Intro

IntrototoComputing
Computing

Prepared by: LEAH GRACE G. GRABILLO, LPT

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Computer System

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 Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

• Creator of the Analytical

Engine - the first general-
purpose digital computer
(1833)

• The father of computing

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Ada, Countess of Lovelace(1815-52)
• First computer programmer

• Ada?
A programming language
specifically designed by the
US Dept of Defense for
developing military
applications was named Ada
to honor her contributions
towards computing
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 ALAN TURING 1912-1954

• The father MODERN

COMPUTER.
• Developed Turing Test
Machine

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 World Wide Web -1989
• Tim Berners Lee – British
physicist

• Founder of World Wide Web

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 VINT CERF

• The father of the internet.

• the co-designer of the
TCP/IP protocols and the
architecture of the Internet.

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Why use a computer?

What value do
Computers bring?

What are they good at?

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fast
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bored
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storage
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can computers

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embedded
computers
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Babbage’s Analytical Engine - 1833
• Mechanical, digital, general-purpose

• Was crank-driven

• Could store instructions

• Could perform mathematical calculations

• Could store information CP

permanently
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 The Analytical Engine

• A programmable, mechanical, digital machine

• Could carryout any calculation

• Could make decisions based upon the results

of the previous calculation

• Components: input; memory; processor; output

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Analytical Engine

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 Punched Cards - 1801
• Initially had no relationship with
computers

• Invented by a Frenchman named

Joseph-Marie Jacquard for storing
weaving patterns for automated
textile looms (“khuddian”)

• Their value for storing computer-

related information was later
realized by the early computer
builders
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Punch Card

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IBM 250MB hard disk ram in
1979

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 Punched card Tabulator

• Herman Hollerith was an

American inventor who developed
an electromechanical punched
card tabulator to assist in
summarizing information and,
later, accounting

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Punched Card Tabulator

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 Turing Machine - 1936
• Alan Turing of Cambridge University presented his
idea of a theoretically simplified but fully capable
computer, now known as the “Turing Machine”

• The concept of this machine, which could theoretically

perform any mathematical computation, was very
important in the future development of the computer

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Turing Machine

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Another contribution by Alan Turing
• The “Turing test”

• A test proposed to determine if a computer has

the ability to think

• So far no one has built a computer that can

pass that test – there is cash prize of
US$100,000
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 Terminal

Human

Terminal

Interrogator

Machine
on its own

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COMPUTER GENERATIONS
• FIRST GEN: VACUUM
• SECOND GEN: TRANSISTOR
• THIRD GEN: INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
• FOURTH GEN: MICROPROCESSOR
• FIFTH GEN: FUTURE

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FIRST GENERATION

VACUUM TUBE
(1942-1959)

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 Vacuum Tube - 1904
• John Fleming, an English
Physicist, developed the very
first one

• These electronic devices consist

of 2 or more electrodes encased
in a glass or metal tube

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Vacuum Tube

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 Harvard Mark 1 - 1943
• Howard Aiken of Harvard
University

• The first program controlled

machine

• The last famous

electromechanical computer

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MARK 1

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 ABC - 1939
• Attanasoff-Berry Computer

• John Attanasoff & Clifford Berry

at Iowa State College

• World’s first electronic computer

• The first computer that used

binary numbers instead of
decimal
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ABC

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 ENIAC – 1946
• Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Computer
• World’s first large-scale,
general-purpose electronic
computer
• “GIANT BRAIN”
• Built by John Mauchly &
John Presper Echert at
the University of
Pennsylvania
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ENIAC

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 EDVAC – 1948
• Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

• Built by Echert & Mauchly and included many design

ideas proposed by Von Neumann

• The first electronic computer design to incorporate a

program stored entirely within its memory

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EDVAC

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 UNIVAC 1 - 1951
• UNIVersal Automatic Computer
• Echert & Mauchly Computer Company
• First computer designed for commercial apps
• First computer that could not only manipulate
numbers but text data as well
• Max speed: 1905 operations/sec
• Cost: US$1,000,000
• 5000 tubes. 943 cu ft. 8 tons. 100 kilowatts
• Between 1951-57, 48 were sold
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UNIVAC 1

