Government Engineering college

Bilaspur (C.G)

A Training Report on CAD using

AutoCAD
AT CIPET, RAIPUR

DURATION – 12.10.18 TO 17.10.18

BRANCH – MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SEMESTER – 3RD

SUBMITTED BY
RANJEET SINGH
ROLL.NO. - 300703717031
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful to Prof. Uday Xaxa (Assistant Professor), Government Engineering college,

Bilaspur (C.G), for his invaluable guidance, help, encouragement, & criticism along with his
valuable experiences which he gained by various projects, industrial work. This work could
not have been completed without his constant guidance and advice.
I express my gratitude to Dr. G.K Agrawal, HOD, Mechanical Engineering Department,
Government Engineering college, Bilaspur (C.G), for his invaluable guidance, help,
encouragement and criticism along with his valuable experiences. I heartily graceful for his
co-operation and magnanimous help without which it would not have been possible to
accomplish this training work.
I would like to thank Mr. Kiran Kumar Bhagavatula, CIPET Raipur, who helped during
training and gives their support during my training work. It is a privilege to express my
heartiest thanks to all Training faculty of CIPET Raipur, for their valuable suggestions and
support, which becomes a source of inspiration during my CAD Training.

RANJEET SINGH
ROLL.NO. - 300703717031
 PREFACE

CAD/CAM is a term which means Computer Aided Design & Computer Aided
Manufacturing. It is the technology concerned with the use of digital computers to perform
certain functions in design and production. Electronics brains in the form of microprocessors
are parts of cars we drive, the planes in which we fly, the televisions we watch and the
automated tools we use to produce such products. The Computer Aided Design or CAD
systems are used to design such products.
The CAD hardware typically includes computer, one or more graphics display
terminals, keywords and other peripheral equipment. The CAD software consists of the
computer programs to facilitate the engineering functions of the user company. Examples of
these application programs include stress-strain analysis of components, dynamics response of
mechanisms, heat transfer calculations and customers markers are different.
These factors give rise to differences in CAD systems requirements. Ultimately
CAD/CAM will provide the technology base for the computer-integrated factory of the future.

RANJEET SINGH
ROLL.NO. - 300703717031
 Overview of CIPET

Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology is an autonomous institute

under the department of Chemicals and petrochemicals, Ministry of chemicals and
fertilizers, Govt. of India, accredited by ISO 9001:2008, NABL ISO 17020 devoted to
skill development training, technology support service.

CIPET RAIPUR: A unit of CIPET has been established in the city of Raipur situated
in fertile plains of Chhattisgarh, the "Capital", in September 2015 with the joint efforts
of Govt. of India and Govt. of Chhattisgarh with a special focus to provide academic
and employment-oriented skill development training to Unemployed/ Underemployed
youths of Chhattisgarh & to provide technical support service to plastics and allied
industries. CIPET is located at plot No. 48, Industrial Area Bhanpuri, Near Urkura
Railway Station, Bhanpuri, Raipur - 493221 (C.G.). The area of campus is 10 acres.

CIPET: CSTS - Raipur is providing training and technical consultancy services in

the field of Design, CAD/CAM/CAE, Tool Room, Plastic Processing and Testing.
The Centre has following specific objective in various areas of training, technical and
research & development activities. The Centre is consistently processing terms of
training and technical services.
 Table of Contents

Acknowledgement
Preface
Overview Of CIPET
Unit - 1 CAD using AutoCAD 1
• Introduction
• why use CAD?
• History of CAD
• CAD Software Future
• How AutoCAD is used?
• Advantages of CAD
Unit - 2 Overview of Software 5
• Basic AutoCAD Functions
• Software Versions
• AutoCAD Interface Environment
• Status bar

Unit - 3 Commands in AutoCAD 11

• Co-Ordinate Systems
• Drawing Commands
• Modifying Commands
• Various Commands
• Display Control Commands
• Dimensioning Commands
• 3D Drawing and Viewing Commands

Unit - 4 Problems Exercise 36

 Unit - 1
Cad Using
AutoCAD

 Introduction
Computer aided Design and
Overview Draughting (sometimes known
 Introduction as cad). Generally, it is the use
 Why use CAD? of computers in design and
 History of CAD drawing process. Traditionally,
 CAD Software
technical drawing is made
Future
using manual drafting. It is
 How AutoCAD
often requiring a lot of effort
is used?
 Advantages of and time consuming
CAD particularly for large complex
drawing. CAD is being used
widely in modern practice. The
ability of computer that enable engineers to produce, revise,
store and transmit original drawings has made it very
important. AutoCAD, developed by Autodesk Inc., is the
most popular PC – CAD system available in the market. This
design package is a general-purpose computer aided design
and drafting application for your computer. The speed and
ease with which a drawing can be prepared and modified
using a computer offer a phenomenal advantage over hand
preparation. The CAD hardware typically includes computer,
one or more graphics display terminals, keywords and other
peripheral equipment. The CAD software consists of the
computer programs to facilitate the engineering functions of
the user company.

1
 Here I’m going to mention a few of the applications for which AutoCAD is being used
today: -

• Architectural drawings of all kinds.

• Drawings for Electronics, Chemical, Civil, Mechanical, Automotive and Aerospace
engineering applications.
• Theatre set lighting designs.
• Line drawing for the Fine Arts, Textiles, Fashion and Dress designing.
Some other CAD packages developed by the same company are: -
• Auto Shade
• Solid works
• 3D Studio
• Creo

 Why use CAD?

Modern Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools have significantly changed the way we
design mechanical products or machines. CAD techniques offers benefits such as rapid
prototyping, less revisions in design, automatic update of drawings, rapid turnaround time and
low operating cost.

