Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 is really the first beneficial legislation for

labour in India. While the trade unionism and collective bargaining were in preliminary

stage, the then British Government enacted this statute for the welfare of labour and their

bereaved families. It is essentially a social assistance measure, as it places the entire

responsibility on the employer for the payment of compensation for death, permanent or

partial and temporary disablement. By enacting the Workmen’s Compensation Act, the

rigid formalities and technicalities were removed. Speedy remedy is now possible by the

quasi-judicial decision of the Commissioner.

Power of Commissioner to award more compensation

The Commissioner has power to award compensation more than what is claimed by the

workman if the facts do warrant such an award; Karnataka State Road Transport

Corporation v. B.T. Somasekharaiah, 15

Important Objects of the Act

(i) It gives cheap and quick remedy to the injured workmen or the dependants of

the deceased workmen.

(ii) Civil Courts are excluded.

(iii) The Commissioner is empowered to grant immediate relief.

(iv) The Commissioner is not bound to follow the technicalities and formalities of

a Court. He is a quasi-judicial authority.

(v) The Act clearly defines injury, workman, accident arising out of and in the

course of employment, methods for calculating the compensation etc.

15
1994 LLR 251 (Karn)
21
 (vi) The definition of a workman given under this Act is wider than any other

labour legislation.

(vii) Fee prescribed on application is only normal and lowest

(viii) It is the first labour welfare legislation in India

(ix) Though the Act was enacted in 1923,the spirit of the Constitution Of India,

1950 is seen in it.

Section 2(1)(n) of the Workmen’s Compensation Act,1923 defines ‘workmen’

“workman” means any person who is—

(i) a railway servant as defined in 3[clause (34) of section 2 of the Railways Act, 1989 (24

of 1989)] not permanently employed in any administrative, district or sub-divisional

office of a railway and not employed in any such capacity as is specified in Schedule II,

or

[(ia) (a) a master, seaman or other member of the crew of a ship,

(b) a captain or other member of the crew of an aircraft,

(c) a person recruited as driver, helper, mechanic, cleaner or in any other capacity in

connection with a motor vehicle,

(d) a person recruited for work abroad by a company,

and who is employed outside India in any such capacity as is specified in Schedule II and

the ship, aircraft or motor vehicle, or company, as the case may be, is registered in India,

or;]

22
(ii) employed in any such capacity as is specified in Schedule II, whether the contract of

employment was made before or after the passing of this Act and whether such contract is

expressed or implied, oral or in writing; but does not include any person working in the

capacity of a member of the Armed Forces of the Union ; and any reference to a workman

who has been injured shall, where the workman is dead, includes a reference to his

dependents or any of them. 16

IMPORTANT POINTS

A. Section 2(1)(n) of the Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 defines ‘workmen’ for

the purposes of awarding the compensation to workman or to his dependants. For

this purpose, it differs with the definitions given in other labour and industrial

legislations.

B. Driver: A driver working in private or public sector is a workman. Even a

substitute driver working for two days on a lorry is a workman within the meaning

of this section. Example: A is the lorry owner. B is A’s lorry driver. For the

purpose of this Act, B is the workman of A. This was decided in Oriental fire

and General Insurance Co. Ltd Vs. Union of India. 17

C. Casual employees appointed for a particular purpose are not ‘workmen’ within the

meaning of Section 2(1)(n). Daily rated workers are the casual workers. If a

worker works only one day on daily wages, and dies, the employer is not liable. If

a worker is appointed for six months or more, he is treated as a worker.

In Patel Engineering Co. Ltd vs Commissioner for WC 18, a workman worked

under a contractor on daily rate. He was paid weekly. He worked for one month.

16
Dr. V.G. Goswami- Labour Industrial Laws (2010)
17
(AIR 1975 AP 222)
18
(1978(1)LLJ 147 AP
23
 The Andhra Pradesh High Court held that he was not a casual employee, but a

worker within the meaning of Section 2 (1) (n).

