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Sampling

Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of individuals from within a population to gather data and make inferences about the entire population. An ideal sampling frame lists all individuals in the population being studied along with relevant contact or location information. There are two main types of sampling: probability sampling, where every individual has a known, non-zero chance of being selected; and non-probability sampling, where selection is non-random. Common probability sampling methods include simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic random sampling. Non-probability sampling includes convenience sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. Sample size is determined based on desired precision, population variability, and other factors. Sampling errors occur when sample results differ from

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26 views

Sampling

Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of individuals from within a population to gather data and make inferences about the entire population. An ideal sampling frame lists all individuals in the population being studied along with relevant contact or location information. There are two main types of sampling: probability sampling, where every individual has a known, non-zero chance of being selected; and non-probability sampling, where selection is non-random. Common probability sampling methods include simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic random sampling. Non-probability sampling includes convenience sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. Sample size is determined based on desired precision, population variability, and other factors. Sampling errors occur when sample results differ from

Uploaded by

Devangshu Mitra
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction

Sampling is the process of selecting observations (a sample) to provide an adequate


description and inferences of the population.

■ Sample
 It is a unit that is selected from population
 Represents the whole population
 Purpose to draw the inference

■ Why Sample???

■ Sampling Frame

Listing of population from which a sample is chosen. In statistics, a sampling frame is


the source material or device from which a sample is drawn. It is a list of all those within
a population who can be sampled, and may include individuals, households or institutions
An ideal sampling frame will have the following qualities:

 all units have a logical, numerical identifier


 all units can be found – their contact information, map location or other relevant
information is present
 the frame is organized in a logical, systematic fashion
 the frame has additional information about the units that allow the use of more
advanced sampling frames
 every element of the population of interest is present in the frame
 every element of the population is present only once in the frame
 no elements from outside the population of interest are present in the frame
 the data is 'up-to-date
SAMPLING DESIGN PROCESS

TYPES OF SAMPLING
A.) PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1.) SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING


 All subsets of the frame are given an equal probability.
 Random number generators
Advantages:
 Minimal knowledge of population needed
 Easy to analyse data
Disadvantages:
 Low frequency of use
 Does not use researchers' expertise
 Larger risk of random error
2.) STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
 Population is divided into two or more groups called strata .
 Subsamples are randomly selected from each strata.

Advantages:
 Assures representation of all groups in sample population
 Characteristics of each stratum can be estimated and comparisons made
Disadvantages:
 Requires accurate information on proportions of each stratum
 Stratified lists costly to prepare

3.) CLUSTER SAMPLING


 Population is divided into subgroups(clusters) like families.
 A simple random sample is taken from each cluster.
Advantages:
 Can estimate characteristics of both cluster and population

Disadvantages:
 The cost to reach an element to sample is very high.
 Each stage in cluster sampling introduces sampling error—the more stages there
are, the more error there tends to be.

4.) SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING


 Order all units in the sampling frame
 Then every nth number on the list is selected
 N= Sampling Interval

Advantages:
 Moderate cost; moderate usage
 Simple to draw sample
 Easy to verify
Disadvantages:
 Periodic ordering required

5.) MULTISTAGE SAMPLING


 Carried out in stages
 Using smaller and smaller sampling units at each stage.
Advantages:
 More Accurate
 More Effective

Disadvantages:
 Costly
 Each stage in sampling introduces sampling error—the more stages there are, the
more error there tends to be

B.) NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLE

 The probability of each case being selected from t total population is not known.
 Units of the sample are chosen on the basis of personal judgment or convenience.
 There are NO statistical techniques for measuring random sampling error in a non-
probability sample.

1.) CONVENIENCE SAMPLING


 Convenience sampling involves choosing respondents at the convenience of the
researcher.
Advantages
 Very low cost
 Extensively used/understood
Disadvantages
 Variability and bias cannot be measured or controlled.
 Projecting data beyond sample not justified.
 Restriction of Generalization
2.) QUOTA SAMPLING
 The population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as in
stratified sampling.
Advantages
 Used when research budget is limited
 Very extensively used/understood
 No need for list of population elements
Disadvantages
 Variability and bias cannot be measured/controlled.
 Time Consuming
 Projecting data beyond sample not justified

3.) JUDGEMENTAL SAMPLING


 Researcher employs his or her own "expert" judgment about.
Advantages
 There is a assurance of Quality response
 Meet the specific objective.
Disadvantages
 Bias selection of sample may occur
 Time consuming process.

4.) SNOWBALL SAMPLING


 The research starts with a key person and introduce the next one to become a
chain
Advantages
 Low cost
 Useful in specific circumstances & for locating rare populations
Disadvantages
 Not independent
 Projecting data beyond sample not justified

5.) SELF-SELECTION SAMPLING


 It occurs when you allow each case usually individuals, to identify their desire to
take part in the research.
Advantages
 More accurate.
 Useful in specific circumstances to serve the purpose.
Disadvantages
 More costly due to Advertising.
 Mass are left.
SAMPLE SIZE DITERMINATION

Some principles that influence sample size include:


 The greater the dispersion or variance within the population, the larger the sample
must be to provide estimation precision.
 The greater the desired precision of the estimate, the larger the sample must be.
 The narrower or smaller the error range, the larger the sample must be.
 The higher the confidence level in the estimate, the larger the sample must be.
 The greater the number of subgroups of interest within a sample, the greater the
sample size must be, as each subgroup must meet minimum sample size
requirements.

Cost considerations influence decisions about the size and type of sample and the data
collection methods. Almost all studies have some budgetary constraint, and this may
encourage a researcher to use a nonprobability sample. Probability sample surveys incur
list costs for sample frames, callback costs, and a variety of other costs that are not
necessary when nonprobability samples are used. But when the data collection method
is changed, the amount and type of data that can be obtained also change.

SAMPLING ERRORS

When the result derived from researching a sample differs from the result derived from
researching the population, i.e. the result from sample doesn’t hold true for the population.
A.) SAMPLING ERRORS
 The errors which arise due to the use of sampling surveys are known as the
sampling errors.
Two types of sampling errors
a.) Biased Errors- Due to selection of sampling techniques; size of the sample.
b.) Unbiased Errors / Random sampling errors-Differences between the members of the
population included or not included.

METHODS Of REDUCING SAMPLING ERRORS


 Specific problem selection.
 Systematic documentation of related research.
 Effective enumeration.
 Effective pre testing.
 Controlling methodological bias.
 Selection of appropriate sampling techniques.

B.) NON-SAMPLING ERRORS


 Non-sampling errors refer to biases and mistakes in selection of sample.

CAUSES FOR NON-SAMPLING ERRORS


 Sampling operations
 Inadequate of response
 Misunderstanding the concept
 Lack of knowledge
 Concealment of the truth.
 Loaded questions
 Processing errors
 Sample size

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