One of the most popular tools used in manufacturing industry is AutoCAD by Autodesk
Inc. With AutoCAD you get the best 2D and 3D design modules in one package which renders a
central 3D model to clearly visualize the final product. AutoCAD software facilitates faster digital
prototyping by allowing direct read and write of native DWG files. This results in accurate format
translations and greatly improves overall efficiency of mechanical design.

AutoCAD comes with variety of comprehensive and customized set of 3D modeling

modules for generating/documenting/visualizing different 3D digital prototypes. The 3D model
allows manufacturer or product designer to check design, possible interference and relevant data
across all design stages. This feature eliminates the need of physical prototypes and helps avoid
costly revisions usually discovered after the design has been sent to the fabricator or manufacturer.
With AutoCAD you can create and visualize mechanical parts and assemblies in an insightful 3D
CAD environment. The designer can optimize and corroborate design prototypes to forecast
performance of the design under real-life conditions well before the product or part is
manufactured. Once the 3D design prototype id validated, you can produce manufacturing
documents with simple clicks of mouse. The user can obtain manufacture-ready drawings directly

2
from the 3D model thus reducing errors and related engineering change orders before the product
is ever built. AutoCAD allows easy and hassle-free collaboration with other Data Management
applications, enabling the error-free and rapid exchange of project information across different
design and manufacturing workgroups. All the team members can now work on same shared
platform to track, review and contribute to the design -allowing for efficient reuse of critical
project data, management of bills of materials and communication with other project trades.

 History of CAD
AutoCAD is a CAD software application for 2D and 3D design and drafting. It is developed and
sold by Autodesk, Inc. First released in December 1982, AutoCAD was one of the first CAD
programs to run on personal computers. The various CAD technologies represent the gamut of
promises, possibilities, and problems. Over the years, a few authors, mainly academicians or
former company executives, have attempted to document segments of CAD history, either by a
range of years or a specific company's contributions. However, as far as I know there was never
a comprehensive history of the mechanical CAD industry, including its academic roots. That is,
until now.
A new book titled The Engineering Design Revolution: The People, Companies, and Computer
Systems That Changed Forever the Practice of Engineering, by Dave Weisberg, was recently
released. Most of you who have followed the CAD industry to any degree are probably familiar
with Dave. He is first and foremost an engineer (he has BS and MS degrees in civil engineering
from MIT), and that adds significant credibility to a book of this nature. I've personally known
Dave for almost 20 years, and I know that by the time he received his graduate degree, he had a
much greater desire to work in the emerging computer industry than to practice civil
engineering.
Over the years he did stints at a number of CAD companies in different roles that
included planning, marketing, sales, implementation, and software development management
positions. His career took a significant change in direction in the early 1990s when he formed
Technology Automation Services and began publishing Engineering Automation Report. For the
next several years he covered the CAD industry, interviewing many of the people mentioned in
his book. In 1994, he acquired the Anderson Report on Computer Graphics, started by Ken
Anderson in 1978, and in 1997 he acquired the A-E-C Automation Newsletter, introduced by Ed
Forrest in 1977. It was during the early stages of his publishing heyday that I met and worked
with Dave as a contributing and lead editor.

3
 CAD Software Future
3D CAD software is today dominated by 3 vendors, Dassault, PTC and UGS. Their 3D CAD software
products are very similar - in fact so functionally similar that they now almost always avoid competing on
3D CAD functionality but instead focus almost exclusively on their PLM capabilities and "business
process innovation". Technical innovation in 3D CAD software seems to have flown out of the window
as PLM stomped in through the door. What is PLM? What is "business process innovation"? Do they
really help ordinary CAD software users (designers and engineers) get their job done? Or do they more
likely help large CAD software companies make their quarterly revenue targets? Clayton M. Christensen,
author of "The Innovator's Dilemma" shows that sustained innovation, even funded by billion-dollar
research budgets, only enables leading companies to survive so long as no disruptive technology suddenly
appears to upset the corporate apple-cart. In the 1980s Digital and Computer vision were leading
companies in their markets; today neither exists. Both were the victims of disruptive technologies. Just as
propeller powered aircraft could not compete with jets; neither will today's CAD software be able to
compete with new products on the imminent horizon.

 How AutoCAD is used?

Electronic Paper with Drawings and Editing Tools - Analogous to Manual Drafting Valuable and
More Efficient in Modifying Drawings. Object can be moved, copied, rotated, erased, redrawn, etc.
Editing in AutoCAD is faster than in manual drawing. Drawing Layers to Enhance Drawing and Visibility.
AutoCAD provides a set of drawing layer which is equivalent to the engineering layers on working
drawings. Storage/database of Commonly used Object. Complex objects that are frequently used can be
stored as symbol in the library. This would increase the productivity in the drafting work.

 Advantages of CAD
• No need for scaling. All drawing is done full size.
• The screen drawing area can be set to any size with the click of a button
• All of the tools needed are supplied by the program.
• Absolute accuracy can be maintained.
• Production details can be extracted directly from the drawing.
• Eliminates the need for full size set outs.
• The screen drawing area can be set to any size with the click of a button.
• All of the tools needed are supplied by the program.
• Absolute accuracy can be maintained.
• Production details can be extracted directly from the drawing.
• Eliminates the need for full size set outs.
• Everything you learn about manual drawing technique applies to CAD/CAM drawing development.

