CHARACTERIZATION OF GEO-

TEXTILES

Properties of Geo-Textiles and their evaluation

Faculty: Samirsinh.P.Parmar
1 Department of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Technology,
Dharmasinh Desai University,
Nadiad
Mail : [email protected]
OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER
 Learn @ Properties of Geotextiles
 Tests performed to evaluate the properties

 Importance and application of properties.

 Allowable or permissible values of properties.

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BASICS
 Wide Range of Materials.
 Evaluation is important to perform intended
function.
 All properties are not important for every
application.
 The required properties and characteristics of
geosynthetic depend on their purpose and the
desired function in a given application.

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PROPERTIES OF GEOTEXTILES
 Physical Properties
 Mechanical Properties

 Hydraulic Properties

 Endurance and degradation properties

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GEOSYNTHETIC
 Polymer based product
 Plastic to visco-elastic behaviour

 Level of performance depends on several factors:

- Ambient temperature
- Stress under working condition
- Duration of stress and rate of application of
stress.
- Weather the material offer any charge?

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TESTING OF GEO-SYNTHETICS
 It brings to Hygroscopic and Thermal equilibrium or
standard atmospheric temperature.
 This process is called “ Conditioning” .

 The factors mentioned in previous slide should be

considered for testing.

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 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES In order to achieve consistent
results in the laboratory, a good
1. Specific gravity environmental control during the
testing is therefore important.
2. Unit mass (weight)
3. Thickness
Considered as INDEX
4. Stiffness Properties of Geosynthetic
 Some more physical properties which are important for
geogrids and geonets
 Type of structure
 Junction type
 Aperture size and shape
 Rib dimensions
 Planar angles made by intersecting ribs and vertical
angles made at the junction point.
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The physical properties are more dependent on temperature and humidity
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
 Specific Gravity = Unit weight of Geosynthetic (without any voids)
 Unit volume weight of water (at 4°C)
 It can be determined by the displacement method.
 In case of geo-membrane
 Specific Gravity = Weight of Geo-Membrane in air
 Wt. Of Geo-Membrane in (air- water)


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 VALUES OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Sr.No Material Specific Gravity
.
1 Polypropylene 0.91
2 Polyester 1.22- 1.38 Through which
Geotextile
3 Nylon 1.05-1.14
manufactured
4 Polyethylene 0.91-0.95
5 Polyvinyl Chloride 1.69
6 Cotton 1.55
Added for
7 Glass 2.54
comparison
8 Steel 7.87

Specific Gravity of some of the polymers is less then 1,

Which is drawback when working with geo-textiles under 9
water. ( i.e. Some of them will float)
 MASS PER UNIT AREA ( UNIT WEIGHT)

 Usually given in units of gram per square metre (g/m2)

 It is determined by weighing square or circular test
specimens of known dimensions (generally area not
less than 100 cm2).
 Linear dimensions should be measured without any
tension in the specimen.
 For commonly used geo-synthetics, it varies in order of
100 to 1000 g/m2.
 Unit weight of geo-textiles< Unit weight of geo-
membranes may have substantially larger values of
mass per unit area, even up to several thousands of
grams per square metre.
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MASS PER UNIT AREA ( UNIT WEIGHT) CONT...

 It should be measured to the accuracy nearest to

0.01 % of total specimen weight.
 Fabric cost is directly related to mass per unit area (
Unit weight).
 Important for Economy of a project.

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THICKNESS OF GEOTEXTILES

 The thickness of a geosynthetic is the distance

between its upper and lower surfaces, measured
normal to the surfaces at a specified normal
compressive stress.
 Generally 2.0 kPa for geotextiles and 20 kPa for
geogrids and geomembranes.
 Measured to the accuracy of o.o2mm

 Thickness varies in between 0.25mm to 7.5mm

 Thickness is important for permittivity (c/s plane)and

Transmissivity (in-plane) .

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ASTM GUIDE FOR PRESSURE TO MEASURE
FABRIC
Sr.No. Type of Examples Pressure range
Material (gm/cm2)
1 Soft Blankets, Fleeces, knits, 0.035- 35
lofty, nonwovens, woowans
2 Moderate Worsted, sheeting, carpets 1.4 – 144
3 Firm Ducks, asbestos fabric, felts 7-700

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BURST STRENGTH TEST

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VARIATION OF THICKNESS OF GEOTEXTILES WITH
APPLIED NORMAL PRESSURE ( S
AFTER , 1992).
HAMSHER

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 STIFFNESS (FLEXURAL RIGIDITY)

 It is ability to resist flexure

(bending) under its own weight Angle with Horizontal 41.5°

 It can be measured by its

capacity to form a cantilever l = Length
beam without exceeding a certain of
Overhang
amount of downward bending
under its own weight. l/2 = Bending length =BL
Flexural Rigidity = BL 3 x γ

 The stiffness of a geosynthetic Unit : mg.cm

indicates the feasibility of
providing a suitable working
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surface for installation.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

 Compressibility
 Tensile strength

SURVIVABILITY PROPERTIES
 Tearing strength
 Static puncture strength
 Impact strength (dynamic puncture strength)
 Bursting strength
 Fatigue strength
 Friction Behaviour
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COMPRESSIBILITY
P

Under ΔP
T ΔT

 Is very important for nonwoven geotextiles, because they

are often used to convey liquid within the plane of their
structure.

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 stress–strain curve can be used
COMPRESSIBILITY CONT... to determine yield point for
comparative purposes

(a) typical load–deformation curve (b) typical stress–strain curve

Compressibility can be studied by applying compressive stress, by placing

the geosynthetic between two plates and constant stress applied. 19
 TENSILE STRENGTH

Wide-width strip tensile test.

Note: B= 200 mm; L=100 mm.

