Philippine Christian University

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Dasmariñas Campus

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITIONAL QUACKERY AND

MISCONCEPTIONS TO THE ALARMING HEALTH
CONCERNS OF SELECTED PATIENTS IN
BRGY. SAMPALOC 1, 2017-2018
An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to
The Faculty of the Senior High School Department
Philippine Christian University
City of Dasmariñas, Cavite

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements in Research Project

Submitted by:
Ilagan, Jelina G.

Submitted to:
Mr. Justine Mar F. Mina

May 2018

i
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

APPROVAL SHEET

This study entitled “Relationship between Nutritional Quackery and

Misconceptions to the Alarming Health Concerns of Selected Patients in Brgy.
Sampaloc 1, 2017-2018”, has been prepared by Jelina G. Ilagan, in partial
fulfillment of the course requirement in Research Project and will be presented
for a Final Oral Defense.

MR. JUSTINE MAR F. MINA

Research Adviser

Approved by the Committee on Final Oral Defense with a grade of _______

THESIS REVIEW PANEL

MR. JUSTINE MAR F. MINA

Teacher, Research Project
Member

MR. JUSTINE MAR F. MINA

Subject Coordinator, Research Department
Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the course requirement in the subject,

Research Project

DR. MARIO S. MECATE

Principal, SHS
Chairman, Thesis Review Panel

ii
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher wishes to express her sincerest gratitude and deepest

appreciation to the following individuals who contributed in the completion of this

research study.

First and foremost, the Creator for providing her strong will and ample time

to finish this published thesis paper and for the countless blessings the author

has been receiving. Truly, God can provide strength in making this published

thesis paper possible (Philippians 4:13).

To their research teacher and coordinator, Mr. Justine Mar F. Mina for his

utmost guidance, assistance, encouragement and patience during the process of

making this research project.

The author wants to take this opportunity to express her gratitude to all the

respondents who participated and helped them achieve valuable results and

finish the thesis paper on time. This research paper could not have been possible

without their participation, patience, assistance, and cooperation.

Lastly, she is also grateful to impart her gratitude to her parents who have

selflessly financed the author’s published thesis paper and for their moral

support, guidance, and trust.

iii
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

ABSTRACT

This study entitled “Relationship between Nutritional Quackery and

Misconceptions to the Alarming Health Concerns of Selected Patients in

Brgy.Sampaloc 1, 2017-2018” was conducted to determine the relationship

between nutritional quackery and nutritional misconceptions which is the main

objective of the study. Additionally, it seeks to find out whether there are any

significant relationship between the health concernsof patients and the different

factors that can possibly affect it such as; age, gender, financial status and

educational attainment. This study attempted to identify what extent these factors

played a role in treating healh concerns of patients and which among the factors

greatly affect the health concerns of patients with regards to their health and

lifestyle.

The literature review has provided abundant information that can support

the main idea of the study. It is also the main basis of mostly the whole paper

since it provided different research studies that support this entire thesis paper.

The methodology focuses on the methods of gaining participating respondents,

instrument used in the data collection, sample population and statistical

treatment that were used to analyze data in which were collected from the 20

iv
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

participants who responded appropriately to the given survey questionnaire. The

sample population was selected from residents of Barangay Sampaloc 1.

The researcher analyzed the collected information and identified any

existing trends in results and discussion. In addition, the statistical treatments

used in the study showed the validity of the statements in the survey

questionnaire. Lastly, the final chapter contains the overall summary and

recommendations for future researcher that will conduct a study related to the

topic used in this paper.

v
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE ………………………………………………… i

APPROVAL SHEET ………………………………………………… ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …...……………………………………………. iii

ABSTRACT …………………………………………………. iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........……………………………………........ vi

LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………. ix

LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………….. x

CHAPTERS

I. INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study …………………………………………. 1

Statement of the Purpose …………………………………………. 4

Significance of the Study …………………………………………. 5

Scopes & Limitations ….…………………………………....... 6

vi
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Review of Related Literature and Studies ………………… 8

Conceptual Paradigm ………………………………………………. 12

Definition of Terms …………………………………………. 13

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design …………………………………………. 15

Research Locale …………………………………………. 16

Sample and Sampling Techniques Used …..…………………….. 16

Instrumentation …………………………………………. 17

Data Gathering Procedure …………………………………. 17

Statistical Analysis of the Data …………………………………. 18

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................... 20

vii
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of the Findings ………………………………………. 44

Conclusions ………………………………………………………. 45

Recommendation ………………………………………………. 46

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……..………………………………………………… 48

APPENDICES ……………………………………………………….. 49

viii
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.0: Age Distribution Table...…….……………………………………….21

Table 1.1: Gender Distribution Table….….…………………………………….22

Table 1.2: Weighted Mean Distribution Table..………….…………………….28

Table 1.3: Total Responses of Male and Female Respondents….…...…...32

Table 1.4: Chi – Square Table………………….……………………………......33

Table 1.5: Total Responses of Male and Female Respondents.….………..35

Table 1.6: Chi – Square Table.……………...…….………………………….....35

Table 1.7: Total Responses of Male and Female Respondents…...……….37

Table 1.8: Pearson Correlation Coefficient Table……….……...…………….38

Table 1.9: Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient Table……...………….40

ix
i
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.0: Input, Process & Output Paradigm……………….…………….…12

Figure 1.1: Totality of Responses Regarding Doctor’s Medical Opinion.…23

Figure 1.2: Totality of Responses Regarding Medicinal Prescriptions….…24

Figure 1.3: Totality of Responses Regarding Local Healing Patronization..25

Figure 1.4: Totality of Responses Regarding Health Awareness……….…..27

x
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

CHAPTER 1

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.1 Introduction

Nutrition is the study of nutrients in food. Nourishment is necessary in

humans to function properly. Maintaining a well-balanced diet contributes to

the process on how your body takes in the necessary nutrients from the daily

consumption of food. The six categories of nutrients that the body needs to

acquire from food are the following: protein, carbohydrates, fat, fibers, vitamins

and minerals, and water. (World Health Organization, 2008) Consuming all the

nutrients from the categories will result in good nutrition and well-being.