4
 Unit - 2
Overview of
software
 Basic AutoCAD Functions

• 2-D Drafting (Mechanical) Lines, circles, arcs,

Overview polylines, rectangles, polygons, splines, points, texts, and
 Basic area hatching
AutoCAD
Functions • 3-D Modeling Wireframe modeling, surface modeling,
 Software and solid modeling
Versions
 AutoCAD • 3-D primitives including boxes, wedges, cones,
Interface cylinders, spheres, and torus; extruded and revolved solids
Environment from 2-D objects, and
 Status bar
• Boolean operations to the 3-D objects including union,
subtraction, and intersection).
• Operations to 2-D and 3-D Objects Moving, rotating,
copying, mirroring, and erasing.
• Viewing Zooming and panning, multiple viewport
generation, user coordinate system (UCS) definition, and
viewing direction selection.
• Dimensioning and Tolerancing Linear dimensions,
angular dimensions, radius dimensions, diameter
dimensions, baseline dimensions, continuous dimensions,
leaders, and size and geometric tolerances.
• Organization of Objects Layers, colors, line types,
groups, blocks, attributes, and references.

5
 SOFTWARE VERSION’S

6
  AutoCAD Interface Environment

The user's interface of AutoCAD consists of a graphics window and a text window. Graphics
Window When you start with a drawing the AutoCAD graphics window will show up. The five
primary areas of the AutoCAD graphics window are as follows:
Menu Bar -- AutoCAD's pull-down menus are accessed through the menu bar.
Status Bar -- The status bar provides status information including color, layer, coordinate
display, and so on.
Drawing Area -- The center area is the area in which you draw. The drawing area covers the
major portion of the screen. Here we can draw the objects and use the commands. To draw the
objects, we need to define the coordinate points, which can be selected by using our pointing
device

7
Screen Menu -- The screen menu was AutoCAD's original menu interface but is now primarily
used for option selection.
Command Line -- The command line is the area where you enter commands and options from
the keyboard. The command line prompts you for input and provides status on the results of
AutoCAD commands, even when those commands are issued by the menus.

 Interacting with status bar

8
 AutoCAD has hundreds of commands, most of which feature numerous options. Almost all
these commands relate to specific functions, such as drawing, editing, or dimensioning. Because
it is difficult to remember the hundreds of AutoCAD commands with all their options and
modifiers, the menu system offers an efficient alternative. AutoCAD's menu is organized for
simple navigation through the software. All menu items are organized in a hierarchical data
structure. The Status Bar is displayed at the bottom of the screen. It contains some useful
information and buttons that will make it easy to change the status of some AutoCAD functions.
We can toggle between on and off states of most of these functions by choosing them.
Coordinates
The coordinates information is displayed on the left corner of the Status Bar. We can select this
coordinate button to toggle between on and off states. If the COORDS system variable controls
the type of display of coordinates.
Snap Mode
The snap mode allows you to move the cursor in fixed increments. If snap mode is on, the Snap
Mode button is chosen in the Status Bar; otherwise it is not displayed.
Grid Display
The grid lines are used as a reference lines to draw objects in AutoCAD. If the Grid Display button
is chosen, the grid lines are displayed on the screen.
Ortho Mode
If the Ortho Mode button is chosen in the Status Bar, we can draw lines at right angles only.
Polar Tracking
If we turn the polar tracking on, the movement of cursor is restricted along a path based on set as
the polar angle settings. Choosing the Polar Tracking button in the Status Bar turns it on.
Remember that turning the polar tracking on, automatically turns off the ortho mode.
Object Snap
When the Object Snap button is chosen in the Status Bar, we can use the running object snaps to
snap a point.
Model
The Model button is chosen by default because you are working in the model space to create
drawings.

9
Allow/Disallow Dynamic UCS
Choosing the button allows or disallows the use of dynamic UCS. Allowing the dynamic UCS
ensures that the XY plane of the UCS got dynamically aligned with the selected face of the model.
Dynamic Input
The Dynamic input button is used to turn the Dynamic Input on or off. Turning it on facilitates
the heads-up design approach because all commands, prompts and the dimensional inputs will
now be displayed in the drawing area and we do not need to look at the command prompt all the
time. This saves the design time and also increases the efficiency of the user.
Show/Hide Line weight
Choosing this button in the Status Bar allows you to turn on or off the display of line weights in
the drawing.
Annotation Scale
The annotation scale controls the size and display of the annotative objects in the model space.
The Annotation Scale button has a drop-down list that displays all the annotation scales available
for the current drawing.
Annotation Visibility
This button is used to control the visibility of the annotative objects that do not support the current
annotation scale in drawing area.
Automatically Add Scale
This button, if chosen, automatically adds all the annotation scales that are set current to all the
annotative objects present in the drawing.
Quick Properties
If you select a sketched entity when this button is chosen in the Status Bar, the properties of
selected entity will be displayed in a panel.

10
 Unit - 3
Commands in
AutoCAD
 Co-Ordinate Systems
Each line, circle, arc, or other object you add to a drawing is
located by certain points. A line is defined by its two
Overview endpoints. A circle is defined by its center point and a point
along the circumference. A square is located by its four corner
 Co-Ordinate
Systems points. To precisely locate points for objects, all CAD
 Drawing programs use standard point location systems called
Commands coordinate systems. The most common type of coordinate
 Modifying system in a CAD program is the Cartesian coordinate system.
Commands Points are located in this system using three coordinate
 Various axes—the X axis, Y axis, and Z axis. The X and Y axes are
Commands
used in two-dimensional drafting
 Display
Control
Commands
 Dimensioning
Commands
 3D Drawing
and Viewing
Commands

The units of measurement for coordinates may refer to inches, feet, or

metric units, such as millimeters. Coordinates specified for absolute
point locations can be positive or negative (depending on their location
in relation to the origin) and are known as absolute coordinates.

