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    4 Runge-Kutta Solution

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    surendra ratre
    The document discusses using the 4th order Runge-Kutta method to solve ordinary differential equations (ODEs) like the Blasius equation numerically. It explains that Runge-Kutta breaks the solution into small steps to trace the curve defined by the ODE. For higher order ODEs, it reframes them as a system of first order ODEs by introducing new variables. The Blasius equation specifically requires a shooting method due to its boundary conditions being at different locations.

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    4 Runge-Kutta Solution

    Uploaded by

    surendra ratre
    71 views3 pages
    The document discusses using the 4th order Runge-Kutta method to solve ordinary differential equations (ODEs) like the Blasius equation numerically. It explains that Runge-Kutta breaks the solution into small steps to trace the curve defined by the ODE. For higher order ODEs, it reframes them as a system of first order ODEs by introducing new variables. The Blasius equation specifically requires a shooting method due to its boundary conditions being at different locations.

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    Runge-Kutta solution

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    The document discusses using the 4th order Runge-Kutta method to solve ordinary differential equations (ODEs) like the Blasius equation numerically. It explains that Runge-Kutta breaks the solution into small steps to trace the curve defined by the ODE. For higher order ODEs, it reframes them as a system of first order ODEs by introducing new variables. The Blasius equation specifically requires a shooting method due to its boundary conditions being at different locations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    71 views3 pages

    4 Runge-Kutta Solution

    Uploaded by

    surendra ratre
    The document discusses using the 4th order Runge-Kutta method to solve ordinary differential equations (ODEs) like the Blasius equation numerically. It explains that Runge-Kutta breaks the solution into small steps to trace the curve defined by the ODE. For higher order ODEs, it reframes them as a system of first order ODEs by introducing new variables. The Blasius equation specifically requires a shooting method due to its boundary conditions being at different locations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    13/10/2019 4 Runge-Kutta solution

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    4 Runge-Kutta solution
    In order to solve O.D.E’s such as the Blasius equation (5) we often need to resort to computer methods. Let
    us start by thinking about what an O.D.E actually represents. A first order O.D.E is a statement that the
    gradient of y, dy/dx, takes some value or function. We can write this as

    Given a particular starting point - some value of y corresponding to a given value of x - this equation
    specifies a particular curve in the x - y plane. A typical such solution is shown in figure 3.

    Figure 3: Typical 1st order O.D.E.

    We could trace the curve defined by this O.D.E - i.e. solve the equation - by starting at this point and
    tracing forwards/backwards in steps of size h

    In fact this is the basis for all numerical methods for solving O.D.E’s. Used like this, it is referred to as
    Euler’s method. Symbolically, we are writing the derivative as

    which we can rewrite to find point yn+1 from point yn


    (6)
    Obviously the smaller the step h being used, the more accurate the resulting solution will be. In fact, a more
    exact analysis shows that equation 6 is missing a term of the form h2. We therefore say that the scheme is
    first order accurate. However using smaller steps h also increases the computational cost of the calculation,
    and it may be better to try to find more accurate schemes. It is possible to combine Euler steps of various
    sizes in a scheme in such a way as to produce a more accurate final scheme. The Runge-Kutta family of
    numerical schemes is constructed in this way. To solve the Blasius equation we will make use of the 4th
    order Runge-Kutta method, so called because it is 4th order accurate (the missing terms in the scheme are of
    the form h5). The 4th order Runge-Kutta method is available in MathCad in the form of a function call
    rkfixed. You will make use of this in Problem Sheet 3153-1 to solve the Blasius problem.

    Of course, in this case we can solve the problem analytically. The solution is

    4.1 Higher order O.D.E’s

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    13/10/2019 4 Runge-Kutta solution

    The Blasius equation is a 3rd order O.D.E, and the discussion above talked about 1st order O.D.E’s. It is
    possible to use Runge-Kutta for higher order O.D.E’s, but we must first manipulate the equation we want to
    solve. For instance, suppose we want to solve the equation

    For this equation, define a new variable

    Using this variable

    and we can write the 2nd order ODE as 2 1st order equations :

    If we define a vector

    then we could write these as

    which is in the same form as before - a 1st order O.D.E, but involving a vector of y values.

    For the Blasius equation,

    if we write

    we solve the equations

    Of course, we still need to find the boundary conditions in order to be able to solve these equations. We note
    that at the plate y = 0 the velocity is zero ux = 0, whilst a long way from the plate the flow has to match the
    undisturbed flow ux U :

    Boundary 1
    At the plate y = 0, i.e. = 0, ux = 0 i.e. f' = 0, f = 0.
    Boundary 2
    A long way from the plate, i.e. y , i.e. , ux U , i.e. f' 1

    This gives us a sufficient number of boundary conditions, but they are in two different locations. The
    rkfixed routine in MathCad requires you to specify values for Y 0, Y 1 and Y 2 for a specific value of X, and
    will return the solution for other values of X starting at this point. The only way to find the solution in this
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    13/10/2019 4 Runge-Kutta solution

    case is to use a shooting method. We know that at X = 0, Y 0 = Y 1 = 0. Guess a value of Y 2 at this point and
    then adjust it until the second boundary condition is satisfied.

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