Maintaining a sound and healthy system of your body as a whole can

consume time and money. The measures in an attempt to address health

concerns may be costly. In this instance, patients are searching for other

methods that may save them time and money such as their involvement in

acupuncture, naturopathy, homeopathy, chiropractic care, and in general,

alternative medicine.

Research studies are conducted here and there, proving the scientific

bases of how these methods work or not work in patients who are not in any

1
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

way pursuing healthcare from medical and allied health professionals. With

that aspect, the researcher see that in a particular angle, verification from the

official branch of government that confirms the legitimacy of these alternative

treatment methods must commence in order to avoid misinformation and

continuous malpractice of medicinal and nutritional quackery. The researcher

decided that the researcher will focus on determining the ways to avoid the

prevalence of these misleading quackeries throughout the barangay of

Sampaloc 1. Moreover, the barangay is subdivided into urban, sub-urban,

rural, and indigent areas which the educational level, economic status and age

differ. The prevalence of medicinal and nutritional quackery may also differ

depending on which kind of community the patient lives in. As with that matter,

the author of this research study came to a point of constructing questions that

can serve as the researcher’s guide in conducting this research study. The

constructed research questions are the following: “What is the relationship

between nutritional quackery and misconceptions to the alarming health

concerns of patients?”, “How is the process of carrying out the nutrition and

health educational plan in rural and indigenous areas?” These research

questions are concerning for the researcher since the researcher have

observed that the number of quacksalvers are rising in an uncontrollable level.

2
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

In that state, the researcher will be in utmost determination to seek or provide

an answer for the benefit of the researcher’s research study and either way

offer new ideas to different clusters of people. Subsequently, with those

problems, parallel purposes structured this research paper. Two of the

purposes of this research study is to (1) Determine the relationship between

nutritional quackery and misconceptions to patients’ alarming health concerns

since the result of this study will help the research determine the factors that

can negatively affect the health status of patients in terms of medicinal and

nutritional quackery involvement. (2) Identify the underlying reasons of

widespread nutritional quackery and health misconceptions because the

researcher wants to offer several grounds and salient points that can help

patients comprehend the medical approaches and their scientific bases.

Furthermore, so as to help the researcher in this study, the researcher will use

survey questionnaires as the researcher’s instrument along with adherence to

statistical treatments and acquisition of comprehensive and relevant literatures

in various means for the researcher to ensure that the researcher’s study is

worth conducting. But though, the researcher will treat this research

objectively and fairly, there will be some aspects that might not be tackled

unintentionally by the researcher since variables can change along the

research process and there will be some problems that cannot be determined

3
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

prior to the analysis of the data so presumably, these areas can be part of the

future researcher’s niche.

1.2 Statement of the Purpose

This research study entitled “Relationship between Nutritional Quackery

and Misconceptions to the Alarming Health Concerns of Selected Patients in

Brgy. Sampaloc 1” aims to answer these following questions along the

research period, 2017 – 2018:

1. What is the relationship between nutritional quackery and misconceptions

to the alarming health concerns of patients?

2. How is the process of carrying out the nutrition and health educational plan

in the rural and indigenous areas?

3. Why does nutritional quackery possess a very high rampancy rate in rural

and indigenous areas in Brgy. Sampaloc 1?

4. What is the significance in addressing patients that are in reliance to

nutritional quackery and nutritional misconceptions?

5. Is nutritional quackery one of the major factors in high mortality rate of

patients?

4
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

1.3 Significance of the Study

This research study is completed and conducted to directly or indirectly

generate benefits for these following groups which frame the reason why the

researcher strive to make the researcher’s paper possible:

• Patients – They can be highly benefited by this research study because

they are the primary priority of medical professionals in monitoring their

health status, in educating them the awareness of how factors of quackery

can affect their lives.

• Medical Professionals and Allied Health Professionals – Through

this research study, medical and allied health professionals can conduct

more effective investigations and evaluations in fraudulent health

products and services. In addition, they can educate consumers,

business people, legislators, law enforcement personnel, organizations

and agencies about health fraud, misinformation, and quackery.

• Barangay Sampaloc 1 – Since this research study will be conducted in

this area, it will benefit the whole barangay, since the mission of the

provincial government is to develop healthy individuals and this will be

achieved through strategies and approaches in educating the community

with health awareness.

5
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

• Future Researchers – There will be areas that the current researcher will

not solve, so the future researchers of this topic will be guided to explore

more from this, since this topic covers multiple branches of medicine that

are complicated and complex for mere high school researchers to solve.

With this, it can be a benchmark for them to discover greater heights for

this research area.

1.4 Scopes and Limitations

The researcher have conducted this study to determine the relationship

between nutritional quackery and misconceptions to the alarming health

concerns of patients; with that, the areas that the researcher will cover all

throughout the study revolve only in this aspect. Some of the areas that are

part of the researcher’s niche are the different approaches that will address

the alarming health concerns of patients, observation in the rampancy rates of

food and even the drug fraudulency including the widespread quackery of

using medical devices. The educational level of patients that are in reliance to

nutritional and medicinal quackery are also considered in analyzing the factors

that contributed in their involvement to the dangerous misconceptions of

nutrition and health.

