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PROFESSOR: KEVIN JOSE TORREZ LOPEZ

VOWELS AND VOWEL COMBINATIONS

The vowels A, E, I, O, U, Y alone, in combination with one another or with R, W represent different vowel
sounds. The chart below lists the vowel sounds according to the American variant of pronunciation.
Sounds Letters Examples Notes
[i:] e, ee be, eve, see, meet, sleep, been [i];
ea meal, read, leave, sea, team, bread, deaf [e];
ie, ei field, believe, receive great, break [ei];
friend [e]
[i] i it, kiss, tip, pick, dinner, machine, ski,
y system, busy, pity, sunny liter, pizza [i:]
e enough, effect, eleven, electric
[e] e let, tell, press, send, end, meter [i:]
ea bread, dead, weather, leather sea, mean [i:]
[ei] a late, make, race, able, stable,
ai, ay aim, wait, play, say, day, said, says [e];
ei, ey eight, weight, they, hey, height, eye [ai]
ea break, great, steak
[æ] a cat, apple, land, travel, mad;
AmE: last, class, dance, castle, half
[a:] ar army, car, party, garden, park, war, warm [o:]
a father, calm, palm, drama;
BrE: last, class, dance, castle, half
[ai] i, ie ice, find, smile, tie, lie, die,
y, uy my, style, apply, buy, guy
[au] ou out, about, house, mouse, group, soup [u:]
ow now, brown, cow, owl, powder know, own [ou]
[o] o not, rock, model, bottle, copy
[o:] or more, order, cord, port, work, word [ər]
o long, gone, cost, coffee,
aw, au law, saw, pause, because,
ought bought, thought, caught,
al, wa- hall, always, water, war, want
[oi] oi, oy oil, voice, noise, boy, toy
[ou] o go, note, open, old, most, do, move [u:]
oa, ow road, boat, low, own, bowl how, owl [au]
[yu:] u use, duty, music, cute, huge, tune,
ew few, dew, mew, new,
eu euphemism, feud, neutral,
ue, ui hue, cue, due, sue, suit
[u:] u rude, Lucy, June,
o, oo do, move, room, tool,
ew crew, chew, flew, jewel, guide, quite [ai];
ue, ui blue, true, fruit, juice, build [i]
ou group, through, route;
AmE: duty, new, sue, student
[u] oo look, book, foot, good,
u put, push, pull, full, sugar,
ou would, could, should
neutral u, o gun, cut, son, money, love, Also:
sound [ə] ou tough, enough, rough, stressed, [ʌ];
a, e about, brutal, taken, violent, unstressed, [ə].
o, i memory, reason, family
[ər] er, ur, ir serve, herb, burn, hurt, girl, sir,
or, ar work, word, doctor, dollar, heart, hearth [a:]
ear heard, earn, earnest, earth

