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Piaget’s Theory
Piaget's (1936) theory of cognitive development explains how a child constructs a mental model of the
world. He disagreed with the idea that intelligence was a fixed trait, and regarded cognitive development as a
process which occurs due to biological maturation and interaction. This was the theory wherein Piaget’s have.
Piaget (1936) was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. His
contributions include a stage theory of child cognitive development, detailed observational studies of cognition
in children, and a series of simple but ingenious tests to reveal different cognitive abilities. What Piaget wanted
to do was not to measure how well children could count, spell or solve problems as a way of grading their I.Q.
What he was more interested in was the way in which fundamental concepts like the very idea of number, time,
quantity, causality, justice and so on emerged. Before Piaget’s work, the common assumption in psychology was
that children are merely less competent thinkers than adults. Piaget showed that young children think in strikingly
different ways compared to adults. According to Piaget, children are born with a very basic mental structure
(genetically inherited and evolved) on which all subsequent learning and knowledge are based. We all know that
in every stage, there are things or doings that we don’t why we do that and how we do that. Each shift in
development marks a change in how a child views and understands the world. The first of the four stages of cognitive
development is known as the sensorimotor stage. This stage takes place from birth to age 2. The second stage of
cognitive development is the preoperational stage taking place from age 2 to about age 7. The third stage is known
as the concrete operational stage taking place from age 7 to 11. The last of the four stages is known as the formal
operational stage which begins in adolescence and continues into adulthood. The discoverer of cognitive
development theory was a Swiss psychologist named Jean Piaget. Piaget received a doctoral degree at the University
of Neuchatel at age 22 in natural history. After deciding a partnership with Carl Jung, Theodore Simon, and Alfred
Binet, Piaget was offered a position to oversee intelligence tests developed by Binet and Simon. From there, Piaget
developed an interest in mental development of children. Based on his observations, he concluded that children
were, “not less intelligent than adults but simply think differently.
Based on my understanding, all of us experienced about Piaget’s stages and it’s very clear and
understandable because we experienced at the first place when we are young that we are being conscious on the first
place until we grew up, we can now determine and identify what is good and bad. We should be thankful to the
theory of Piaget, because of him our knowledge become widen.
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
In every stage, there’s a lot of changes or development on us that we need to accept and make this as our
basis because not all the time we can consider each case especially in the rights of authority and the needs of some
deserving individuals who is being unfairly treated. In every development, we can relate or feel the cases that we
didn’t expect to happen in present or in the future. Let us talk about the stages of Kohlberg’s stages of Moral
Development.
Lawrence Kohlberg (1958) agreed with Piaget’s (1932) theory of moral development in principle but
wanted to develop his ideas further. He used Piaget’s storytelling technique to tell people stories involving moral
dilemmas. That is why for him, we should consider all the things that being happened in our daily lives. By
considering it, we can assure that those things happened as well as around us had its importance and also give
contributions to us. Just like treating somebody who is being unfairly treated to others. For example, being a
leader, we need to consider or accept our member’s ideas and opinions in them to realize that they have their own
knowledge and understanding and also they will realize that we give them time to speak and express their feelings.
In the first stage of Kohlberg in Moral Development is obedience and punishment, so in my understanding about
this stage, in every disobeying the rules, there’s a punishment that being set. Second one is Individual and
exchange and really talks about our changes from day by day. Third one is Good interpersonal relationship which
we must show our good relation not only to ourselves but also to others. The fourth one is maintaining the social
order means, we should maintain or obey the orders specially in our society and it talks about our sake. The fifth
one is social contract and individual rights, so we have our powers to do the right things and to stand in this world
with our dignity because we have our own purpose and values. The last one is universal principle, for me it talks
about whole were we belong and knowing the overall principles.\
In this development, it really helps and waking up through giving or spending time on what was our
changes and why we need to know our own development daily. It is very interesting and motivates us that we are
not alone in this world if we should know how to explore the things surrounds us. It doesn’t mean that we have
no ideas of everything, we are lack of realizing and analyzing about our development.
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial
Development
In every stage in our lives, we start facing different crises but this crises cannot make us to have the word
failure in fact, it help us to gain more force to overcome this different kinds of crises that is necessarily happen in
our daily lives. In the stage Psychosocial Development of Erikson, we can observe what is new and what this
stage all about.
Erikson’s stage theory characterizes an individual advancing through the eight life stages as a function of
negotiating their biological and sociocultural forces. Each stage is characterized be a psychosocial crises of this
two conflicting forces. If an individual does indeed successfully reconcile these forces, they emerge from the
stage with the corresponding virtue. He believed that adolescents go through a period of transition and confusion
as they search for their identities. Erikson's theory of conflict is my favorite among
developmental theories because his stages are broad, and he never posits that every person goes through every
stage at a specific time. The challenges of stages is not required to advance to the next stage. The outcome of one
stage is not permanent and can be modified by last experiences. In this stage, it guides us on how to overcome
this changes in our lives in having this two types of forces that makes us more comfortable at all times that in
every stage, we can assure that we are always ready whatever happens in our life. Under on his stage, we
experienced knowing the basic needs specially being met to our parents until we grew up and knows already
everything that surrounds us and also knowing what is bad and good deeds.
He clarifies us that in every changes, there’s a lot of situations that we need to overcome to make us more
independent and powerful at the end of the day if we are alone. And crises helps us to motivates our mind and
soul on how to defeat it by our own ability and dignity as well as strategy.

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Piaget’s Theory

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