6
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

However, there is one specific area that is not included in this study which is

the correlation of nutrition and health misconceptions and the religious beliefs

of patients in the urban, rural and indigent communities. The researcher will

just focus on demographic factors specifically age, education level, income

level, and occupation. A strong basis in the numerical data and statistical tools

officially claims this research study as a quantitative type of research. As

pertained, the study will just focus on patients residing in Brgy. Sampaloc 1

because the prevalence of faith healers and herbal medicine quacksalvers are

quite high in number and it will be covering one (1) year only. Hence, any

other aspects that are not related to the niche will be disregarded in order to

focus on the rationale, context, and significance which are appropriate in the

study.

7
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

CHAPTER 2

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Review of Related Literature and Studies

In this chapter, it covers the literature review which evaluates the related

information on a specific area of the study. This chapter will serve as a

foundation or base which contains theoretical framework that will help the

researcher determine the nature of the study.

According to Short, S.H. (1994), medical health professionals are playing

a major role in the widespread awareness of health quackery, health

education and the ideal health of the masses. If the responsibility of teaching

the majority is carried out by health professionals, an abundant information is

required.

Health and medical professionals do not acknowledge and entertain

questions regarding misleading and risky products. Patients seek for an

instant cure in their alarming health issues. A sudden change of information

regarding an advertised product makes a claim incompatible to the other

8
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

supporting claim which stirs the minds of the public making it perplexed

whether whom to believe under desperate circumstances that lead to quack

consultations seeking for definite answers despite from continuous

brainwashing by quacksalvers.

Conducted studies in paranormal, conspiracy, and pseudoscientific

beliefs are small in scale and it hasn’t reached its turning point of proving its

correlating claims in a justifiable manner. The performed investigation resulted

in concrete connections proving that certain individuals are open to

introductions of new ontological beliefs, suggesting that a believer may

encounter puzzling metaphysical ideas. The attempt to grasp the concept of

belief in these allegations can lead to conjectural insinuations throughout the

research process which answers why the majority of people believe in

uncorroborated assertions. (Lobato, et al, 2014)

The public is greatly influenced and affected by the brainwashing made

from television and radio announcements, teaching people to induce

medications on their own, that further complicates the current health condition

of the patient. Self – medications are only advised under minor and

manageable health concerns by which will not require major and serious

9
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

treatment procedures and operations. The outcomes of the following

treatments are linked to the natural immunological response of the system.

Any major operations (to be) performed must require an official agreement

from the general practitioner. (Shryock, H., M.D., 1990)

Deception includes the customer’s misrepresentation of taking cash

under falsifications. The misrepresentation is the advancement of offering

faulty analytic tests and treatments promoting them to be powerful and

effective. It is unscrupulous and flippant to not tell the patient tests are being

led on him, to charge the patient to perform suspicious examinations on him.

Double dealing by exclusion is at the core of all well-being extortion: oversight

of the actualities that adequacy and security were not exhibited mindfully,

dispassionately, dependably, and reproducibly, and that the narrative and

tribute cases of cure are in truth, cures that are definitely not.

A medical quack is a person that claims to be an expert in curing an

illness or ailment without any educational attainment in the medical field and

has no valid scientific explanation, basis or proof. The inevitable fact of

quackery affecting people in a large scale is also accompanied by the

supporting fact of contradicting and disrespecting the logical aspect of science

10
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

and the battle of scientists against quackery is necessarily demanded in

alarming conditions. (Jarvis, 1994). If quacksalvers are prompted to perform all

the procedures in curing diseases in just one go, the population will be

minimized, but I prefer it that way, wrote by a physician 107 years ago can be

one of the best definitions about quacks.

Convenience and financial security can be the underlying reasons of the

fast-growing influence of quackery to the rural and indigent communities who

are in desperate and tight situations seeking for an immediate medical

attention in which further worsens the current situation they are facing, in this

challenging issue, the collaboration of certain medical professionals are

greatly demanded in order to address the alarming complications of patients.

This specific behavior of patients in which they are holding on to very

little faith of believing in theories with less proven bases and will eventually

confuse themselves in addressing scientific issues concerning facts and logic

will heavily increase the influence of quackery.

Common fraudulent health practices are accompanied with scripted

testimonies with the sole purpose of persuading or convincing other patients,

proving its effectiveness but in reality, it is a mere coincidence and resulted in

a placebo effect.

11
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

Quacks that involve patients in their fraudulent health procedures and scams

had their fixed gaze on acquiring large sums of money in exchange of the

patient’s physical and emotional well-being, giving patients a tendency of

wasting their time, money, and trust that is already established in the first

stage of building rapport throughout the puppet consultation.

2.2 Conceptual Paradigm

Figure 1.0: Input, Process & Output Paradigm

Table 1.0 shows the skeletal framework as the basis of the research study.

12
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

2.3 Definition of Terms

These following terms have been chosen by the researcher herself and

define them accordingly to the context of the research study since these words

have a big role to play in stating the research purpose, problems and even

typologies.

Alarming Health Concerns – These are the conditions, issues, ailments,

disorders and diseases that are fatal and needs immediate action to avoid

further health complications. With that, this word becomes the dependent

variable or the main target of the study which will be studied in the entire

research process if it takes several effects from Nutritional Quackery and

Misconceptions.

