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Encoding Exercises: Analog-to-Digital Encoding: Speech

The document discusses various encoding techniques including: 1) Analog-to-digital encoding using PCM and delta modulation. Delta modulation uses 2 bits per sample to indicate the direction of changes in the analog signal. 2) Digital-to-digital encoding including polar NRZ, Manchester, and bipolar encoding applied to a sample data sequence. 3) Digital-to-analog encoding including ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM applied to another sample data sequence, with a constellation shown for a simple QAM.

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Alvin Freo
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60 views4 pages

Encoding Exercises: Analog-to-Digital Encoding: Speech

The document discusses various encoding techniques including: 1) Analog-to-digital encoding using PCM and delta modulation. Delta modulation uses 2 bits per sample to indicate the direction of changes in the analog signal. 2) Digital-to-digital encoding including polar NRZ, Manchester, and bipolar encoding applied to a sample data sequence. 3) Digital-to-analog encoding including ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM applied to another sample data sequence, with a constellation shown for a simple QAM.

Uploaded by

Alvin Freo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Encoding Exercises 1

Answers Reviewed in Class

Encoding Exercises
Analog-to-Digital Encoding: Speech

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Assume the vertical axis increases by one for each block.
1) The Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) values are the actual numeric values read from
the graph. It uses 8 bits per sample:

2) A differential encoding algorithm (Delta Modulation) compresses data by reducing


the number of transmitted bits per sample. In the sample below, assume that 2 bits can
be used per sample to show the direction of the actual data. The comparator gives two
binary bits per time sample:
 00: down 2
 01: down 1
 10: up one
 11: up two
The delay starts with an initial value of 0. The output for the input as given above would
be?
Analog Input Binary Output
Comparator

Delay of
1 time
unit
Encoding Exercises 2
Answers Reviewed in Class

Digital-to-Digital Encoding

Encode the following sequence using the indicated method:

Sequence: 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

Polar NRZ

Manchester
Encoding

Bipolar
Encoding

Digital-to-Analog Encoding

Sequence: 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

ASK

FSK

PSK

QAM

Constellation for a simple QAM, which varies the phase and the amplitude:

(1,1) (1,0) (0,0) (0,1)


O o o o o
Encoding Exercises 3
Answers Reviewed in Class

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access

We will choose the 4-chip system. Each bit will be transmitted 4 times
Channel 1’s Code: 0000 = -1 -1 -1 -1 =1 and wants to transmit 001
Channel 2’s Code: 0101 = -1 +1 -1 +1 =1 and wants to transmit 101
Channel 3’s Code: 0011 = -1 -1 +1 +1 =1 and wants to transmit 110
Channel 4’s Code: 0110 = -1 +1 +1 -1 =1 and wants to transmit 111

Transmission:
Example Channel 1=0000 => -1 -1 -1 -1
Tx 0 = +1 +1 +1 +1 Tx 1 = -1 -1 -1 -1
Now transmit: Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3
Channel1: +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Channel 2: -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1
Channel 3: -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1
Channel 4: -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1
Total Sum: -2 +2 +2 +2 0 0 +4 0 -2 +2 -2 -2

Decoding:
Sum code*total for each bit to get correlation:
Channel 1:
Total Sum: -2 +2 +2 +2 0 0 +4 0 -2 +2 -2 -2
Channel 1 code: -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Product +2 -2 -2 -2 0 0 -4 0 +2 -2 +2 +2
Sum: -4=0 -4=0 +4=1

Channel 3:
Total Sum: -2 +2 +2 +2 0 0 +4 0 -2 +2 -2 -2
Channel 3 code: -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1
Product +2 -2 +2 +2 0 0 +4 0 +2 -2 -2 -2
Sum: +4=1 +4=1 -4=0

Channel 4:
Total Sum: -2 +2 +2 +2 0 0 +4 0 -2 +2 -2 -2
Channel 4 code:
Encoding Exercises 4
Answers Reviewed in Class

Technology:

Data Rates (in kbps or Mbit/s)

Frequency Band (licensed, unlicensed, U-NII, M/GHz) and carrier bandwidth (Hz)

Multiplexing Technique between users: (e.g., TDM(A), CDMA or DSSS, FDM(A),


OFDM)

Duplex technique for Transmit/Receive: (e.g. TDD, FDD, Full duplex, Simplex, Half
duplex)

Modulation Techniques: (e.g., QPSK, N-QAM, BPSK)

Error Control & Coding Techniques (e.g., FEC, Reed-Solomon, TCM, interleaving, ARC,
coding rate=m/n)

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