Chapter 3 The Spanish Period (1565-1898)

Historical Background

It is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565 during the
time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor-general in the Philippines. Literature started
to flourish during his time. This spurt continued unabated until the Cavite Revolt in 1872. The Spaniards
colonized the Philippines for more than three centuries.

During these times, many changes occurred in the lives of Filipinos. They embraced the Catholic
religion, changed their names, and were baptized.

Their lifestyles changed too. They built houses mad of stones and bricks, used beautiful furniture
like the piano and used kitchen utensils. Carriages, trains and boats were used as means of travel. They
held fiestas to honor the saints, the pope and the governors. They had cockfights, horse races and the
theater as means of recreation.

This gave rise to the formation of the different classes of society like the rich and the landlords.
Some Filipinos finished courses like medicine, law, agriculture and teaching. Many Filipinos finished their
schooling already had been established.

A. SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

Due to the long period of colonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards, they have exerted a
strong influence on our literature.

1. The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was replaced by the Roman alphabet.

2. The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices.

3. The Spanish language which became the literary language during this time lent many of its words to
our language.

4. European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-
moros.

5. Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects.

6. Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan

7. Our periodicals during these times gained a religious tone.

B. THE FIRST BOOKS

1. ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE). This was the first book printed in the
Philippines in 1593 in xylography. It was written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva, in
Tagalog and Spanish. It contained the Pater Noster (Out Father), Ave Maria (Hail Mary), Regina Coeli
(Hail Holy Queen), the Ten Commandments of God, the Commandments of the Catholic Church, the
Seven Mortal Sins, How to Confess, and the Cathecism. Three old original copies of this book can still be
found at the Vatican, at the Madrid Musem and at the US Congress. It contains only 87 pages but costs
$5,000.0.
2. Nuestra Señora del Rosario. The second book printed in the Philippines was written by Fr. Blancas de
San Jose in 1602, and printed at the UST Printing Press with the help of Juan de Vera, a Chinese mestizo.
It contains the biographies of saints, novenas, and questions and answers on religion.

3. Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre (in Spanish and Tagalog). This is the first book printed in
typography.

4. Ang Barlaan at Josephat. This is a Biblical story printed in the Philippines and translated to Tagalog
from Greek by Fr. Antonio de Borja. It is believed to be the first Tagalog novel published in the
Philippines even if it is only a translation. The printed translation has only 556 pages. The Ilocano
translation in poetry was done by Fr. Agustin Mejia.

5. The Pasion. This is the book about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ. It is read only during Lent.
There were 4 versions of this in Tagalog and each version is according to the name of the writer. These
are the Pilapil version (by Mariano Pilapil of Bulacan, 1814), the de Belen version (by Gaspar Aquino de
Belen of Bat. in 1704), the de la Merced (by Aniceto de la Merced of Norzagaray, Bulacan in 1856) and
the de Guia version (by Luis de Guia in 1750). Critics are not agreed whether it is the Pilapil or the de la
Merced version which is the most popular.

6. Urbana at Felisa. A book by Modesto de Castro, the so called Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog. These
are letters between two sisters Urbana at Felisa and have influenced greatly the behavior of people in
society because the letters dealt with good behavior.

7. Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary). A collection of songs praising the Virgin Mary. Fr. Mariano
Sevilla, a Filipino priest, wrote this in 1865 and it was popular especially during the Maytime “Flores de
Mayo” festival.

C. LITERARY COMPOSITIONS

1. Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala (Art and rules of the Tagalog language). Written by Fr. Blancas de
San Jose and translated to Tagalog by Tomas Pinpin in 1610.

2. Compendio de la Lengua Tagala (Understanding the Tagalog language). Written by Fr. Gaspar de San
Agustin in 1703.

3. Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala (Tagalog vocabulary). The first Tagalog dictionary written by Fr. Pedro
de San Buenaventura in 1613.

4. Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga (Pampanga vocabulary). The first book in Pampanga written by
Fr. Diego in 1732.

5. Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya (Bisayan vocabulary). The best language book in Visayan by Mateo
Sanchez in 1711.

6. Arte de la Lengua Ilokana (The Art of the Ilocano language). The first Ilocano grammar book by
Francisco Lopez.

7. Arte de la Lengua Bicolana (The Art of the Bicol language). The first book in the Bicol language and
written by Fr. Marcos Lisbon in 1754.
D. FOLK SONGS. Folk songs became widespread in the Philippines. Each region had its national song
from the lowlands to the mountains of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Folk songs truly manifest the
artistic feelings of the Filipinos. They show the Filipinos’ innate appreciation for and love of beauty. The
examples are Leron-Leron Sinta, Pamulinawen, Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi and Atin Cu Pung Singsing.