1. Nutritional Quackery and Misconceptions – This may be defined as the

promotion of products, treatments or plans that claim to provide a benefit to

the health of the consumer without proof of effectiveness or safety. Aside

from that, in the researcher’s point of view, it is one of the fundamental

terms for the research study since this is their independent variable. This is

the variable that concerns them regarding how it will be studied and its

causality to the alarming health concerns.

13
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

2. Barangay Sampaloc 1 - the largest land area in Dasmariñas, will be the

locale of this research study in which all the research process will take place.

3. Patients – residents of Brgy. Sampalpc 1 receiving or registered to receive

medical treatment that will serve as the respondents for the research study.

They will help the researcher in acquiring primary and quantitative data.

4. Relationship – measurement between the two quantitative variables by

means of correlation as the main goal of the researcher throughout the

research study.

14
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the proposed study’s research design. It will also

discuss the procedures for conducting the data gathering, target respondents

and the corresponding sampling technique, which will be utilized to recruit them.

The survey questionnaire will also be discussed as the main instrument of the

proposed study. Moreover, the research period and ethical standards will also

be discussed in this chapter.

3.1 Research Design

The researcher used a quantitative correlational research design in this

study. Quantitative research is a type of research method used for testing

objective theories by examining the relationship among variables. These

variables, in turn, can be measured typically on instruments, so that numbered

data can be analyzed using statistical procedures. The final written report has a

set structure consisting of introduction, literature and theory, methods, results,

and discussion (Creswell, 2008). Like qualitative researchers, those who

engage in this form of inquiry have assumptions about testing theories

deductively, building in protections against bias, controlling for

15
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

alternative explanations, and being able to generalize and replicate the

findings.

3.2 Research Locale

The data gathering period will commence from November to December

2017 and will be performed at Brgy. Sampaloc 1.

3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques Used

Twenty (20) selected patients and are Brgy. Sampaloc 1 residents will be

the participating respondents throughout the research study that will provide

primary data in helping the researcher to produce answers and solutions

regarding the research problem.

Random sampling procedure will be used by the researcher in selecting

the sample size throughout the research process. Male and female individuals

at any age range will be considered as eligible respondents for the study.

Furthermore, convenience sampling procedure will also be used by the

researcher as a method for the selection of respondents due to its availability

and convenience.

16
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

3.4 Instrumentation

The instrument that was used in this study is a 15-item survey

questionnaire which is subdivided into two categories; the misconceptions test

that contains ten (10) questions while the quackery test contains five (5)

questions, which aims to measure the correlational implications of nutritional

quackery and misconceptions to the alarming health concerns of patients. The

questionnaire is in the form of a 4-point Likert scale wherein 1 is labeled as

Strongly Disagree, 2 as Disagree, 3 as Agree, and 4 as Strongly Agree. The

survey consists of 15 items. The questions were made according to how the

participants view on different situations pertaining to health perspectives.

3.5 Data Gathering Procedure

Secondary data is collected by the researcher from online resources,

journals, and books to further support the research methods to be used in this

study. The researcher will be conducting a survey by the use of survey

questionnaires given to Brgy. Sampaloc 1 residents as the respondents that

will help the researcher gather data throughout the research process from

November to December 2017.

17
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

3.6 Statistical Analysis of Data

The researcher will use different statistical treatments and techniques to

analyze data and to obtain accurate results. The weighted mean for each of the

statements will be calculated to determine the average level of agreement of the

patients in every research statement. The value for the weighted mean is

∑
. The scale for each data will be used to interpret the weighted mean with 4

as Strongly Agree, 3 as Agree, 2 as Disagree and 1 as Strongly Disagree.

Another statistical technique to be used is the Chi – Square Test for the

Goodness of Fit. This technique will be used to determine the relationship

between the gender of patients and the level of agreement of the patients to the

statement. It will also be used to find out if the set of data fits the claimed

distribution. It will also show the comparison of the observed frequencies and

expected frequencies. The formula for the chi-square will be . Then

the ∑ will be compared to 9.488 as the level of significance that can be found

in the chi-square distribution table. If the ∑ is less than 9.488, therefore the

null hypothesis will be accepted. But if the ∑ is greater than 9.488, then, the

null hypothesis will be rejected and the alternative hypothesis will be accepted.

18
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

Pearson Correlation Coefficient

∑ ∑ ∑
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

Pearson-r is denoted by r which measures the strength of the linear

relationship between the two variables which is determined by the researcher

during the statistical analysis. Then, the value of r will be interpreted by

means of determining the strength of correlation between the two variables.

Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient

∑
( )

This is a type of correlation test that deals with measuring the value based

on ranking. The gender of the respondents will determine how the research

statements influenced their answers on the survey questionnaire. They will be

ranked according to how their overall health and lifestyle affected their

answers on the misconceptions test and quackery test and the expected

frequencies. This also measures the strength (magnitude and direction) of

each correlation.

19
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter discusses the end results of the conducted survey with the

help of the research instrument used and accompanied by a statistical

treatment of the researcher. The demographic information of the respondents

who participated in the study will be included in the distribution in the form of

charts and graphs.

The collection, processing, presentation, analysis and interpretation of

data will also be discussed in this chapter. Inferential statistics is used in this

study which predicts and draws conclusions from collected data and

manifested through Pearson-r, Chi Square and Spearman’s rho. Correlational

design focuses on the relation of two unique but similar variables and is tested

for its degree of correlation.

The secondary data which is used to further assist the researcher in this

study suggested that the continuous patronization of harmful practices in

addressing the health concerns of patients will further challenge the medical

professionals to integrate primary measures to prevent misleading

misconceptions from spreading.

