DISTILASI

Nama : - Astri Oktaviana Putri

-Fahira Rahayu
-Ines Agustin Pratiwi
Kelas : 5 kib

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 1

McCabe Thiele Part Two
Today we will discuss:
1) McCabe-Thiele graphical construction
2) Determination of N and XB
3) Minimum number of stages N
4) Minimum reflux
5) Example
6) Subcooled Reflux
7) Multiple Feeds
8) Side stream products
9) Open steam
10) Non-ideal distillation: Murphree efficiency

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 2

 Construction Lines for McCabe-Thiele Method

Rectifying Section: L D
Equilibrium Operating line y  x  xD
V V
curve Slope=L/V=R/(R+1)<1
q-line
yN
 q   z 
y   x  F 
 q  1  q 1 
Stripping Section: L B
yB Operating line y  x  xB
V V
45° line Slope=L/V=(VB +1 )
/
V
B

Distillation Total condenser

xB x=zF xD Overhead vapor Reflux drum

q=1 q>1 1 Distillate
Reflux
Rectifying section stages
L* 2
0<q<1 L
L+V x=y Feed
f Feed Stage

V L L Stripping section stages Boilup

q=0 q  N
F Partial reboiler
q<0 V*
Bottoms
x=zF
Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 3
 Construction for the McCabe-Thiele Method
1. equilibrium 2. equilibrium
Step 1: Plot equilibrium curve and 45 degree line.
curve curve
45° line Step 2: Plot given compositions (F, B, and D)
y y Step 3: Draw q-line from L Fan d VF
Step 4: Determine Rm i
nfrom i
n ter
se ctiono fthe
rectifying section OL and the equilibrium curve.
45° line Step 5: Determine R from R/Rm i
n
Step 6: Draw OL for Rectifying section
Step 7: Draw OL for Stripping section
xBx=z xD
x F

5. and 6. 7.
3. 4.
equilibrium equilibrium equilibrium
equilibrium
curve curve curve
curve

y y y y

x x=zFxD xBx=z xDxBx=zFxD

xBx=zFxD B F

Rm
/
i
n(
R+
m
i
n1) R/(R+1)

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 4

 Feed Location for the McCabe-Thiele Method
Equilibrium Equilibrium
curve curve

1 1

y 2 y 2

3
yN 3 yN
4

4 5
yB yB
6

xB xB
x=zF xD x=zF xD

Feed stage located one tray too low. Feed stage located one tray too high.

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 5

Optimum Feed Location for McCabe-Thiele
Equilibrium
curve

y
2

yN
3

yB

xB xD
x=zF

Optimum feed stage location.

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 6

 Determination of N and xB
f
o
rM
c
Ca
b
e
-
T
hi
e
l
e
Equilibrium
curve
Construction:
1 Step 1: Plot equilibrium curve and 45 degree line.
Step 2: Plot given compositions (F, B, and D)
y Step 3: Draw q-line from L Fan d V
2 F
Step 4: Determine Rm i
nfrom i
n ter
se ctiono fthe
Rectifying section OL and the equilibrium curve.
Step 5: Determine R from R/Rm i
n
yN
3 Step 6: Draw OL for Rectifying section
Step 7: Draw OL for Stripping section

4 Solution:
Step 1: From xD l
oc at
e x1 an d y1d rawing ahori
zo ntalli
n e
to the equilibrium condition for stage 1.
yB Step 2: Find y2 draw i
ng a vert
ica ll
ineto t
h
e rect
ifyingO L
locate the mass balance condition between x1 and y2.
Step 3: From y2 draw a h ori
zo nta ll
i
ne to t
he equil
ibri
um
xB xD
x=zF condition for stage 2 to locate x2.
Step 4: Return to step 2 and cycle through steps 2 and 3 until
xi<zF .Draw su bsequen t ver
tica ll
inesto t
h
e str
ipp i
n gsec ti
on OL
Step 5: End after predetermined number of stages, or when xi i
s
less than xB .