E. RECEREATIONAL PLAYS.

There are many recreational plays performed by Filipinos during the Spanish times. Almost all of
them were in poetic form. Here are examples:

1. Tibag – the word tibag means to excavate. This ritual was brought here by the Spaniard to remind the
people about the search of St. Helena for the Cross on which Jesus died.

2. Lagaylay – this is a special occasion for the Pilareños of Sorsogon during Maytime to get together. As
early as April, the participating ladies are chosen and sometimes, mothers volunteer their girls in order
to fulfill a vow made during an illness or for a favor received. In some parts of Bicol, a different
presentation is made but the objective is the same – praise, respect and offering of love to the Blessed
Cross by St. Helen on the mound she had dug in.

3. The Cenaculo – this is a dramatic performance to commemorate the passion and death of Jesus
Christ. There are two kinds: the Cantada and Hablada . In the Hablada the lines are spoken in a more
deliberate manner showing the rhythmic measure of each verse and the rhyming in each stanza and is
more dignified in theme; the Cantada is chanted like the Pasion.

The Cenaculo is written in octosyllabic verse, with 8 verses to the stanza. The full length versions
take about 3 nights of staging. Performers come in costumes with wigs and performers are carefully
chosen for their virtuous life. One performs the role of Jesus Christ and another the role of the Virgin
Mary. Many famous Cenaculo players come from the Tagalog regions although there are also those from
Ilocos, Pampanga, Bicol and both Sibulanon and Hiligaynon.

4. Panunuluyan – this is presented before 12:00 on Christmas Eve. This is a presentation of the search of
the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn wherein to deliver the baby Jesus.

5. The Salubong (or Panubong) - The Salubong is an Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the Risen
Christ and his Mother. It is still presented in many Philippine towns.

6. Carillo (Shadow Play) – this is a form of dramatic entertainment performed on a moonless night
during a town fiesta or on dark nights after a harvest. This shadow play is made by projecting cardboard
figures before a lamp against a white sheet. The figures are moved like marionettes whose dialogues are
produced by some experts. The dialogues are drawn from a Corrido or Awit or some religious play
interspersed with songs. These are called by various names in different places:

Carillo in Manila, Rizal and Batangas and Laguan; TITRES in Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, Bataa, Capiz and
Negros; TITIRI in Zambales; GAGALO or KIKIMUT in Pampanga and Tarlac; and ALIALA in La Union.

7. The Zarzuela – considered the father of the drama; it is a musical comedy or melodrama three acts
which dealt with man’s passions and emotions like love, hate, revenge, cruelty, avarice or some social or
political proble.
8. The Sainete – this was a short musical comedy popular during the 18 th century. They were
exaggerated comedies shown between acts of long plays and were mostly performed by characters
from the lower classes. Themes were taken from everyday life scenarios.

F. THE MORO-MORO.

Like the Cenaculo, the Moro-moro is presented also on a special stage. This is performed during
town fiestas to entertain the people and to remind them of their Christian religion. The plot is usually
the same that of a Christian princess or a nobleman’s daughter who is captured by the Mohammedans.
The father organizes a rescue party where fighting between the Moros and the Christians ensue.

59. The Mohammedans are defeated by some miracle or Divine Intercession and the Mohammedans are
converted to Christianity. In some instances, the whole kingdom is baptized and converted. One
example of this is Prinsipe Rodante.

G. KARAGATAN.

This is a poetic vehicle of a socio-religious nature celebrated during the death of a person. In this
contest, more or less formal, a ritual is performed based on a legend about a princess who dropped her
ring into the middle of the sea and who offered here hand in marriage to anyone who can retrieve it.

A leader starts off with an extemporaneous poem announcing the purpose. He then spins a
“lumbo” o “tabo” marked with a white line. Whoever comes in the direction of the white line when the
spinning stops gets his turn to “go into the sea to look for the ring.” This means a girl will ask him a
riddle and if he is able to answer, he will offer the ring to the girl.

H. DUPLO.

The Duplo replace the Karagatan. This is a poetic joust in speaking and reasoning. The roles are taken
from the Bible and from proverbs and saying. It is usually played during wakes for the dead.

I. THE BALAGTASAN.

This is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on a particular topic or issue. This is replaced the
DUPLO and is held to honor Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar.

J. THE DUNG-AW.

This is a chant in free verse by a bereaved person or his representative beside the corpse of the dead.
No definite meter or rhyming scheme is used. The person chanting it freely recites in poetic rhythm
according to his feelings, emotions and thoughts. It is personalized and usually deals with the life,
sufferings and sacrifices of the dead and includes apologies for his misdeeds.