20
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

Patients prefer to acknowledge this approach in health maintenance

because it guarantees their financial stability and the swift process of receiving

medical treatment from medical professionals. The harmful consequences of

this routine is disregarded by patients and is often not reconsidered.

Twenty (20) respondents participated in the study, a survey

questionnaire is used as the instrument of the research study in collecting

primary data. Quantitative correlational research design is used and chosen by

the researcher in order to identify the relationship between nutritional quackery

and nutritional misconceptions.

Demographic Profile of Selected Respondents in Brgy. Sampaloc 1

Table 1.0: Age Distribution Table

Age Frequency

12 – 17 10

18 – 38 10

Table 1.0 shows the age distribution of the participating respondents.

Prior to execution of the data gathering phase, the researcher has

chosen random and convenience sampling technique in searching for the

respondents who will participate in the study.

21
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

Table 1.1: Gender Distribution Table

Gender Frequency

Male 7

Female 13

Table 1.1 shows the gender distribution of the participating respondents.

The respondents in the study are divided into two categories, the pre-

teens and late teens in one category with the age range of twelve (12) to

seventeen (17) years old with a frequency of 10 respondents.. While on the

other category of respondents, it is composed of young adults to middle-aged

adults with the age range of eighteen (18) to thirty-eight (38) years old with a

frequency of 10 respondents.

The researcher came up with the results for three of the five problem

statements highlighted in the study:

1. What is the relationship between nutritional quackery and misconceptions

to the alarming health concerns of patients?

22
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

Results in survey question #1 under nutritional misconceptions and survey

question #3 under nutritional quackery in the questionnaire somehow suggests

a certain correlation between them in terms of not referring a sick friend to a

physician and taking medicines without physician’s prescription. The idea of

independence and disregard of consulting a medical professional can heavily

influence danger to their health concerns. However, most of the answered

survey questions suggested that they are not acknowledging dangerous and

harmful practices or acts that may impact their health in general.

Figure 1.1: Totality of Responses Regarding Doctor’s Medical Opinion

25%
30%
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree

45%

The following figure shows the interpretation of the acquired survey results

regarding the agreement and disagreement of patients in rejecting doctor’s

opinion.

23
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

30% from the sample population of this research study prefer to perform
health and nutrition measures themselves rather than following the guidelines of
their physicians. On the other hand, 45% from the sample population of this
research study possesses the quality of abidance to their doctor’s advice.

Figure 1.2: Totality of Responses Regarding Medicinal Prescriptions

5%

25% Strongly Agree

40%
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree

30%

The following figure shows the interpretation of the acquired survey results

regarding the agreement and disagreement of patients in taking medications

without doctor’s prescription.

25% from the sample population of this research study agreed on self-

medicating as they are confident themselves in prescribing their own medications

and don’t seek the need of doctors for their healing process. While 40% of the

sample population who participated in this research study strongly disagreed on

24
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

self-medicating and prefer to seek their physician’s advice before taking any

medications for their health concerns.

1. Why does nutritional quackery possess a very high rampancy rate in rural

and indigenous areas in Brgy.Sampaloc 1?

Considering the location where the research study is conducted by the

researcher, the barangay hall of Sampaloc 1 is located beside the riverside of

Cardinal Subdivision where families on the lower classes are resided. Three (3)

strongly agreed and four (4) agreed to prefer seeking help from albularyos or

local healers than doctors because it is less expensive and more accessible.

Figure 1.3: Totality of Responses Regarding Local Healing Patronization

15%
30%
Strongly Agree
Agree
20%
Disagree
Strongly Disagree

35%

25
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

The following figure shows the interpretation of the acquired survey results

regarding the agreement and disagreement of patients in supporting local

healers.

20% of the respondents agreed on seeking medical help from local

healers due to its availability, accessibility and affordability. While 30% of the

respondents strongly agreed on seeking medical help from local healers in fear

of harming and complicating their current health condition. The educational

attainment and background of these local healers are taken in consideration by

these wise patients.

1. What is the significance in addressing patients that are in reliance to

nutritional quackery and nutritional misconceptions?

Patients are carefully addressed in their reliance to nutritional quackery

and nutritional misconceptions by means of having a proper understanding

towards health maintenance supervised by a professional medical doctor.

Eleven (11) strongly agreed and six (6) agreed to learn more about their

nutritional health in order to improve their well-being.

26
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

Figure 1.4: Totality of Responses Regarding Health Awareness

10%
5%
Strongly Agree
Agree

55% Disagree
30%
Strongly Disagree

The following figure shows the interpretation of the acquired survey results

regarding the agreement and disagreement of patients in learning more about

their health. The researcher have observed upon analyzing the results of this

study that the respondents who participated and are involved in this research are

possessing a quality of improvement with regards to their awareness on health

fraud, misconceptions and quackery. Majority of the respondents are equipped

with sufficient knowledge regarding their health and lifestyle. The nutritional

misconceptions and quackery claims surrounding their environment does not

affect the way they live their everyday lives.

27
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

Table 1.2: Weighted Mean Distribution Table

Research (4) (3) (2) (1) Weighted Interpr

Statements Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Mean etation
Agree Disagree alue x
Misconceptions: 0 6 9 5 2.05 Disagr
1. I will not refer a ee
sick friend to a
physician.
2. I follow the 14 4 1 1 3.55 Agree
correct dosage of
my medications
prescribed by my
doctor.
3. I observe 14 4 1 1 3.55 Agree
expiration dates
in medicines and
the food I take.
4. I support 0 4 7 9 1.75 Strong
treatment ly
methods without Disagr
scientific basis. ee
5. I am willing to 11 6 1 2 3.3 Agree
learn more about
my nutritional
health in order to
improve my well –
being as well as
the people
around me.
6. I prefer to seek 3 4 7 6 2.2 Disagr
help from ee
albularyos than
doctors because
it is less
expensive and
more accessible.