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 7

 Minimum Number of Stages for McCabe-
Thiele Equilibrium
curve

y
2

yN
3

yB

xB x=zF xD

By returning all the exiting vapor as Although this is the minimum

reflux and all the exiting liquid as number of stages, no product is
boilup the operating lines have slope produced (note the feed must then
of one. go to zero).

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 8

 Minimum Reflux for McCabe-Thiele
Equilibrium
curve

yN

yB

xB x=zF xD

By returning no exiting vapor as Although this is the minimum

reflux and no exiting liquid as boilup amount of reflux, it takes infinite
the operating line intersection is as stages (note the pinch point between
far to the left as equilibrium allows. the operating lines and equilibrium).

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 9

Minimum Reflux for Non-ideal McCabe-Thiele
Equilibrium
curve

yN

yB

xB x=zF xD

Although this is the minimum

amount of reflux, it takes infinite
stages (note the pinch point between
the operating lines and equilibrium).

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 10

 Example: Determination of N and xB
f
o
rM
c
Ca
b
e
-
Given:
Thie
le
100 Kmol/hr of a feed of 60% benzene and 40% heptane is
to be separated by distillation. The distillate is to be 90%
benzene and
The bottoms 10% benzene. The feed enters the column as
30mol% vapor. Use R 1.5 times the minimum. Assume a
constant relative Construction:
Volatility of of 4 and that the pressure is constant Step 1: Plot equilibrium curve and 45 degree line.
throughout the column at 1atm. The equilibrium curve is found using:
x
y 
1  x   1
Step 2: Plot given compositions (F, B, and D)
Step 3: Draw q-line from L F
a ndV F. Us e

L L L LF  L LF
y q     0 .7
F F F
to find q. Then plot the q-line using:

 q   z 
y   x   F   2 .333 x  2
 q  1  q 1
Step 4: Determine Rm infr
o m interse ctiono ft
h e
rectifying section OL and the equilibrium curve.
This happens at a slope of about .25
x
R min
0 .25   R min  0 .333
 1 13: McCabe-Theile
R minLecture 11
 Example: Determination of N and xB
f
o
rM
c
Ca
b
e
-
Given: Thie
le
100 Kmol/hr of a feed of 60% benzene and 40%
heptane is to be separated by distillation. The
distillate is to be 90% benzene and
The bottoms 10% benzene. The feed enters the
column as 30mol% vapor. Use R 3 times the
minimum. Assume a constant relative
Volatility of of 4 and that the pressure is Construction:
constant throughout the column at 1atm. Step 5: From Rm i
n= 0.3 33 an dR =3 Rmiw
n e ha veR = 1
And the slope of rectifying section OL is 0.5
Step 6: Draw the line with slope 0.5 which is the rectifying
section OL.
Step 7. Draw the stripping section operating line from the
Bottoms composition to the intersection of the rectifying sectio
OL and the q-line.

Solution:
y Step 1: From xD l
oc at
e x1 an d y1d r
a wing ahoriz
o ntalli
n e
to the equilibrium condition for stage 1.
Step 2: Find y2 draw i
ng a vert
ica ll
ineto t
h
e rect
ifyingO L
locate the mass balance condition between x1 and y2.
Step 3: From y2 draw a h ori
zo nta l
li
ne to t
he equil
ibri
um
condition for stage 2 to locate x2.
Step 4: Return to step 2 and cycle through steps 2 and 3 until
xi<zF.

Results:
x Feed at stage between 2 and 3.
5 stages (minimum stages = 3.2)
xB= 0.
05 % benz eneLecture 13: McCabe-Theile 12
 Example: Determination of N and xB
f
o
rM
c
Ca
b
e
-
T h
Given:
i
e
l
e
100 Kmol/hr of a feed of 60% benzene and 40% heptane is to be
separated by distillation. The distillate is to be 90% benzene and
The bottoms 10% benzene. The feed enters the column as 30mol%
vapor. Use R 3 times the minimum. Assume a constant relative
Volatility of of 4 and that the pressure is constant throughout the
column at 1atm.