11
 Drawing Commands
Drawing commands are used to make drafting of design. There are all the tools which is
required to draw the drawing. Followings are the list of some popular drawing command.
LINE COMMANDS
This command is used to draw line by mouse. The syntax is “L” and then press “Enter”.
CONSTRUCTION LINE
It is also called “X-line”. It is used to draw a hidden line.
MULTI LINE
It is used to draw many lines. It is also called “M-line”. The syntax is “ML” and press
“Enter”.
POLY LINE
It is also called “P-line”. The syntax is “PL” and press “Enter”.
POLYGON LINE
It is used to draw hexagonal shapes.
RECTANGLE
It is used to draw “Rectangles”. The syntax is “REC”.
ARC
It is used to draw “Arcs”. Syntax = “ARC”.
CIRCLE
It is used draw circle for desired radius Syntax = “C”.
SP LINE
It is used to draw smoother and more controllable curves Syntax = “S”.
ELLIPSE
It is used to draw ellipse in horizontal or vertical Syntax = “E”.
HATCH
It is used for Hatching after drawing. The hatching can be done through many types.

12
 • Line command

The Line command is the most frequently used command in a CAD program because lines are the
basic elements of most drawings. Each straight line requires information as to the placement of
the first point (one end) and the second point (other end). Generally, you can enter specific
coordinates for the endpoints or pick the endpoints on screen,
Example:
Command: line↵
Specify first point: 3,5↵ (or pick a point on screen)
Specify next point or [Undo]: 6,4↵ (or pick a point on screen)
Specify next point or [Undo]:

Figure. A line consists of two endpoints and a segment.

• Double Line
Some CAD packages provide a Double Line
command, although it may not have this
name. This command is useful in creating
grooves on parts and in similar applications.
Where parallel lines are required. The
Double Line command is especially useful
in architectural drafting for drawing walls
on a floor plan. Most CAD programs allow
you to set the distance between the double
lines. In addition, some programs allow you
to control how the corners and intersections
are formed.

13
Example:
Command: line↵
Current settings: Justification = Top, Scale = 1.00↵,
Style = STANDARD↵
Specify start point or [Justification/Scale/Style]: 0,0↵ (or pick a point on screen)
Specify next point: 6,0↵ (or pick a point on screen)
Specify next point or [Undo]: 6,4 ↵ (or pick a point on screen)
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 3,4 ↵ (or pick a point on screen)
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 3,5↵ (or pick a point on screen)
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 0,5↵ (or pick a point on screen)
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: close↵ (or pick a point on screen)

• Point
Points define exact coordinate locations. In addition to serving as coordinates for lines and other
entities, points can also be created as objects in most CAD programs. Points are helpful as a
reference for making constructions and placing other objects. They can typically be created with
the Point command. After entering the command, you can enter coordinates or pick a location on
screen. Most CAD programs provide different visibility modes for displaying points on screen.
Example:
Command: point↵
Current point modes: PDMODE = 0↵
PDSIZE = 0.0000↵
Specify a point: 3,0↵ (or pick a point on screen)

• Circle
The Circle command automates the creation of a circle object. Instead of drawing several small
straight-line segments to approximate a circle, this command draws an object based on the

14
mathematical definition of a circle. Most CAD software allows you to select from several common
methods of defining a circle.
These methods include:
• Center and radius.
• Center and diameter.
• Three points on the circle.
• Two points on the circle.
• Radius and two lines or two circles to
which the circle should be tangent.

Example:
Command: circle↵
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 0,0↵ (or pick a center point on
screen)
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: diameter↵
Specify diameter of circle: 4↵ (or pick a point on the circle on screen)

• Arc
An arc is a portion of a circle. Just as the Circle command automates the creation of a circle, the
Arc command automates the creation of an arc. Most CAD software allows you to select from
several methods of defining an arc.
Examples include:
• Three points on the arc.
• Starting point, center, and endpoint.
• Starting point, center, and included angle.

15
• Starting point, center, and length of chord.
• Starting point, endpoint, and radius.
• Starting point, endpoint, and included angle.
• Starting point, endpoint, and a starting direction.
Example:
Command: arc↵
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 0,–2 ↵ (or pick a point on screen)
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: 0,2↵ (or pick a point on screen)
Specify end point of arc: –2,0↵ (or pick a point on screen)

• Spline
A spline is a smooth curve that passes through a series of
points. Usually, the points can be edited to change the “fit”
of the curve after creating the spline. This provides greater
accuracy for approximating irregular curves and other
shapes that are difficult to draw as arcs. Splines are drawn
with the Spline command. There are two common ways to
create splines. One way is to pick or enter points to
establish control points along a curve. Another method is
to convert a series of existing lines into a spline.
Example:
Command: spline↵
Specify first point or [Object]: 2,3↵
Specify next point: 5,4↵
Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance] <start tangent>: 8,3↵
Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance] <start tangent>: ↵
Specify start tangent: ↵ (or pick a point to specify the beginning direction of the curve)
Specify end tangent: ↵ (or pick a point to specify the ending direction of the curve

16
 • Ellipse
An ellipse is a closed circular object with an oval shape. The arcs making up the shape are defined
by the intersection of a major axis and minor axis. The axes intersect at the center point of the
object and divide the ellipse into four quadrants. The Ellipse command draws the shape
automatically based on points specified for the major and minor axis endpoints.
Ellipses can be drawn by several methods. One method is to locate the two axes by selecting two
endpoints of one axis and one endpoint of the other axis. Another method is to locate the ellipse’s
center, and then specify one endpoint of each axis. A third method is to pick the ellipse’s major
axis endpoints and then enter a rotation angle.
Example:
Command: ellipse↵
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: 4,4↵
Specify other endpoint of axis: 8,4↵
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: 6,5↵

