READING ASSIGNMENTS

Signal Processing First

ƒ This Lecture:
ƒ Chapter 5, Sects. 5-1, 5-2 and 5-3 (partial)

Lecture 10 ƒ Other Reading:

FIR Filtering Intro ƒ Recitation: Ch. 5, Sects 5-4, 5-6, 5-7 and 5-8
ƒ CONVOLUTION
ƒ Next Lecture: Ch 5, Sects. 5-3, 5-5 and 5-6

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LECTURE OBJECTIVES DIGITAL FILTERING

ƒ INTRODUCE FILTERING IDEA x(t)

A-to-D
x[n]
COMPUTER
y[n]
D-to-A
y(t)
ƒ Weighted Average
ƒ Running Average
ƒ FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS ƒ CONCENTRATE on the COMPUTER
ƒ PROCESSING ALGORITHMS
ƒ FIR Filters
ƒ SOFTWARE (MATLAB)
ƒ Show how to compute the output y[n] from ƒ HARDWARE: DSP chips, VLSI
the input signal, x[n]
ƒ DSP: DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
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The TMS32010, 1983 Rockland Digital Filter, 1971

First PC plug-in board from Atlanta Signal Processors Inc.

For the price of a small house, you could have one of these.

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Digital Cell Phone (ca. 2000) DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEM

x[n] y[n]
COMPUTER

ƒ OPERATE on x[n] to get y[n]

ƒ WANT a GENERAL CLASS of SYSTEMS
ƒ ANALYZE the SYSTEM
ƒ TOOLS: TIME-DOMAIN & FREQUENCY-
DOMAIN
ƒ SYNTHESIZE the SYSTEM
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Now it plays video
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D-T SYSTEM EXAMPLES DISCRETE-TIME SIGNAL

x[n]
SYSTEM
y[n] ƒ x[n] is a LIST of NUMBERS
ƒ INDEXED by “n”
ƒ EXAMPLES:
ƒ POINTWISE OPERATORS STEM PLOT
ƒ SQUARING: y[n] = (x[n])2
ƒ RUNNING AVERAGE
ƒ RULE: “the output at time n is the average of three
consecutive input values”

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3-PT AVERAGE SYSTEM INPUT SIGNAL

ƒ ADD 3 CONSECUTIVE NUMBERS

ƒ Do this for each “n”
Make a TABLE
y[n ] = 13 ( x[n ] + x[n + 1] + x[n + 2])
y[n ] = 13 ( x[n ] + x[n + 1] + x[n + 2])

OUTPUT SIGNAL

n=0

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PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE ANOTHER 3-pt AVERAGER

ƒ Uses “PAST” VALUES of x[n]

ƒ IMPORTANT IF “n” represents REAL TIME
ƒ WHEN x[n] & y[n] ARE STREAMS

y[n ] = 13 ( x[n ] + x[n − 1] + x[n − 2])

“n” is TIME

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GENERAL CAUSAL FIR FILTER GENERAL FIR FILTER

ƒ FILTER COEFFICIENTS {bk} ƒ FILTER COEFFICIENTS {bk}
ƒ DEFINE THE FILTER M M
y[n ] = ∑ bk x[n − k ] y[n ] = ∑ bk x[n − k ]
k =0
k =0
ƒ For example, bk = {3, − 1, 2,1}
ƒ FILTER ORDER is M
3
ƒ FILTER LENGTH is L = M+1
y[n ] = ∑ bk x[n − k ]
k =0 ƒ NUMBER of FILTER COEFFS is L
= 3x[n ] − x[n − 1] + 2 x[n − 2] + x[n − 3]
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GENERAL CAUSAL FIR FILTER FILTERED STOCK SIGNAL
ƒ SLIDE a WINDOW across x[n]
M
y[n ] = ∑ bk x[n − k ]
INPUT
k =0

OUTPUT

x[n-M] x[n] 50-pt Averager

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SPECIAL INPUT SIGNALS UNIT IMPULSE SIGNAL δ[n]

ƒ x[n] = SINUSOID FREQUENCY RESPONSE (LATER)

ƒ x[n] has only one NON-ZERO VALUE
⎧⎪1 n = 0 δ [n − 3]
n=3
δ [n ] = ⎨ δ[n] is NON-ZERO
When its argument
⎪⎩0 n ≠ 0 is equal to ZERO
UNIT-IMPULSE
1

n
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 MATH FORMULA for x[n] SUM of SHIFTED IMPULSES

ƒ Use SHIFTED IMPULSES to write x[n]

x[n ] = 2δ [n ] + 4δ [n − 1] + 6δ [n − 2] + 4δ [n − 3] + 2δ [n − 4]

This formula ALWAYS works

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4-pt AVERAGER 4-pt Avg Impulse Response

ƒ CAUSAL SYSTEM: USE PAST VALUES y[n ] = 14 ( x[n ] + x[n − 1] + x[n − 2] + x[n − 3])
y[n ] = 14 ( x[n ] + x[n − 1] + x[n − 2] + x[n − 3]) δ[n] “READS OUT” the FILTER COEFFICIENTS
h[n ] = {K , 0, 0, 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 0, 0, K}
ƒ INPUT = UNIT IMPULSE SIGNAL = δ[n]
x[n ] = δ [n ] “h” in h[n] denotes
Impulse Response n=0 NON-ZERO
y[n ] = 14 δ [n ] + 14 δ [n − 1] + 14 δ [n − 2] + 14 δ [n − 3] n=–1
1
When window
n=0 overlaps δ[n]
ƒ OUTPUT is called “IMPULSE RESPONSE” n=1

h[n ] = {K , 0, 0, 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 0, 0, K} n=4
n

n=5
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 FIR IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERING EXAMPLE
ƒ Convolution = Filter Definition 6
ƒ Filter Coeffs = Impulse Response ƒ 7-point AVERAGER y7 [n ] = ∑ (17 )x[n − k ]
ƒ Removes cosine k =0
ƒ By making its amplitude (A) smaller

2
y3[n ] = ∑ (13 )x[n − k ]
M M ƒ 3-point AVERAGER
y[n ] = ∑ bk x[n − k ] y[n ] = ∑ h[k ] x[n − k ] ƒ Changes A slightly
k =0
k =0 k =0
CONVOLUTION
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3-pt AVG EXAMPLE 7-pt FIR EXAMPLE (AVG)

Input : x[n ] = (1.02)n + cos(2π n / 8 + π / 4) for 0 ≤ n ≤ 40 Input : x[n ] = (1.02)n + cos(2π n / 8 + π / 4) for 0 ≤ n ≤ 40

CAUSAL: Use Previous

USE PAST VALUES

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LONGER OUTPUT