28
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

Research (4) (3) (2) (1) Weighted Interpretati

Statements Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Mean on
Agree Disagree alue x
7. I put my 0 4 8 8 1.8 Disagree
trust in
albularyos in
handling my
overall health.
8. I attend 7 9 2 2 3.05 Agree
health
seminars
conducted by
schools and
government
offices.
9. I consult the 10 8 2 0 3.4 Agree
physician if my
life is at risk.
10. I would 5 10 5 0 3 Agree
like to seek a
second
opinion from
any physician.

Research (4) (3) (2) (1) Weighted Interpretati

Statements Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Mean on
Agree Disagree alue x
Quackery: 3 8 7 2 2.6 Agree
1. I follow
health advices
that I have
watched from
TV
commercials
and
advertisement
s.

29
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

Research (4) (3) (2) (1) Weighted Interpretati

Statements Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Mean on
Agree Disagree alue x
2. I purchase 0 4 12 4 2 Disagree
medicines
from third-
party
organizations
exclusively
outside the
market.
3. I take 1 5 6 8 1.95 Disagree
medicines
without the
prescription of
a physician.
4. I believe in 4 7 6 3 2.6 Agree
natural
healing
method and
approach.
Table 1.2 shows the calculated value of the weighted mean for each

corresponding Likert scale.

The respondents are aware of the prevalent nutritional misconceptions

and do not support dangerous practices along with these quackeries and

misconceptions. However, in accessibility and financially, some of the patients

would still consult an albularyo or local healer. With regards to the following

observation, the respondents strongly agreed on supporting natural healing

method and approaches by which is highly related to the misconception of

30
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

consulting a local healer. A local healer integrates natural healing methods and

approaches in treating patients. In this result, patients are still prone to fall

victim under quack doctors. Patients themselves must conduct proof and

background checking on a local medical specialist before scheduling a

consultation with them. The educational background of these local healers must

be reconsidered with regards to their illegal practice in medicine.

These patients are quite oriented in the basic knowledge of medicine.

Initiative quality is present among these respondents in educating themselves

through the pathway of high quality healthcare. Discouraging the use of illegal

medicines sold in the black market because they know what medicine will

guarantee their safety. They agreed on these following questions in

determining their awareness factor. Advertisements being aired on television

are used to brainwash patients in believing the health information posted. The

respondents disagreed on following health advices on television because they

agreed that there are no scientific bases that will prove its legitimacy.

Pharmaceutical companies and health institutions that are still

performing illegal health practices and fraudulent health measures needs to be

shut down by the government in order to prevent misinformation between

patients that are currently experiencing alarming health concerns. Above all

31
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

these results, improvements in the medical field are positively seen as they are

effectively disseminating legitimate and guaranteed health information.

Chi – Square

The researcher will use the calculated degree of freedom that resulted to

3 with a critical value of 7.815 in the Chi – Square Distribution Table, for each of

the following statements.

Degree of freedom: (c – 1) (r – 1) = (4 – 1) (2 – 1) = 3

Research Statement 1: I will not refer a sick friend to a physician.

Table 1.3: Total Responses of Male and Female Respondents

Respondents 4 3 2 1 Total

Male 0 5 4 4 13

Female 0 1 5 1 7

Total 0 6 9 5 20

Table 1.3 displays the totality of the responses of the patients regarding the

statement above.

32
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

Table 1.4: Chi – Square Table

4 – Strongly Agree

Respondents O E O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E

Male 0 0 0 0 0

Female 0 0 0 0 0

3 – Agree

Respondents O E O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E

Male 5 3.9 1.1 1.21 0.31

Female 1 2.1 -1.1 1.21 0.58

2 – Disagree

Respondents O E O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E

Male 4 5.85 -1.85 3.42 0.58

Female 5 3.15 1.85 3.42 1.09

1 – Strongly Disagree

Respondents O E O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E

Male 4 3.25 0.75 0.56 0.17

Female 1 1.75 -0.75 0.56 0.32

Table 1.4 shows the calculated value of Chi-square for each corresponding

scale.

33
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

∑ = 3.05

3.05 < 7.841

The total summation for this chi-square is equal to 3.05. The researcher

compared the summation with the corresponding degree of freedom which

resulted to a value that is less than 7.841. Based on the statistical findings, the

statement is considered valid in accordance to the research problem.

There is no significant difference between the observed and expected

frequency. There is no significant difference between male and female

perspectives towards referring patients to the physician. The male and female

perspectives are associated and related to each other. Regardless of the

patient’s gender, their views on health maintenance are no different at all. In

an educational sense, they will not tolerate any health misconceptions from

spreading throughout the barangay.

34
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

Research Statement 1: I will not refer a sick friend to a physician.

Table 1.5: Total Responses of Male and Female Respondents

Respondents 4 3 2 1 Total

Male 0 5 3 5 13

Female 1 0 3 3 7

Total 1 5 6 8 20

Table 1.5 displays the totality of the responses of the patients regarding the

statement above.