• Rectangle
A square or rectangle can be drawn using the
Line command. However, the Rectangle
command automates the process of creating a
square or rectangle. Most CAD software
provides at least two methods for constructing
a rectangle. These are specifying the width and
height of the rectangle or specifying opposite
corners of the rectangle.
Example:
Command: rectangle↵
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: 1,5↵(or pick a point on
screen)
Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: 6,3↵ (or pick a point on screen)

17
 • Polygon
The Polygon command automates the construction of a regular polygon. A regular polygon is an
object with sides of equal length and included angles. The Polygon command can create an object
with three or more sides. A common approach used by many CAD programs is to either inscribe
the polygon within a circle or circumscribe it about a circle. The information required in these
instances includes the radius of the circle, method desired, and number of sides for the polygon.
Another method available in some CAD programs is to define the end points of one side of the
polygon. The software generates the remaining sides to create a regular polygon.
Example:
Command: polygon↵
Enter number of sides <4>: 5↵
Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: 1,5↵(or pick a point on screen)
Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I>: c↵
Specify radius of circle: 2↵
Command: ↵
POLYGON Enter number of sides <5>: 5↵
Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: 6,5↵(or pick a point on screen)
Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <C>: i↵
Specify radius of circle: 2↵
Command:

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• Modifying Commands
Editing commands allow you to modify drawings. Inquiry commands are designed to list the
database records for selected objects and calculate distances, areas, and perimeters. Common
editing and inquiry commands described in this section include: Erase, Undo, Move, Copy,
Mirror, Rotate, Fillet, Chamfer, Trim, Extend, Array, Scale, List, Distance, and Area.

• Erase
The Erase command permanently removes selected objects from the drawing. Many CAD
programs provide a “select” option in the command that allows you to select the objects to erase.
Also, some programs provide a “last” option that erases the last object drawn. Example:
Command: erase↵
Select objects: last↵
1 found
Select objects: ↵ (or pick other objects on screen)
Command

• Undo
The Undo command reverses the last command. If the last command was Erase, the objects that
were deleted are restored. You can sequentially step back through previous commands, but you
cannot “jump” a command in the sequence. Certain limits are usually applied to this command.
Example:
Command: erase↵
Select objects: last↵ 1 found
Select objects: ↵ (the last object drawn is erased)
Command: undo↵
Current settings: Auto = On, Control = All, Combine = Yes
Enter the number of operations to undo or [Auto/ Control/Begin/End/Mark/Back] <1>: ↵

19
 • Move
The Move command allows one or more objects to be moved from the present location to a new
one without changing their orientation or size. Generally, you must pick a starting point and a
destination point. Relative displacement is often used for this operation. With relative
displacement, you pick any starting point. Then, you specify a displacement from that point in
terms of units, or units and an angle.
Example:
Command: move↵
Select objects: (pick any number of objects using the cursor)
Select objects: ↵
Specify base point or [Displacement] <Displacement>: (pick any point on screen)
Specify second point or <use first point as displacement>: @2,3 (the @ symbol specifies relative
displacement; the object will be moved 2 units on the X axis and 3 units on the Y axis)

• Copy
The Copy command usually functions in much the same way as the Move command. However, it
is used to place copies of the selected objects at the specified location without altering the original
objects. Many CAD programs offer a “multiple” option with this command. This option is
sometimes the default option and allows multiple copies of the selected objects to be placed in
sequence.
Example:
Command: copy↵
Select objects: (select the objects to copy)
Select objects: ↵
Specify base point or [Displacement] <Displacement>: (enter coordinates or pick a point to use
as the first point of displacement)
Specify second point or <use first point as displacement>: (enter coordinates or pick a second
point of displacement for the first copy)

20
Specify second point or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: (enter coordinates or pick a second point of
displacement for the second copy)
Specify second point or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: (enter coordinates or pick a second point of
displacement for the third copy)
Specify second point or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: ↵

• Mirror
The Mirror command draws a mirror image of an existing object about a centerline. This
command is especially useful when creating symmetrical objects, Figure 4-13. The Mirror
command in most CAD programs allows you to either keep or delete the original object during
the operation. The mirror line can generally be designated.
Example:
Command: mirror↵
Select objects: (select the objects to mirror)
Select objects: ↵
Specify first point of mirror line: (enter coordinates or pick an endpoint of the line about which to
reflect the objects)
Specify second point of mirror line: (enter coordinates or pick the second endpoint of the line
about which to reflect the objects)
Erase source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: n↵

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 • Rotate
The Rotate command is used to alter the orientation of objects on the drawing. Typically, you
must specify a center for the rotation. This command is perhaps one of the most used editing
commands.
Example:
Command: rotate↵
Current positive angle in UCS:
ANGDIR=counterclockwise ANGBASE=0
Select objects: (pick the objects to rotate)
Select objects: ↵
Specify base point: (enter coordinates or pick a point about which to rotate the objects)
Specify rotation angle or [Copy/Reference]: <0>: (enter an angle or drag the cursor to the desired
rotation)

