Stiffness Method (Matrix Method)- Beams

Matrix Method-Beam
Beam Matrix derivation:
The slope- deflection equations are the basis for the displacement matrix method. Consider
typical beam segment subjected to uniformly distributed load.

Slope-Deflection Equations

2EI 3 wl 2
M ij = (2i +  j − ) + (1)
l l 12
2EI 3 wl 2
M ji = (i + 2 j − ) − ( 2)
l l 12

Shear Equations

 Fy = 0 Vij + V ji − wl = 0
wl 2
M j = 0 M ij + M ji + − lVij = 0
2
M ij + M ji + wl 2 2
Vij = ( 3)
l
wl 2 − M ij − M ji
2

V ji = ( 4)
l
Using equation (1) and (2), the equations (3) and (4) can be written in terms of rotations and
displacement. Thus, the four equations are as follows.

2EI 3 wl 2
M ij = (2i +  j − ) + (1)
l l 12
2EI 3 wl 2
M ji = (i + 2 j − ) − ( 2)
l l 12
2EI 6 wl
Vij = 2 (3i + 3 j − ) + ( 3)
l l 2
2EI 6 wl
V ji = − 2 (3i + 3 j − ) + ( 4)
l l 2

If the beam segment has a vertical

displacement at i equals to  i and at

j equals to  j .Thus, the difference between

them can be written as  =  j −  i .

Substitute  =  j −  i in all the above four equations,

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2EI  3 ( j −  i )  wl 2
M ij =  2i +  j − +
l  l  12

4EI 2EI 6EI 6EI wl 2
M ij = i +  j − 2  j + 2 i + (1)
l l l l 12
2EI  3 ( j −  i )  wl 2
M ji = i + 2 j − −
l  l  12

2EI 4EI 6EI 6EI wl 2
M ji = i +  j − 2  j + 2 i − ( 2)
l l l l 12
2EI  6 ( j −  i )  wl
Vij = 2 3i + 3 j − +
l  l  2

6EI 6EI 12EI 12EI wl
Vij = 2 i + 2  j − 3  j + 3  i + ( 3)
l l l l 2
2EI  6 ( j −  i )  wl
V ji = − 3i + 3 j − −
l  l  2

6EI 6EI 12EI 12EI wl
V ji = − 2 i − 2  j + 3  j − 3  i + ( 4)
l l l l 2

Now, get the shear and moment equations at joint i together and do the same for shear and moment
equations at joint j.

6EI 6EI 12EI 12EI wl

Vij = 2
i + 2  j + 3  i − 3  j + ( 3)
l l l l 2
4EI 2EI 6EI 6EI wl 2
M ij = i +  j + 2 i − 2  j + (1)
l l l l 12
6EI 6EI 12EI 12EI wl
V ji = − 2 i − 2  j − 3  i + 3  j + ( 4)
l l l l 2
2
2EI 4EI 6EI 6EI wl
M ji = i +  j + 2 i − 2  j − ( 2)
l l l l 12

Theses equations can be written in matrix notation as follows.

 Vij   12EI 6EI 12EI 6EI    i   wl 

   3 −
   l l2 l3 l 2     2 
 
 M ij   6EI 4EI 6EI 2EI      wl 2 
   l 2 − 2
l     12 
i
l l
 =  + 
 V   − 12EI 6EI
− 2
12EI 6EI     wl 
− 2 j
 ji   l 3 l l3 l    2 
   6EI 2EI 6EI 4EI     wl 2 
   − 2    − 
 M ji   l 2 l l l   j   12 

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Stiffness Method (Matrix Method)- Beams

Example 1:
Analyse the following beam using stiffness matrix method and find the moment developed at A.
given that, E = 200GPa and I = 216  106 mm 4 .

Solution:
Step 1: beam notation
The beam here has two unconstrained degrees of freedom which are rotation at C and B and they
are coded with number 1 and 2 respectively as shown below.

The rotation at 3 and the displacement at 4,5 and 6 unknown and they are equal to zero.
 3  0 
 D  0 
 
Dk =  4  =   , Du =  1 
 D5  0   2 
   
 D6  0 
The beam with member load will be converted into equivalent joint load applied at joint. Figure
below shows the load on each joint of the beam

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Stiffness Method (Matrix Method)- Beams

Step 2: Member Stiffness

D4 θ3 D5 θ2 D5 θ2 D6 θ1
 2400 7200 −2400 7200  D 4  8100 16200 −8100 16200  D5
7200 28800 −7200 14400  θ  16200 43200 −16200 21600  θ
k1 =   3 k2 =   2
 −2400 −7200 2400 −7200  D5  −8100 −16200 8100 −16200 D6
   
7200 14400 −7200 28800  θ 2  16200 21600 −16200 43200  θ1

Global Stiffness
θ1 θ2 θ3 D4 D5 D6
 43200 21600 0 0 16200 −16200 θ1
 21600 72000 14400 7200 9000 −16200 θ 2

 0 14400 28800 7200 −7200 0  θ3
K global = 
 0 7200 7200 2400 −2400 0  D4
 16200 9000 −7200 −2400 10500 −8100  D5
 
 −16200 −16200 0 0 −8100 8100  D6

Step 3: Displacement and Load

θ1 θ2 θ3 D4 D5 D6
 30   43200 21600 0 0 16200 −16200   θ1 
 75   21600 72000 14400 7200 9000 −16200   θ 2 
  
M 3   0 14400 28800 7200 −7200 0  0 
 =  
 F4   0 7200 7200 2400 −2400 0  0 
 F5   16200 9000 −7200 −2400 10500 −8100   0 
    
 F6   −16200 −16200 0 0 −8100 8100   0 

 1 
m
30   43200 21600   θ1   θ1   4896 
75 =  21600 72000   θ    θ  =  1 
     2  2  m 
 1020 

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Stiffness Method (Matrix Method)- Beams

Qk   k11 k12   D u  Qk = k11D u + k12 D k

Q  =  k    
Qu = k 21D u + k 22 D k
 u   21 k 22   D k 

Qu = k 21D u
 M 3   -105   0 14400   1   M 3   -105   14.118  M 3 = 119.12 kNm
 F   −105  0  
7200  4896
m  F4    
−105  7.056   F = 112.056 kN
 4 + =     +  =  4
 F5   −135  16200 9000   1  F5   −135  12.132  F5 = 147.132 kN
      m      

 F6   −30   −16200 −16200   1020   F6   −30   −19.191 F6 = 10.809 kN

Step 4: Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram.

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