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Databases: Data Processing

1) Databases are organized collections of related data stored in a computer. They store large amounts of data in an organized structure. 2) There are different models for databases including flat-file, relational, and non-relational models. Relational databases are the most common and organize data into tables that can be related through common fields. 3) A database management system (DBMS) controls the database and allows users to store, access, process, find, and print data from the database. It supports features like security, concurrency, and recovery capabilities.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
30 views

Databases: Data Processing

1) Databases are organized collections of related data stored in a computer. They store large amounts of data in an organized structure. 2) There are different models for databases including flat-file, relational, and non-relational models. Relational databases are the most common and organize data into tables that can be related through common fields. 3) A database management system (DBMS) controls the database and allows users to store, access, process, find, and print data from the database. It supports features like security, concurrency, and recovery capabilities.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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13-Mar-19

Data processing
• Data: raw facts and figures
• An important component of a computer system
Databases • A computer processes data (input) and
transforms it into required information (output)
Behjat Zuhaira
• Do we require storing data in computer?
[email protected]

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Definition DB helper documents


• Organized collection of data Forms Reports
▫ Store large collections of data • To fill a record • Produce printed results from
▫ Organize the data • Often used to change or view the database
▫ Becomes a data storage system data • Includes tools to summarize
• Stores a collection of related items data
• Collection is arranged in a structure • Easy to read/understand
▫ Organizes and describes the data
Organized collection of related data, stored in a
computer
OR
Collection of related items/facts arranged in a specific
structure

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A form A report

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Another report Database models


• A type of data model that determines logical
structure of a DB
• Determines the manner in which data can be stored,
organized, and manipulated
• Most popular examples
▫ Flat-file models
▫ Relational models (SQL: structured query language)
▫ Non-relational (NoSQL) models
▫ Object models
▫ Document models

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Flat-file Databases
• A flat-file is a file having no internal hierarchy
▫ containing records that have no structured interrelationship; e.g. a text
document without any word processing capabilities, markups (tags)
• Flat-File DB: stores data in plain text files
• Typically has only one table; If multiple, each has a separate file
▫ Each record is on a separate line
• Useful for simple data storage needs
• Hard to manage large data needs; difficult to maintain
• Limited capabilities
• Easy to learn and use
• More chances of error
• Can waste disk space
▫ A lot of redundant data may exist in large flat-file DB systems
▫ Adding, deleting, changing any field requires same changes in every file
that contains the same field

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Relational Databases Entity-relationship diagram (ERD)


• Made of two or more tables or relations
• Tables are related by a common field
▫ Called a relationship or join (student and teacher
table)
▫ Can help organize data
• Most common form of database
• Maintaining data is easier than flat-file
• No wasted disk space
• More capabilities

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A school’s database A hospital’s database

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Comparison Relational DB structure

Field Name

Field

Record

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Relational DB structure Relational DB structure


Fields/attributes Records/tuples Tables/relations
• Hold an individual piece of • One full set of fields • One complete collection of
data • Often called a row records
• Are named descriptively • Phone book example • Databases may have
• Often called a column ▫ Smith, Joe, 123 Some thousands of tables
• Phone book examples Street, 412-555-7777
▫ Name, address, e-mail, • Databases may have unlimited
phone number rows
• Fields may contain no data

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The database management system


(DBMS)
• Programs/software that control the database
• Interacts with end users, applications, and the DB to capture
and analyze the data
• Allows
▫ Storing or Entering data
▫ Accessing or Querying data
▫ Processing data
▫ Finding data: very important; as DB size grows tremendously,
finding a record in less time is not an easy task
▫ Printing reports
• Supports thousands of users; includes tools to protect the data
• Relational DBMS (RDBMS) for relational DB
• Examples: Oracle, MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, SAP, MySQL

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Working with a Database Working with a Database


Creating tables Field types Entering data into a table Sorting records
• List the necessary fields • Describes the type of data stored • Users type data into a field • Order records based on a field
• Steps to define a field • Most DBMS use the same types • Data must be entered accurately • Multiple sub sorts resolve „ties‟
▫ Text fields store letters and ▫ Constraints help to verify
▫ Descriptively name the field • Several types of sorts
numbers data
▫ Specify the field type ▫ Numeric field store numbers • Forms are typically used for data ▫ Alphabetic
▫ Determine the field size ▫ Date and time field entry ▫ Numeric
▫ Logical field stores yes or no Viewing records ▫ Chronological
▫ Binary field stores images or • Datasheet view shows all records ▫ Ascending
sounds
• Filters can limit the records shown ▫ Descending
▫ Counter field generates
sequential numbers ▫ Display only records matching a
criteria
▫ Memo fields store large
amounts of data • Forms allow viewing one record

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Working with a Database Query languages


Querying a database Generating reports • Query languages • SQL
▫ All DBMS use a query Select FirstName, LastName,
• Statement that describes • Printed information extracted language Phone
desired data from  Most DBMS modify the From tblPhoneNumbers
• List of fields can be modified a database language Where LastName=“Norton”;
• Uses of querying • Can calculate data ▫ Structured Query Language
(SQL) • xBase
▫ Find data ▫ Calculate data per row
 Most common query
▫ Calculate values per record ▫ Calculate for entire table language
Use tblPhoneNumbers
• Pictures and formatting can be ▫ xBase List FirstName, LastName,
▫ Delete records Phone
• Most important DBMS skill included  Query language for dBase
systems For LastName=“Norton”
▫ Query by example (QBE)
 Interface to SQL or xBase
 Interactive query design

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Components of a DB system
• Users
• Database application
• DBMS
• Database

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DBMS: four main functional groups New advancements in databases


• Data definition • Knowledge graph ??
▫ Defines organization of data
• Unstructured databases ??
▫ Creation, modification, removal of definitions
• Update • Business analytics / business intelligence ??
▫ Insertion, modification, deletion of actual data • Big data ??
• Retrieval
▫ Accessing the actual data
• Administration
▫ Registering, monitoring users
▫ Enforcing data security
▫ Monitoring performance

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