• Scale
The size of existing objects can be changed using the Scale command. When using the Scale
command, most CAD programs require you to specify a base point for the operation. This point
is generally on the object, often the center of the object or a reference corner.
In CAD programs with parametric modeling capability, you can change the base size parameter,
or any other parameter, of the object without using the Scale command. For example, you can
scale a 5 circle up by 50% by simply changing its diameter to 7.5 without using the Scale
command.
Example:
Command: scale↵
Select objects: (pick the objects to scale)
Select objects: ↵
Specify base point: (enter coordinates or select a point about which the objects will be scaled)
Specify scale factor or [Copy/Reference] <1.0000>:1.5↵

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 • Fillet
A fillet is a smoothly fitted internal arc of a specified radius between two lines, arcs, or circles. A
round is just like a fillet, except it is an exterior arc, Figure 4-14. Most manufactured parts,
including those for architectural applications, have some fillets or rounds. The Fillet command is
used to place fillets and rounds onto the drawing. After drawing the curve, the command trims the
original objects to perfectly meet the curve.
Example:
Command: fillet↵
Current settings: Mode = TRIM, Radius = 0.2500
Select first object or [Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/ Multiple]: radius↵
Specify fillet radius <0.2500>: .50↵
Select first object or [Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/ Multiple]: (select one of the two objects
between which the fillet or round is to be placed)
Select second object or shift-select to apply corner: (select the second of the two objects between
which the fillet or round is to be placed)

Figure. Fillets and rounds on a drawing.

• Chamfer
The Chamfer command is very similar to the Fillet command. However, instead of a curve, a
straight line is placed between the chamfered lines. Just as with the Fillet command, the original
lines are trimmed to meet the straight line (chamfer). Depending on the CAD program, this
command may require that the two objects to be chamfered are lines, not arc segments.
Example:
Command: chamfer↵

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(TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1 = 0.5000, Dist2 = 0.5000
Select first line or [Undo/Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/method/Multiple]: distance↵
Specify first chamfer distance <0.5000>: .25↵
Specify second chamfer distance <0.2500>: ↵
Select first line or [Undo/Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/method/Multiple]: (pick the first line to
chamfer)
Select second line or shift-select to apply corner: (pick the second line to chamfer)

Figure :- chamfer

• Trim
The Trim command is used to shorten a line, arc, or other object to its intersection with an existing
object. The object that establishes the edge you are trimming to is called acutting edge. The cutting
edge is defined by one or more objects in the drawing. Some CAD programs allow you to trim
objects without specifying a cutting edge. In this case, the nearest intersection is used for the trim
operation. Most CAD programs place limitations on which types of objects can be trimmed. In
addition, there are usually only certain types of objects that can be used as boundary edges.
Example:
Command: trim↵
Current settings: Projection=UCS, Edge=Extend Select cutting edges…
Select objects or <select all>: (pick a cutting edge) 1 found
Select objects: ↵

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Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/erase/Undo]: (select
the object to trim)
Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/erase/Undo]: ↵

• Extend
Extending an object lengthens the object to end precisely at an edge called a boundary edge. The
Extend command sequence is similar to the Trim command sequence. The boundary edge is
defined by one or more objects in the drawing. There are usually limitations on which types of
objects can be extended or used as boundary edges.
Example:
Command: extend↵
Current settings: Projection=UCS, Edge=Extend Select boundary edges…
Select objects or <select all>: (pick the objects to use as a boundary) 1 found
Select objects: ↵
Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or [Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/Undo]: (select the
objects to extend to the boundary)
Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or [Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/Undo]: ↵

• Array
The Array command is essentially a copy function. It makes multiple copies of selected objects
in a rectangular or circular (polar) pattern. See Figure 4-15. CAD programs that have 3D drawing
capability typically have an option of the Array command to create arrays in 3D. To create a
rectangular array, you typically select the object(s) to array, specify the number of rows, specify
the number of columns, and then enter distance or “offset” values for the spacing of the rows and
columns. The highlighted bolt head was arrayed to create a pattern of two rows and three columns.
An offset value of 2.0 (equal to the spacing between objects) was used for both the row and column
distances. To create a polar array, you typically select the object(s) to array, specify a center point
about which to array the object(s), enter the number of objects in the array, and enter an angular
rotation value. the highlighted circle was arrayed about the center point of the part in a 360pattern,
with a total of 12 objects specified.

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 Example:
Command: -array↵ (If you enter the command without the
hyphen, the array settings are made in a dialog box.)
Select objects: (pick the objects to array)
Select objects: ↵
Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <P>: r↵
Enter the number of rows (---) <1>: 2↵
Enter the number of columns (|||) <1>: 3↵
Enter the distance between rows or specify unit cell (---): 2↵
Specify the distance between columns (|||): 2↵
Command: -array↵
Select objects: (pick the objects to array)
Select objects: ↵
Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <R>: p↵
Specify center point of array or [Base]: (pick a point about which the objects will be arrayed)
Enter the number of items in the array: 12↵
Specify the angle to fill (+=ccw, –=ccw) <360>: ↵
Rotate arrayed objects? [Yes/No] <Y>: n↵

• Various Drafting Commands

• Text
You can add text to a drawing using the Text command. This is important for placing notes,
specifications, and other information on a drawing. Most CAD packages provide several standard
text fonts to choose from. Text generally can be stretched, compressed, oblique, or mirrored.
Placement can be justified left, right, or centered. Text can also be placed at angles.