ENGLISH CONSONANT SOUNDS (CONSONANT LETTERS AND THEIR SOUNDS

A consonant letter usually represents one consonant sound. Some consonant letters, for example, c, g, s,
can represent two different consonant sounds.
Letters Sounds Examples
b [b] baby, best, buy, bring, blind, absent, about, number, labor, robber, tub
c [s] center, cellar, cigarette, cinema, agency, notice;
[k] cake, come, cucumber, clean, cry, scratch, act, panic
d [d] day, dear, die, door, duty, admire, hidden, lady, kind, ride, ended
f [f] fast, female, five, forest, fund, fry, flight, often, deaf, cuff
g [g] game, gap, get, go, gun, great, global, giggle, ago, begin, dog, egg;
[j] general, gin, giant, agent, suggest, Egypt, energy, huge, manage;
[zh] mirage, garage, beige, rouge
h [h] hair, help, history, home, hotel, hunt, behind, inherit;
[-] hour, honor, honest, heir, vehicle, Sarah
j [j] jam, Jane, jet, jelly, Jim, jingle, joke, John, June, just
k [k] Kate, kind, kill, kilogram, sky, blanket, break, take, look
l [l] late, let, live, alone, close, slim, please, old, nicely, table, file, all
m [m] make, men, mind, mother, must, my, common, summer, name, form, team
n [n] napkin, never, night, no, nuclear, funny, student, kindness, ton, sun
p [p] paper, person, pick, pour, public, repair, apple, keep, top, crisp
q (qu) [kw] quality, question, quite, quote, equal, require;
[k] unique, technique, antique, grotesque
r [r] rain, red, rise, brief, grow, scream, truck, arrive, hurry, turn, more, car
s [s] send, simple, song, system, street, lost, kiss, release;
[z] cause, present, reason, realism, advise, always, is, was
t [t] task, tell, time, tone, tune, hotel, attentive, student, boat, rest
v [v] vast, vein, vivid, voice, even, review, invest, give, move, active
w [w] wall, war, way, west, wind, word, would, swear, swim, twenty, twist
x [ks] exercise, exchange, expect, ex-wife, axis, fix, relax;
[gz] exam, exact, executive, exert, exist, exit, exult;
[z] Xenon, Xerox, xenophobia, xylophone
z [z] zero, zoo, horizon, puzzle, crazy, organize, quiz, jazz;
[ts] pizza, Mozart, Nazi, waltz

CONSONANT COMBINATIONS.
Letters Sounds Examples
cc [ks] accent, accept, access, eccentric, accident;
[k] accommodate, account, accuse, occur, acclaim
ch [ch] chain, check, chief, choose, teacher, much, church;
tch kitchen, catch, match, watch, pitch, stretch
ch (Latin, Greek) [k] character, chemical, Chris, archive, mechanic, technical;
ch (French) [sh] champagne, charlatan, chef, chic, machine, cache
ck [k] black, pack, deck, kick, pick, cracker, pocket, rocket
dge [j] bridge, edge, judge, knowledge, budget, badger
gh [g] ghost, ghastly, Ghana, ghetto;
[f] cough, enough, rough, tough, laugh;
[-] though, through, weigh, neighbor, bought, daughter
gu [g] guard, guess, guest, guide, guitar, dialogue;
[gw] language, linguistics, Guatemala, Nicaragua
ng [ŋ] king, sing, singer, singing, bang, long, wrong, tongue;
[ŋ]+[g] finger, anger, angry, longer, longest, single
ph [f] phone, photograph, phrase, phenomenon, biography
qu [kw] quality, question, quite, quote, equal, require;
[k] unique, technique, antique, grotesque
sc [s] science, scissors, scene, scent, scythe;
[sk] scan, scandal, scare, score, Scotch, scuba
sch [sk] school, scholar, scheme, schedule;
[sh] schnauzer, schedule
sh [sh] share, she, shine, shoe, fish, cash, push, punish
th [θ] thank, think, thought, thunder, author, breath, bath;
[ð] this, that, then, though, father, brother, breathe, bathe
wh [w] what, when, where, which, while, why, wheel, white;
[h] who, whom, whose, whole
xh [ks] exhibition;
[ks]+[h] exhumation, exhume, exhale;
[g]+[z] exhaust, exhibit, exhilarate, exhort, exhume, exhale
With silent Sounds Examples
letters
bt, pt [t] doubt, debt, subtle; receipt, pterodactyl
kn, gn, pn [n] knee, knife, know; gnome, sign, foreign; pneumonia, pneumatic
mb, lm [m] lamb, climb, bomb, comb, tomb; calm, palm, salmon
ps [s] psalm, pseudonym, psychologist, psychiatrist
rh [r] rhapsody, rhetoric, rheumatism, rhythm, rhyme
wr [r] wrap, wreck, wrestle, wrinkle, wrist, write, wrong
Letters in the Sounds Examples
suffix
ti, ci, si, su [sh] nation, patient, special, vicious, pension, Asia, sensual,
pressure
si, su [zh] vision, fusion, Asia, usual, visual, measure, pleasure