D. A person engaged to whitewash on wages is a workman. A person engaged to

whitewash on contract is not a workman. Case Law: Danni Devi vs. Gurbaksh

Singh 19

E. In Divisional Railway Manager, S.E. Rly vs M. Laxmibai, 20 The Court held

that a railway servant drawing less than 1000 per month iis a workman.

F. In Juthi Devi and others vs. pine Chemical Ltd and another 21. In this case a

watchman was appointed by a chemical factory. His duty was to watch and ward.

He was assaulted by the thieves. Due to injuries he died. The dependants claimed

compensation. The management raised objection that the watchman was not a

worker, as he was not concerned with the manufacturing process of the industry.

The High Court gave judgment in favour of the dependants and ordered the

management to pay compensation. The High Court held that the workman was

employed in a premise where manufacturing process intended to be carried on was

not necessarily required to be actually connected with the manufacturing process.

A watchman was not a contributor to the industry and therefore he was a

workman.

G. In Champal vs. Daryavbai and others 22. In this case, A-the house owner had

given construction of a wall on contract to B- a maistry. As per the agreement, B

had to construct the wall and to take contracted amount @ square feet. While B

was constructing, it was collapsed and he died. The High Court gave judgment

that B was a worker and A was laible to pay compensation to dependants of B.

19
(1973 ACJ 492 Del.)
20
(1984 ACJ 545 Ori)
21
(1990) 2 TAC 689 J&K HC)
22
(1992) 65 FLR 589 MP
24
 The Court held that there was a clear distinction between an independent

contractor and a worker. A person agreeing to work personally is a workman. A

person agreeing to get work done by others is an independent contractor. In case

of independent contractor, owner is not liable to pay compensation. In case of a

workman, the owner is held liable.

Basis for the calculation of compensationThe basis for calculation of compensation is

monthly “wages”; In Zubeda Bano v. Maharashtra Road Transport Corporation, 23

“Batta” does not amount to “wages” for computing compensation

“Batta” paid to a workman per day to cover special expenses incurred by him due to

nature of his employment does not amount to “wages” for the purposes of computing

compensation;New India Assurance Co. Ltd., Hyderabad v. Kotam Appa Rao, 1995 LLR

609 (AP).

Conditions for treating a person as workman

From the definition of ‘workman’ given in section 2 (1) (n) of the Act, it is clear that for

not treating a person as workman, two conditions are required to be proved namely that

his employment is of casual nature and he is not employed for the purpose of employee’s

trade or business and the onus is on the employer to prove these conditions; Mangala

Ben v. Dalip Motwani 24,

23
1990 LLR 287 (Bom
24
1998 LLR 656
25
Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act,1947

There are ‘service conditions’ or ‘service rules’ for various employees like Government

employees, bank employees, LIC employees etc. The Industrial Employment (Standing

Orders) Act, 1947 is designed to provide service rules to workmen.

The object of the Act is to require employers in industrial establishments to formally

define conditions of employment under them.

What are ‘Standing Orders’ - ‘Standing Orders’ means rules of conduct for workmen

employed in industrial establishments. ‘Standing orders’ means rules relating to matters

set out in the schedule to the Act. [section 2(g)]. The schedule to the Act requires that

following should be specified in Standing Orders - (a) classification of workmen i.e.

temporary, badli, casual, permanent, skilled etc. (b) manner of intimating to workmen

working hours, shift working, transfers etc. (c) Holidays (d) Attendance and late coming

rules (e) Leave rules (f) Leave eligibility and leave conditions (g) Closing and reopening

of sections of industrial establishment (h) termination of employment, suspension,

dismissal etc. for misconduct and acts or omissions which constitute misconduct (i)

Retirement age (j) Means of redressal of workmen against unfair treatment or wrongful

exactions by employer (k) Any other matter that may be prescribed.

Section 2 [(i) “wages” and “workman” have the meanings respectively assigned to them

in clauses (rr) and (s) of Section 2 of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (14 of 1947). 25

Under Crown Construction Contracts Act. “workman" means a person who has a contract

25
Dr. V.G. Goswami- Labour Industrial Laws (2010)

26
with a contractor, or with a subcontractor who has a contract with a contractor, to provide

work on a contract. 1972, c.8, s.1; 1981, c.19, s.1.