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Example:
Command: mtext↵
Current text style: “Standard” Text height: 0.2500
Specify first corner: 2,3↵(or pick a point on screen)
Specify opposite corner or [Height/Justify/Linespacing/Rotation/Style/Width]: 9,5↵(or pick a
point on screen) (enter the text in the text boundary that appears and then pick the OK button)

• Hatch
Hatching is a fundamental part of drafting. In both mechanical and architectural drafting,
hatching is used in section views to show cutaway parts and to represent specific materials.
Hatching is also used on pictorial drawings to represent surface texture or other features. The
Hatch command is used to hatch an area of a drawing. Areas to be hatched are selected with the
pointing device and elements within the boundary can be excluded, if desired. Most CAD software
includes several standard hatch patterns for use with the command. Some programs also provide
other types of fill patterns, such as color gradients. In
addition, most CAD software allows you to add more
patterns and define your own.
Example:
Command: hatch
(In the Hatch and Gradient dialog box, select a pattern.
Then, select the Add: Pick points or Add: Select objects
button. When the dialog box is temporarily hidden, select
internal points or pick objects to hatch. Then, press [Enter] to redisplay the dialog box. Pick the
OK button to apply the hatch.)

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 • List/Properties
The List and Properties commands show data related to an object. For example, the properties for
a line may include the coordinates of the endpoints, length, angle from start point, and change in
X and Y coordinates from the start point. These commands can be useful in determining the type
of object, which layer it is drawn on, and the color and line type settings of the object.
Example:
Command: list↵
Select objects: 1 found
Select objects: ↵ (The text window that appears lists the properties of the selected object.)

• Distance
The Distance command measures the distance and angle between two points. The result is
displayed in drawing units. This command is very useful in determining lengths, angles, and
distances on a drawing without actually placing dimensions.
Example:
Command: dist↵
Specify first point: (pick the first endpoint of the distance to measure)
Specify second point: (pick the second endpoint of the distance to measure)
Distance = 9.1788, Angle in XY Plane = 29, Angle from XY Plane = 0 Delta X = 8.0000, Delta
Y = 4.5000, Delta Z = 0.0000

• Area
The Area command is used to calculate the area of an enclosed space. Often, you can select a
closed object or simply pick points on an imaginary boundary. Most CAD programs allow you to
remove islands, or internal areas. The Area command has many applications in technical drafting,
such as calculating the area of a surface to determine the weight of an object, or calculating the
square footage of a house.
Example:
Command: area↵

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Specify first corner point or [Object/Add/Subtract]:
add↵
Specify first corner point or [Object/Subtract]: (pick the first point of the area
Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total (ADD mode): (pick the next point of the area
Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total (ADD mode): (pick the next point of the area,
as
Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total (ADD mode): (pick the next point of the area
Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total) (ADD mode): (pick the next point of the area
Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total) (ADD mode): (pick the next point of the area)
Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total (ADD mode): (pick the next point of the area)
Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total (ADD mode): (pick the last point of the area)
Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total (ADD mode): ↵ Area = 657.3750, Perimeter
= 103.5000 Total area = 657.3750
Specify first corner point or [Object/Subtract]: subtract↵
Specify first corner point or [Object/Add]: object↵ (SUBTRACT mode) Select objects: (select the
internal circle) Area = 1.7671, Circumference = 4.7124 Total area = 655.6079
(SUBTRACT mode) Select objects: ↵
Specify first corner point or [Object/Add]: ↵
The Area command can be used to calculate how many square feet of tile are required for this
garage floor. The surface to be covered in tile is outlined in color. Notice the drain that will be
removed from the calculation.

 Display Control Commands

Display control commands are used to control how a drawing is displayed on screen. These
commands are used to control the position and magnification of the screen window, save views
for later use, and redraw or “clean up” the screen. Commands covered in this section that are
common to CAD packages include Zoom, Pan, View, and Redraw/Regenerate.

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 • Zoom
The Zoom command increases or decreases the magnification factor, which results in a change in
the apparent size of objects on screen. However, the actual size of the objects does not change.
You can think of this as using the zoom feature on a video camera or set of binoculars. Zoom may
be the most-used display control command. Generally, the Zoom command has several options
that may include zooming to the drawing limits or extents, dynamically zooming, and zooming
by a magnification factor.
Example:
Command: zoom↵
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or
[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window/Object] <real time>: .5↵ (the
magnification factor is reduced by 50%)
Command: ↵ ZOOM
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/
Previous/Scale/Window/Object] <real time>: previous↵ (the previous magnification factor is
restored)

• Pan
The Pan command moves the drawing in the display window from one location to another. It does
not change the magnification factor. If you think of the drawing as being on a sheet of paper
behind the screen, panning is moving the sheet so a different part of the drawing can be seen. The
Pan command is useful when you have a magnification factor that you like, but there are objects
that are “off” the screen.
Example:
Command: pan↵
Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right-click to display shortcut menu. (This is AutoCAD’s “real
time” pan function; pick, hold, and drag to pan the drawing; then press [Enter] or [Esc] to end the
command.)

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 • View
When constant switching back and forth between views and magnification factors on a large
drawing is required, the View command can be used to speed the process. This command allows
you to save a “snapshot” of the current drawing display. The “snapshot” includes the view and
the magnification factor. You can then save the view and quickly recall it later. This can be much
faster than zooming and panning to return to the desired view.
Example: (Pan and zoom the drawing so the desired view is displayed.)
Command: view↵ (The View Manager Dialog box is displayed; pick the New… button and enter
a name in the New View dialog box that is displayed. Then close both dialog boxes.)

• Redraw/Regenerate
The Redraw command “cleans up” the display by removing marker blips, etc. Some Commands
automatically redraw the screen, as when a grid is removed or visible layers are changed.
However, sometimes it is useful to request a redraw when other operations are being performed.
The Regenerate command forces the program to recalculate the objects in the entire drawing and
redraw the screen. This operation takes longer than redraw, especially on large or complex
drawings.
Example:
Command: regen↵
Regenerating model.