Minimum number of stages is determined by stepping off

between the equilibrium curve and the 45 degree line.The
result is 3.2 stages.

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 13

McCabe-Thiele Method: Subcooled Reflux

Distillation Column
Total condenser
(subcooled reflux)

Overhead vapor Reflux drum

Reflux Distillate

Feed
Boilup

Partial reboiler

Bottoms

If the liquid reflux is colder than the bubble-point temperature, then

it will condense some vapor in the top stage. This changes the reflux
ratio to the internal reflux ratio.

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 14

 McCabe-Thiele Method:
Subcooled Reflux
The amount of extra reflux that is produced depends on
the heat capacity of the liquid, and the heat of vaporization
Total condenser

of the vapor.
Overhead vapor Reflux drum
R' H vap
 RC P
L
T sub Distillate
Reflux
The total amount of reflux, called the internal reflux is
the sum of the reflux ratio and the vapor condensed by Feed
the subcooled reflux:
Boilup
R int  R  R'
Partial reboiler
C P Tsub
L

R int  R(1  )
H
vap
Bottoms

H
P1
T V
P2
Pc
r
Bubble point line
H V

L V
L
T
Tm
Tb X1
(
V
) XD
(
L
)
0
 C P dT  V 1  T  dP
XB 1
dH
Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 15
McCabe-Thiele Method: Partial Condenser
Distillation Column
(partial condenser)
Partial condenser
Vapor
Distillate
Overhead vapor

Reflux

Feed
Boilup

Partial reboiler

Bottoms

If the liquid reflux is obtained from a partial condenser, then

the reflux is produced as the liquid in equilibrium with the
vapor distillate in the condenser.

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 16

McCabe-Thiele Method: Partial Condenser
Vapor
Partial condenser
Distillate

The vapor distillate composition then determines Overhead vapor

the yDand sta g e sa rest
eppe d offfrom the i
ntersec
t
i
o
n
of yDandth e eq ui
li
b ri
um curve . Reflux

Feed
Boilup

yD Partial reboiler

Bottoms
Equilibrium
curve
q-line
yN
 q   z 
y  x  F 
 q  1  q 1

45° line

yB

xB x=zF

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 17

 McCabe-Thiele Method: Multiple
Feeds
Distillation Column Total condenser
(multiple feeds)

Overhead vapor Reflux drum

Reflux Distillate

Feed 1

Feed 2
Boilup

Partial reboiler

Bottoms

The McCabe-Thiele method for cascades can be applied to systems with more than
two sections. Here, we show a cascade with 2 feeds: A 3 section cascade.

How do you make the McCabe-Thiele graphical

construction for such a cascade?

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 18

 McCabe-Thiele Method: Multiple Feeds
First, note that each feed stream changes the slope
of the operating line from section to section.

The feed stream changes the flow rates in the stages

above and below it. Consequently, it changes the
mass balances and the slopes of the operating lines.

Reflux Distillate Distillate

Reflux
Feed 1 Feed 1

Feed 2 Feed 2

Boilup Boilup

Bottoms Bottoms

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 19

 McCabe-Thiele Method: Multiple Feeds
The flow rates above Feed 1 are constant due to constant molar Total condenser
overflow (CMO). The feed changes the slope depending on the
feed condition. Flow rates in the intermediate section are constant,
but change when Feed 2 is introduced. Overhead vapor Reflux drum

Reflux Distillate
Feed 1

Feed 2
Boilup

Partial reboiler
y
Rectifying Section: Bottoms
Operating Line
Equilibrium Constant Slope (CMO)
curve
yN Feed 1 introduced
Intermediate section:
Operating Line
Constant Slope (CMO)
yB Feed 2 introduced
Stripping Section:
Operating Line
Constant Slope (CMO)

xB xD Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 20

 McCabe-Thiele Method: Multiple Feeds
Example: Feed 1 a saturated vapor of composition zF
, q>1
1 q=1
and Feed 2 a saturated liquid of composition zF
2
0<q<1 L L*
L+V x=y