K. THE AWIT and the CORRIDO.

Some use these two interchangeably because distinction is not clear.

The Contemporary Period

I. Literature under Republic

1946-1970 The Rebirth of Freedom

II. Literature after EDSA

1986-1999 Regained of Independence

The Rebirth of Freedom (1986-1999)

Historical Baclground The Americans returned in 1945. Filipinos rejoiced and guerillas who fled to the
mountain joined the liberating American Army. *Hukbalahap - Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon
(People's Army Against the Japanese), a guerilla army operating largely in Central Luzon. *There was a
popular movement in the Philippines, and it had began to expand in Central Luzon. The Hukbalahap was
originally a guerilla army unit built by the Communist Party of the Philippines to fight the Japanese.
*Shortly before Feb. 28, 1945, after General MacArthur found out the country in chaos and people
stunned and shattered, he returned to the country to reetablished the Commowealth Government.
*The liberation of the country was followed by an intellectual liberation which caused a resurgence of
literary effort. Guerillas stories and liberation stories began to appear early during this period. The
Japanese War had been a deeply felt, shattering experience. It seemed to have filled the hearts and
minds of the writers. "Without Seeing the Dawn" - by Steven Javellana - first Filipino postwar novel
*There was a sudden mushrooming of periodicals; among these were: 1. Manila Post 2.Philippine -
2. Philippine-American 3. Manila Times 4. Evening News 5. Manila Chronicle Prewar Publications 1.
Philippine Free Press 2. Philippine Herald College Papers also reappeared 1. "Literary Apprentice" and
"Philippine Collegian" - UP 2. "Varsitarian" - UST 3. "National" - NU 4. "Advocate" - FEU 5. "Standard" -
Arellano University 6. "Dawn" - UE 7. "Sands and Corals" - Silliman University *This only proved that
there were more readers in English than in any other vernaculars like Tagalog, Ilocano, or others.
The Rebirth of Freedom (1986-1999) On July 4, 1946, the Philippines regained its freedom and the
Filipino flag waved joyously alone. *US declared the Philippines a new nation and with grant of political
freedom. Most writers felt a new sense of responsibility. *Americans granted us our independence. In
1946, the Barangay Writer's Project whose aim was to publish works in English by Filipinos was
established. N.V.M. Gonzalez was its first president. Had published 3 books:
1. Heart of the Island - by Manuel A. Viray - an anthology of Filipino poetry in English 2. Philippine Cross-
Section - Maximo Ramos and Florentino B. Valeros 3. Philippine Annual - for 1947-1949 -by Manuel A.
Viray *Along these developments The National Teachers College offered a 3-unit course in
contemporary Philippine Literature in English. *1949, this subject was offered as a research course for
graduate classes. In 1951, the Bureau of Civil Service included Philippine Literature as a subject to be
covered in the CSE for teachers.
*Further encourage literary activity The Free Press resumed its annual award of P1,000.00 for the best
short story, it published annually the Palanca Memorial Award for literature was created. 1955
"Signature" - a poetry magazine in English 1968 "The Adversary" - Louis V. Teodoro Jr. - won the
Philippine Free Press short story award 1969 "The Trail of Professor Riego" - won second prize in the
Palanca Memorial Award for Literature 1970 "The Distant City" - won the Graphic Short Story Award
1955 A poetry magazine in English, "Signature", began the publication. 1955 A new Philippine Writers
Association was organized. 1956 The Arena Theater Playwriting Award was established. 1958 First
postwar National Writers Conference was held in Baguio. 1958 A chapter of the International PEN
(Poems, Essays and Novels) was inaugurated in the Philippines.
1960 The Republic Cultural Heritage Award for Literature was created. Objective: To initiate a
movement for greater and more dedicated efforts in cultural advancement to complement the country's
program of economic development. 1961 The first Pro Patria Awards for literature were given. 1964
Philippine Republic created the National Commission of Culture. 1970 Graphic Magazine launched a
literary contest as an incentive for young writers. Objective: To stimulate the development of a
significant national literature.
Writers and their notable works of the Period 1. Poetry in English during this period A. "Heart of the
Islands (1947) - a collection of peoms by Manuel Viray B. "Philippine Cross-Section" (1950) - a collection
of prose and poetry by Maximo Ramos and Florentino Valeros *The themes of most poems dealt with
the usual love of nature, and of social and political problems. 2. Novel and Short Story in English A.
"Without Seeing The Dawn" - by Steven Javellana - first Filipino postwar novel was published by Little
Brown, in Boston. *Tells of the grim experiences of war during the Japanese Occupation.