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SECOND GENERATION

TRANSISTOR
(1959-1965)

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 Transistor - 1947
• Invented by Shockly, Bardeen, and Brattain at
the Bell Labs in the US

• Compared to vacuum tubes, it offered:

– much smaller size
– better reliability
– much lower power consumption
– much lower cost

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TRANSISTOR

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 IBM - 7090

• is a second-generation transistorized version

of the earlier IBM 709 vacuum tube
mainframe computer that was designed for
"large-scale scientific and technological
applications"

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IBM 7090

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 THIRD GENERATION

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
(1959-1975)

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 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC)
• is small chip that can
function as an amplifier,
oscillator, timer,
microprocessor, or even
computer memory.
• Invented by Jack Kilby

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 Intel 4004 - 1971
• The first microprocessor

• Microprocessor: A complete computer

on a chip

• Speed: 750 kHz

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INTEL 4004

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Honeywell-6000 series

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 IBM 360
• the first family of computers designed
to cover the complete range of
applications, from small to large, both
commercial and scientific.

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IBM 360

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 Cray 1 - 1976
• The first commercial supercomputer

• Supercomputers are state-of-the-art machines

designed to perform calculations as fast as the current
technology allows

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CRAY 1

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 Compiler - 1951

• Grace Hopper of US Navy

develops the very first high-
level language compiler

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COMPILER

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 BASIC - 1965
• Beginner All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

• Developed by Thomas Kurtz & John Kemeny at

Dartmouth College

• The first programming language designed for the non-

techies

• The grand-mother of the most popular programming

language in the world today – Visual BASIC
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BASIC

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 Floppy Disk - 1950
Invented at the Imperial
University in Tokyo by
Yoshiro Nakamats

Provided faster access to

programs and data as
compared with magnetic
tape
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FLOPPY DISK

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 Computer Mouse - 1965
• Invented by Douglas
Englebart

• Did not become

popular until 1983,
when Apple
Computers adopted
the concept
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 ARPANET - 1969
• Advanced Research Projects Agency

• A network of networks

• The grand-daddy of the today’s global Internet

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FOURTH GENERATION
MICROPROCESSOR

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 MICROPROCESSOR

• an integrated circuit
that contains all the
functions of a central
processing unit of a
computer.
• Also known as “CPU”

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 IBM PC & MS DOS - 1981
• IBM PC: The tremendously popular PC;
the grand-daddy of 95% of the PC’s in
use today

• MS DOS: The tremendously popular

operating system that came bundled
with the IBM PC

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 Bill Gates
• best known as the
principal founder of
Microsoft Corporation.

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IBM PC & MS DOS

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 Steve Jobs 1955-2011

• Co-founder of Apple
Inc., the chairman and
majority shareholder of
Pixar.

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 Apple Macintosh - 1984
• The first popular, user-friendly, WIMP-
based PC
• Based on the WIMP (Windows, Icons,
Menus, Pointing Device) ideas first
developed for the Star computer at
Xerox PARC (1981)

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Apple Macintosh

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 Martin Cooper 1928-1973

• a Motorola researcher
and executive, made
the first mobile
telephone call from
handheld subscriber
equipment, placing a
call to Dr. Joel S. Engel
of Bell Labs, his rival
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FIFTH GENERATION

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 Mobile Phone-Computer
• A small computer, no bigger than the hand set
of desktop phone

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 ASSIGNMENT
Select a common, non-electric household item
that you believe is important. Together, write
down answers to the following questions about
your item:

• How could it still be improved?

• What might this item look like in the future?
• Draw a sketch on SHORT BOND PAPER

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