V L L
q=0 q 
F
q<0 V*
x=zF

y Saturated vapor
Rectifying Section:
Operating line
Equilibrium Slope=L/V=R/(R+1)<1
curve
yN
Intermediate section:
Operating line
Slope=L’/V’
yB Saturated liquid
Stripping Section:
Operating line
Slope=L/V=(VB +1 )
/
V
B

xB
x=z x=zFxD
F
2 1 Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 21
 McCabe-Thiele Method: Side Stream
Occasionally a cascade is configured such that an
intermediate side stream of intermediate composition
is removed from the column.
Reflux Distillate
How do we analyze this configuration?
Ls
Use the multiple mass balance envelopes and
assume a constant molar overflow condition. Feed
Boilup

If we perform a material balance in the light key

Bottoms
around the stages above the side stream
including the condenser:

Vn 1 y n 1  L n x n  Dx D

Which we can rearrange to find: Reflux Distillate

Ln D Ls
y n 1  xn  xD
Vn 1 Vn 1
Feed
For L and V constant from
stage to stage, then: Boilup

L D
y  x  xD Operating line above side stream Bottoms
V V
Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 22
 McCabe-Thiele Method: Side Stream

If we perform a material balance in the light key

around the stages above the side stream
including the side stream and condenser:

Reflux Distillate
V y  L x L x  Dx
n 1 n 1 n n s s D
Ls
Which we can rearrange to find:
Feed

Ln L sx s  Dx Boilup
y n 1  xn  D

Vn  1 V n 1
Bottoms
For L and V constant from
stage to stage, then:

L' L sx  Dx
y  x  Operating line below side stream
V V

The two operating lines intersect at :

x  xs

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 23

 McCabe-Thiele Method: Side Stream
Side Stream:
y Liquid withdrawn
Rectifying Section:
Operating line
Equilibrium Slope=L/V=R/(R+1)<1
curve
yN
Intermediate section:
Operating line
Saturated liquid feed Slope=L’/V
yB
Stripping Section:
Operating line
Slope=L/V=(VB +1 )
/
V
B
Total condenser

xB x=xsxD Distillation
x=z F
Overhead vapor Reflux drum

Rectifying section stages 1 Reflux Distillate

2
Side Stream xs
Feed

Boilup
Stripping section stages N
Partial reboiler
Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile Bottoms 24
 McCabe-Thiele Method: Open Steam
Total condenser
Consider the cascade shown on the left:
Distillation
In this example, the reboiler is replaced by a Overhead vapor
source of hot steam or an inert gas. In this case,
the vapor entering the bottom stage of the columnRectifying section stages 1 Reflux Distillate
has no light key and so yB i
s ze r
o, al
thou gh xi
Bs 2
non-zero.
Feed Feed Stage

Stripping section stages N

Steam or inert hot gas (y=0)

Bottoms

Does the slope of the rectifying section operating line

increase or decrease?

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 25

 McCabe-Thiele Method: Open
y Steam Rectifying Section:
Operating line
Slope=L/V=R/(R+1)<1
Equilibrium
curve
yN

Saturated liquid feed Stripping Section:

yB Operating line
Slope=L/V Total condenser

Distillation
Overhead vapor Reflux drum
xBx=z xD
F Rectifying section stages 1 Reflux Distillate
2

Feed Feed Stage

Stripping section stages N

Steam or inert hot gas (y=0)

Bottoms

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 26

 Non-equilibrium McCabe-Thiele: Murphree
Efficiency
Equilibrium Actual separation
curve attained The Murphree Plate Efficiency gives the ratio
of the actual composition difference between
two sequential plates, and that predicted by
equilibrium.
E’ A’
B’
y For the vapor efficiency:
2
yn  y n 1 AB
E MV  
yNE 3 y n  y n 1
*
EB