Definition of ‘ worker ‘ under the Factories Act, 1948

“Worker" means a person employed, directly or by or

through any agency (including acontractor) with or without the knowledge of

the principal employer, whether for r em u n e r at i o n or n ot ] , i n a n y m an uf a ct u

ri n g p r o ce s s , o r i n c l e ani n g an y p a rt of t he machinery or premises used for

a manufacturing,process, or in any other kind of work incidental to, or

connected with, the manufacturing process, or the subject of the

manufacturing process but does not include any member of the armed forces of

theUnion.

The Apprentice Act , 1961 :“ Worker “ means any person who is employed for wages in

any kind of work and gets his wages directly from the employer but shall not include as

apprentice referred to his clause. 26

26
Wikipedia.com

27
WORKMEN UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW

SINGAPORE LAW

WORK INJURY COMPENSATION ACT

The Work Injury Compensation Act ('WICA') came into force on 1 April 2008

replacing the Workmen's Compensation Act. WICA applies to all workplace

injuries that happen on and after 1 April 2008; for accidents that occurred before 1

April 2008, the Workmen's Compensation Act will continue to apply.

Unlike the Workmen's Compensation Act which covers only manual workers and

non-manual workers earning $1,600 per month or less, WICA covers all employees

whether they are manual or non-manual workers and regardless of their level of

earnings.

What is the Purpose of WICA?

WICA aims to provide a quick and simplified process for obtaining compensation

for workplace injuries that is an alternative to claiming for damages under the

common law.

Unlike civil lawsuits against the employer, compensation is payable under WICA on a

'no-fault basis', as long as an employee suffers an injury arising out of and in the

course of his employment. There is also a fixed formula in the Act on the amount of

compensation to be awarded, and capped so that the financial liability on the employer

is limited.

Who Can Claim Compensation under WICA?

28
 Employees who sustain injuries or who contract occupational diseases arising out of

their work, or the estates of employees who die in a work-related accident, are

entitled to claim work injury compensation. WICA covers all employees engaged

under a contract of service or apprenticeship, regardless of their salary.

Notable Exceptions - Self-employed persons, independent contractors, domestic

workers, members of the Singapore Armed Forces, officers of the Singapore Police

Force, the Singapore Civil Defence Force, the Central Narcotics Bureau and the

Singapore Prison Service are not covered by WICA.

What is Covered under WICA?

An injured employee can make a claim under WICA for personal injury by accident

arising out of and in the course of his employment - i.e. arising during working

hours or while on official duties; including accidents that happen while travelling to

and from his place of work in company provided transport (not by public transport);

and injuries sustained abroad while on overseas assignments.

What are the Compensation Benefits under WICA?

Subject to the maximum amounts prescribed by WICA, an injured employee or, as

the case may be; the estate of an employee who dies in a work-related accident is

entitled to claim -

 medical expenses, including medical consultation, hospitalisation, treatment and

surgery, artificial limbs and surgical appliances;

 compensation for Permanent Incapacity or Death; and /or

 wages while on medical leave where applicable 27

27
The law society of Singapore.com

29
 CONCLUSION

Courts and scholars have been grappling with the question of ‘who is a workmen’ for

centuries. The addition of a new intermediate category has the potential of making the

distinction easier. It also has the potential of preventing or at least minimizing, the

widespread avoidance of responsibilities by employers, which so far has been authorized

by the judiciary. For both advantages to materialize, the term ‘employee’ and ‘workmen’

must be interpreted positively to achieve the goals behind the regulations in which they

are found. These purposes may be best served if courts and tribunals maintain a

distinction between two basic vulnerabilities suffered by people who work for others.

Therefore dependency itself should be used to identify ‘workers’ and trigger the

application of protective labour laws.

30
 BIBLIOGRAPHY / LIST OF REFERENCES

LIST OF BOOKS

a. DR. BALWINDER SINGH WORKER’S LIFE, WORK AND

LIST OF WEBSITES

a. www.indiakanoon.com

b. www.legalpundit.com

c. www.wikipedia.com

31