Table 1.6: Chi – Square Table

4 – Strongly Agree

Respondents O E O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E

Male 0 0 0 0 0

Female 0 0 0 0 0

3 – Agree

Respondents O E O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E

Male 5 3.9 1.1 1.21 0.31

Female 1 2.1 -1.1 1.21 0.58

35
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

2 – Disagree

Respondents O E O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E

Male 4 5.85 -1.85 3.42 0.58

Female 5 3.15 1.85 3.42 1.09

1 – Strongly Disagree

Respondents O E O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E

Male 4 3.25 0.75 0.56 0.17

Female 1 1.75 -0.75 0.56 0.32

Table 1.6 shows the calculated value of Chi-square for each corresponding

scale.

∑ = 5.16

5.16 < 7.841

The total summation for this chi-square is equal to 5.16. The researcher

compared the summation with the corresponding degree of freedom which

resulted to a value that is less than 7.841. Based on the statistical findings, the

statement is considered valid in accordance to the research problem.

There is no significant difference between the observed and expected

frequency. There is no significant difference between male and female

36
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

perspectives towards taking medicines without doctor’s prescription. The male

and female perspectives are associated and related to each other. Male and

female respondents do not differ on its health views regarding the specified

research statement. The researcher has seen the quality of abidance from the

respondents by their compliance to guidelines of health maintenance as advised

by medical health professionals given that their educational attainment is high

enough to perform diagnostics to patients.

Pearson Correlation Coefficient

The researcher will measure the linear relationship of the respondent’s

gender and the two variables namely; misconceptions and quackery, in each of

the two categories of tests based on the survey questionnaire.

Nutritional Quackery and Misconceptions

Table 1.7: Total Responses of Male and Female Respondents

x 27 27 29 25 31 28 31 32 21 28 28 29 28 26 32 22 26 28 26 29

y 12 12 10 13 15 15 11 13 13 12 13 8 12 10 14 16 12 11 12 12

Table 1.7 displays the totality of the responses of the patients in the quackery

and misconceptions test category.

37
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

Table 1.8: Pearson Correlation Coefficient Table

x y xy x2 y2

2.7 1.2 3.24 7.29 1.44

2.7 1.2 3.24 7.29 1.44

2.9 1.0 2.90 8.41 1.00

2.5 1.3 3.25 6.25 1.69

3.1 1.5 4.65 9.61 2.25

2.8 1.5 4.20 7.84 2.25

3.1 1.1 3.41 9.61 1.21

3.2 1.3 4.16 10.24 1.69

2.1 1.3 2.73 4.41 1.69

2.8 1.2 3.36 7.84 1.44

2.8 1.3 3.64 7.84 1.69

2.9 0.8 2.32 8.41 0.64

2.8 1.2 3.36 7.64 1.44

2.6 1.0 2.60 6.76 1.00

3.2 1.4 4.48 10.24 1.96

2.2 1.6 3.52 4.84 2.56

2.6 1.2 3.12 6.76 1.44

38
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

2.8 1.1 3.08 7.84 1.21

2.6 1.2 3.12 6.76 1.44

2.9 1.2 3.48 8.41 1.44

Σx=55.3 Σy=24.6 Σxy=67.86 Σx2=154.29 Σy2=30.92

Table 1.8 shows the calculated value of the Pearson Correlation Coefficient for

the specified test categories.

∑ ∑ ∑
= 0.17
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

Negligible Negative Correlation

Negligible Negative Correlation is a relationship between nutritional

quackery and nutritional misconceptions in which the prevalence of nutritional

misconceptions in Brgy. Sampaloc 1 is increased as the prevalence of

nutritional quackery is decreased. The delivery of these misconceptions will

offer easier alternatives or methods to patients. Based on the computed

weighted mean, factors like convenience (accessibility) and financial

guarantee (affordability) will brainwash the mind of patients into risking their

health under these conditions.

39
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient

The researcher will measure the value of the patient’s responses based

on ranking. It will measure the strength (magnitude and direction) of the

patient’s submitted answers and test the correlation between his or her scores

on the misconceptions and quackery test.

Nutritional Quackery and Misconceptions

Table 1.9: Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient Table

Respondent x y ranking of ranking of d d2

x y

Patient A 2.7 1.2 7.5 9 -1.5 2.25

Patient B 2.7 1.2 7.5 9 -1.5 2.25

Patient C 2.9 1.0 15 2.5 12.5 156.25

Patient D 2.5 1.3 3 14.5 -11.5 132.25

Patient E 3.1 1.5 17.5 18.5 -1 1

Patient F 2.8 1.5 11 18.5 -7.5 56.25

Patient G 3.1 1.1 17.5 4.5 13 169

40
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

Patient H 3.2 1.3 19.5 14.5 5 25

Patient I 2.1 1.3 1 14.5 -13.5 182.25

Patient J 2.8 1.2 11 9 2 4

Patient K 2.8 1.3 11 14.5 -3.5 12.25

Patient L 2.9 0.8 15 1 14 196

Patient M 2.8 1.2 11 9 2 4

Patient N 2.6 1.0 5 2.5 2.5 6.25

Patient O 3.2 1.4 19.5 17 2.5 6.25

Patient P 2.2 1.6 2 20 -18 324

Patient Q 2.6 1.2 5 9 -4 16

Patient R 2.8 1.1 11 4.5 6.5 42.25

Patient S 2.6 1.2 5 9 -4 16

Patient T 2.9 1.2 15 9 6 26

Σx=55.3 Σy=246 d=0 Σd2=137

9.5

Table 1.9 shows the calculated value of the Spearman’s Ranking Correlation
Coefficient for the specified test categories.