 Dimensioning Commands
One of the advantages of using CAD is automated dimensioning. In almost all drafting
applications, the drawing must be dimensioned to show lengths, distances, and angles between
features on the objects (parts). There are five basic types of dimensioning commands. These are
Linear, Angular, Diameter, Radius, and Leader. A linear dimension measures a straight-line
distance. The distance may be horizontal, vertical, or at an angle. Typically, you have several
choices on how the dimension text is placed. The text may be aligned with the dimension lines,
always horizontal on the drawing, or placed at a specified angle. In architectural drafting,
dimension text for a linear dimension is never perpendicular to the dimension line. An angular
dimension measures the angle between two nonparallel lines. The lines can be actual objects or
imaginary lines between an origin and two endpoints. Typically, you have the same options for

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text placement as with linear dimensions. Diameter and radius dimensions are very similar. A
diameter dimension measures the distance across a circle through its center. A radius dimension
measures the distance from the center of an arc to a point on that arc. A radius dimension can also
be used for a circle, but it is not typically used in this manner. A leader is used to provide a specific
or local note. A leader consists of an arrowhead (in some form), a leader line, and the note. Often,
an optional shoulder is placed on the end of the leader before the note.
Example:
Command: dim↵
Dim: horizontal↵
Specify first extension line origin or <select object>: (pick the first endpoint of the horizontal
distance)
Specify second extension line origin: (pick the second endpoint of the horizontal distance)
Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]: (drag the dimension to the correct
location)
Enter dimension text <15.500>: (enter a value for the dimension text or press [Enter] to accept the
default actual distance)
Dim: vertical↵
Specify first extension line origin or <select object>: (pick the first endpoint of the vertical
distance)
Specify second extension line origin: (pick the second end point of the vertical distance)
Specify dimension line location or [mtext/Text/Angle]: (drag the dimension to the correct
location)
Enter dimension text <6.000>: (enter a value for the dimension text or press [Enter] to accept the
default actual distance)
Dim: (press [Esc] to exit dimension mode)

Snap
Snap is a function that allows the cursor to “grab on to” certain locations on the screen. There are
two basic types of snap. These are grid snap and object snap. A grid snap uses an invisible grid,
much like the visible grid produced by the Grid command. When grid snap is turned on, the cursor

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“jumps” to the closest snap grid point. In most CAD programs, it is impossible to select a location
that is not one of the snap grid points when grid snap is on. Just as with a grid, you can typically
set the snap grid density or spacing.
Example:
Command: line↵
Specify first point: mid↵
Specify next point or [Undo]: (move the cursor to the second endpoint of the new line and pick)
Specify next point or [Undo]: ↵

• Ortho
Ortho is a drawing mode used to ensure that all lines and traces drawn using a pointing device are
orthogonal (vertical or horizontal) with respect to the current drawing plane. Ortho is useful in
drawing “square” lines that will be later extended or trimmed to meet other objects. Ortho is
activated with the Ortho command. Ortho must be turned off to draw a line at an angle unless
coordinates are manually entered.
Example:
Command: ortho↵
Enter mode [ON/OFF] <OFF>: on↵ (Lines can now only be drawn horizontally and vertically at
90° angles unless coordinates are entered.)

 3D Drawing and Viewing Commands

When CAD programs were first developed, they were used to create 2D drawings. This was the
natural progression from traditional (manual) drafting, which is strictly 2D on paper. As
computers and CAD programs became more advanced, 3D capabilities were added. At first, these
capabilities made it easier to draw 3D representations, such as isometrics and perspectives, but
these representations are really 2D drawings. Eventually “true” 3D modeling capabilities were
added to CAD programs. These features allow you to design, model, analyze, and in some cases
“pre-machine” a part all within the computer.

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• 3D Views
CAD software that is 3D-capable typically has a Hide command to remove lines that would
normally be hidden in the current view. These are the lines that would be drawn as hidden lines
in a 2D drawing. Hiding lines can help visualize the 3D model

SHAPE COMMAND ICON DESCRIPTION

Creates a solid box after

you provide 2 opposite
BOX BOX corners and a height.

Creates a solid sphere

SPHERE SPHERE from a center point and
radius.

Creates a straight
CYLINDER CYLINDER cylinder from a center
point, radius and height.

Creates a tapered cone

CONE CONE from a center point,
radius and height.

Creates a triangular
WEDGE WEDGE wedge from 2 opposite
points.

Creates a torus (donut

TORUS shape) based on center
TORUS
point, radius and tube
radius.

Draws a solid object with a

PYRAMID PYRAMID / PYR polygon (3-32 sides) base that
rises to a central point.

Draws a solid object with width

POLYSOLID PSOLID and height as would draw a
polyline.

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• Isometric Drawing
An isometric drawing is a traditional 2D pictorial drawing. It shows a 3D representation of an
object, but it is really only two-dimensional. If you could rotate the “paper” computer screen, there
would be no part of the object behind the current drawing plane.
Some CAD programs have drawing aids to help make isometric drawings. These drawing
aids typically are a rotated grid, orthographic cursor, and snap representing the three isometric
planes (top, left, right). The way in which these drawing aids are activated varies with the CAD
program being used.

Figure. A—An isometric drawing of a mechanical part. This is a 2D isometric drawing that
appears to show the object in three dimensions. B—When the isometric drawing is viewed from
a different viewpoint, you can see that it is two-dimensional.

35
 Unit - 4
Exercise Problems
 2D Drawing

Overview
 2D Drawing
 Isometric
Drawing3D
Objects

36
37
 Isometric Drawing &
3D Drawing

38