For the liquid efficiency:

yB 4
A
xn  x n 1 A' B '
E ML  
x n  x n 1
*
E ' B'
B

xB
x=zF xD

Component distribution obtained

less than theoretical limit described
by equilibrium

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 27

 McCabe-Thiele Algebraic Method

We have already developed the McCabe-Thiele Graphical Method for cascades. The same
equations we used for the operating lines, q-line, and equilibrium curve can be used to solve
for the compositions in each stage algebraically.

x
Equilibrium y 
1  x   1
y curve

yN Rectifying Section: R 1
Operating line y  x  xD
R 1 R 1
Slope=L/V=R/(R+1)<1

yB Stripping Section: L B
Operating line y  x  xB
Slope=L/V=(VB +1 )
/
V V V
45° line B

 q   z 
q-line y  x  F 
xB x=zF x  q  1  q 1
D
Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 28
 McCabe-Thiele: Minimum Reflux

To carry out the algebraic method we need to determine the slopes of the operating lines
algebraically. This can be done finding the intersections between the q-line and equilibrium
curve, and the q-line and the rectifying section operating line.

x
y 
yD 1  x   1

 q   z 
y  x  F 
y  q  1  q 1

yB
 q   zF  x
y  x  
45° line  q  1   q  1  1  x   1

xB x=zF x
D
Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 29
 McCabe-Thiele: Rectifying Section Operating
Line
The slope of the operating line for the rectifying section with minimum reflux can be determined
from the rise over run. We can then also find the minimum reflux from this slope.

 q   z  x
y  x  F  
 q  1   q  1  1  x   1

yD
yD  yq R min

xD  xq R min 1
y
q 45° line
From the minimum reflux, and R/Rm
w
i
nec
a
n
determine the reflux R.

yB We determine the slope of the rectifying section

operating line from:

R
slope 
R 1
xBx x=zF x
D
q Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 30
 McCabe-Thiele: Rectifying Section Operating
Line
We can find the intersection of the operating line and the q-line to determine the stripping
section operating line:

 q   z  R 1
y  x  F   x  xD
 q  1  q  1 R 1 R 1

yD
R
slope 
R 1
yQ
R
45° line
From the minimum reflux, and R/Rm
w
i
nec
a
n
determine the reflux R.

We determine the slope of the stripping section

operating line from:
y QR  yB
yB  slope
x QR  xB
xB x x=zF x
Q
R D
Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 31
 McCabe-Thiele: Algebraic Method
Equilibrium
curve 1. In total condenser y1
=
x
0

2. x1
i
s
de
t
er
m
i
ne
d
fr
o
mt
h
ee
q
ui
l
i
b
ri
u
mc
ur
v
e
:
1 x 1
y1 
1  x 1   1
y
2
3. y2isd ete r
m ined fro m
o
p
e
r
a
ti
n
gl
i
ne
f
or
the rectifying section:
yN R 1
3 y2  x1  xD
R 1 R 1
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until xn isless t
ha n
4 xQR (you a re on a p o i
nt of theeq uil
ibrium
curve to the left of the intersection of the OL
and the q-line).
yB
5. y3is determ i
ne d f
ro m
o
p
e
r
a
ti
n
gl
i
ne
f
or
the stripping section:
xB xQ xD
x=z
R
F L B
y3  x2  xB
V V
6. x3
i
s
de
t
er
m
i
ne
d
fr
o
mt
h
ee
q
ui
l
i
b
ri
u
mc
ur
v
e
:
x 3
y3 
1  x 3   1

7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 until xn

i
s
l
es
st
h
a
nx
B
Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 32
 McCabe-Thiele Algebraic Method: Examples
Equilibrium
curve xD
=
0
.
9,
x
B=
0.
1
,
z=
F0
.
5
,
q=
0.
8

1 1. Alpha = 4, R=Rm
i
n
2. Alpha=4 R=2Rmi
n
y
2 3. Alpha=4 R=4Rmi
n
4. Alpha=4 R=20Rm
i
n
yN 5. Alpha=1.1 R=3Rm
i
n
3

yB

xB xQ xD
x=z
R
F

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 33

Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 34