41
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

∑
( ) = -0.03

Negative Correlation

Negative Correlation is a relationship between nutritional quackery and

nutritional misconceptions in which the prevalence of nutritional

misconceptions in Brgy. Sampaloc 1 is increased as the prevalence of

nutritional quackery is decreased. Patient H and O were ranked as 1 st with the

highest percentage of nutritional misconceptions while their quackery

percentage values are low. On the other hand, Patient P was ranked as 1 st

with the highest percentage of nutritional quackery while the respondent

scored low percentage values on misconceptions. Based on the Spearman’s

rho values, nutritional misconceptions are prevalent than nutritional quackery

in Brgy. Sampaloc 1.

The Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient resulted in a negative

correlation between two variables namely; Nutritional Misconceptions and

Quackery, which highly suggests that patients residing in Barangay Sampaloc

1 are more exposed to misconceptions and health misinformation in

percentage higher than the exposure to nutritional quackery. They are more at

42
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

risk in believing fraudulent health misconceptions than performing acts of medical

quackery.

43
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter discusses the overall outcome of the study. It will also

discuss the results of the performed research analysis, the problem statements

that are answered and the distinguished gaps in the study.

5.1 Summary of the Findings

The researcher tried to find the relationship between nutritional quackery

and nutritional misconceptions. Aside from it, the researcher wants to identify

the underlying reasons of the prevalent nutritional quackery and

misconception cases. Furthermore, the researcher conducted the study for the

benefit of all individuals as they are all considered patients with regards to

health maintenance of every each and one of them and have conducted it in

one year at Brgy. Sampaloc 1 which focuses in one context and subject

matter. As the research is progressing, the researcher found out that patients

nowadays are aware of the common nutritional misconceptions but are prone

to commit into nutritional quackery. It is necessary for medical allied health

professionals to educate patients about quackery awareness. This is why, the

researcher have conducted a survey to twenty (20) respondents using

convenience random sampling in order for the researcher to determine the

44
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

results of their study. The researcher have observed and found out that

respondents are following the correct dosage of prescribed medications, they

observed expiration dates in medications and food, they are willing to learn

more about their nutritional health, they attend health seminars and consult the

physician if life is at risk.

5.2 Conclusions

Based on the results, it is evident that patients agree on different ideas

presented on the survey questionnaire. The spread of nutritional

misconceptions can highly influence the patients in supporting nutritional

quackery in treating their alarming health concerns. Health seminars are being

conducted by schools and government offices to disseminate information to

rural and indigenous areas regarding nutrition and health as supported by the

Weighted Mean value of 3.05 (Agree). Indigent communities have limited

access to information that is why there is a need for implementation of these

programs to spread awareness and educate. The prevalence of albularyos or

local healers have not increased the country’s mortality rate regarding their

practice of quack medicine as supported by the Weighted Mean value of 2.2

(Disagree) and 1.8 (Disagree). As the researcher’s observation of the results,

45
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

addressing patients who rely on dangerous and risky health practices will help

them learn the consequences upon supporting medicinal quackery. This is to

halt the continuous spread of misinformation. In addition, as supported by the

chi–square values, the researcher discovered that the relationship of male and

female perspectives are related to each other, hence; the respondents tried

taking medications without prescription as supported by the chi-square value

of 3.05 < 7.841 and did not entertain the idea of referring a patient to a doctor

as supported by the chi-square value of 5.16 < 7.841. Likewise, though there

is a relationship given between the two, demographic factors can affect the

results of this study.

5.3 Recommendations

Since new gaps had been determined, the researcher came up with new

possible trends that the future researchers can employ in the next areas of

study. These are the following trends identified by the researcher:

1. Health Awareness Education in Rural Areas – future researchers

should encourage health departments to conduct more seminars in rural

areas. This will highly benefit all the residents in far flung areas.

46
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

2. Routinal Investigation on Quacksalvers Promoting Pseudomedicine

– medical professionals and allied health medical professionals will be

more at ease in providing the highest quality of healthcare.

3. Thorough Evaluation of Health Advertisements on TV – before airing

health advertisements on TV, the Department of Health should consider a

thorough evaluation of these commercials before disseminating

information through a medium.

4. Strengthening Patient and Doctor Relationship Through

Assessments – it is highly suggested that the patient and the doctor

should strengthen ties with each other by performing assessments and

build a strong rapport, trust and collaboration.

5. Publication of Academic Reference Materials Regarding Health

Awareness – doctors who are also authors or collaborating with authors

should encourage patients to replicate reference materials in

disseminating additional information about health maintenance and proper

lifestyle.

47
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Herbert, V., M.D. (1986). Unproven (questionable) dietary

and nutritional methods in cancer prevention

and treatment. Cancer. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.,

pp. 1930–1941, Vol. 58, Issue Supplement S8

2. Lobato, et al (2014). Examining the Relationship Between

Conspiracy Theories, Paranormal Beliefs, and

Pseudoscience Acceptance Among a University Population.

Applied Cognitive Psychology. John Wiley and

Sons, Ltd., pp. 617-625, Vol. 28, Issue 5

3. Short, S.H. (1994). Health quackery: Our role as professionals.

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.

Elsevier Inc., 607, Vol. 94, Issue 6

4. Shryock, H., M.D. (1990). Simple Home Treatments.

Modern Medical Guide Revised Edition.

Washington, DC., Review and Herald Publishing

Association, 247, Vol. 17

48
Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

APPENDICES

49
Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

50
Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

51
 Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas Campus

Curriculum Vitae

Personal Data:

Name: Jelina G. Ilagan

Address: 291 Cardinal Dasmaville Subdivision, Barangay Sampaloc 1

Contact No: (0997) 662 9505

Date of Birth: November 09, 1999

Nationality: Filipino

Marital Status: Single

Email address: [email protected]

52