Tensile strength determination:

 Tensile test on a 200-mm wide geosynthetic strip with a gauge

length of 100 mm.
 Entire width of a 200-mm wide geosynthetic specimen is
gripped in the jaws of a tensile strength testing machine and it
is stretched in one direction at a prescribed constant rate of
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extension until the specimen ruptures (breaks).
TENSILE STRENGTH

 Note:
 The width of specimen should be greater then the
length to avoid “necking” effect.
 Greater width reduces the contraction effect.

 Maintains plain strain condition.

 Test Provides following parameters:

1. Peak strength

2. Elongation

3. Tensile modulus

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 TENSILE PROPERTIES DEPENDS ON...
 Geosynthetic polymer.
 manufacturing process

MEASURED STRENGTH AND RUPTURE STRAIN IS A FUNCTION OF.....

 Sample geometry,
 Gripping method,

 Strain rate,

 Temperature,

 Initial preload,

 Conditioning and the amount of any normal

confinement applied to the geosynthetic.
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TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

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INFLUENCE OF GEOTEXTILE SPECIMEN WIDTH ON
ITS TENSILE STRENGTH (AFTER MYLES AND CARSWELL, 1986).

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INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE TENSILE
STRENGTH OF SOME POLYMERS (AFTER VAN SANTVOORT, 1995).

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VARIATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH WITH MASS PER UNIT
AREA FOR PP GEOTEXTILES ( I M , 1988).
AFTER NGOLD AND ILLER

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 Field situation that can be simulated by grab tensile strength test.

Maximum and
Minimum Average Roll
Value (MARV)

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Statistical distribution of geotextile properties.

 SELECTION OF GT WR.TO MARV

A specification based on the MARV means that 97.5% of the

geosynthetic samples from each tested roll are required to meet or
exceed the designer’s specified value for the geosynthetic product to be
acceptable.

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Maximum and Minimum Average Roll Value: (MARV)

WHY MARV VALUE?
 The tensile strength of most geosynthetic including
woven geotextiles is generally not the same in all
directions in their plane; that is, they behave as
anisotropic materials.
 Particularly for woven geotextiles, the tensile strength is
governed by the weaving structure.
 The strength in the warp direction (or machine direction,
MD), called warp strength, may not be equal to the
strength in the weft direction (or cross machine
direction, CMD), called weft strength.

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LOAD–STRAIN CURVES FOR GEOTEXTILES
(AFTER MYLES AND CARSWELL, 1986).

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(a) linear behaviour; (b) nonlinear behaviour
TYPICAL STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF SOME
GEOSYNTHETICS (AFTER JOHN, 1987).

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PUNCTURE AND BURST STRENGTH

Field situations showing puncturing and

bursting of the geosynthetic
(after Giroud,1984)

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SURVIVABILITY PROPERTIES
 Tearing strength
 Static puncture strength

 Impact strength (dynamic puncture strength)

 Bursting strength.

 Fatigue strength

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TEARING STRENGTH
 Definition: The ability of a geosynthetic to withstand
stresses causing to continue or propagate a tear in
it, often generated during their installation.
 The tearing strength of geotextiles under in-plane
loading is determined by trapezoid tearing strength
test.

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 35

Trapezoidal template for trapezoid tearing

strength test
STATIC PUNCTURE STRENGTH

A typical test arrangement for static

puncture test (CBR plunger test 36
A TYPICAL PLUNGER FORCE–DISPLACEMENT
CURVE

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IMPACT STRENGTH (DYNAMIC PUNCTURE
STRENGTH)

Impact strength (dynamic puncture

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strength) test: (a) typical test arrangement;
(b) penetration measuring cone.
DYNAMIC PUNCTURE TEST SETUP

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BURSTING STRENGTH
 Common test called as
Mullen burst test.

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FATIGUE STRENGTH

 Specimen is stressed longitudinally at constant rate of

extension to a predetermined load (less then failure load)
and then back to lower zero load.
 This cycling is repeated until failure occurs.

 Lower stress failure --- Larger number of cycles required.

 Examples: seismic load, rail road loadings, wave and

tidal action.

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SOIL–GEOSYNTHETIC INTERFACE
CHARACTERISTICS

 It is important that the bond developed between the soil

and the geosynthetic is sufficient to stop the soil from
sliding over the geosynthetic or the geosynthetic from
pulling out of the soil when the tensile load is mobilized in
the geosynthetic.
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SOIL–GEOSYNTHETIC INTERFACE
CHARACTERISTICS CONT…

 The bond between the geosynthetic and the soil

depends on the interaction of their contact surfaces.
 The soil–geosynthetic interaction (interface friction
and/or interlocking characteristics) is thus the key
element in the performance of the geosynthetic-
reinforced soil structures such as retaining walls,
slopes and embankments and other applications
where resistance of a geosynthetic to sliding or
pullout under simulated field conditions is important.

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 SOIL–GEOSYNTHETIC INTERFACE
CHARACTERISTICS CONT…

 In many applications, it is used to determine the bond

length of the geosynthetic needed beyond the critical
zone.
 The limiting values of shear stresses, typically of the peak
and residual shear stresses, are plotted against their
corresponding values of the applied normal stress.
 The test value may be a function of the applied normal
stress, geosynthetic material characteristics, soil
gradation, soil plasticity, density, moisture content, size of
specimen, drainage conditions, displacement rate,
magnitude of displacement and other parameters.
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SOIL–GEOSYNTHETIC INTERFACE
CHARACTERISTICS CONT…

 The direct shear test data can be used in the

design of geosynthetic applications in which sliding
may occur between the soil and the geosynthetic.
 the direct shear test can also be conducted to study
the geosynthetic–geosynthetic interface frictional
behaviour.

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 TYPICAL RESULTS OF DIRECT SHEAR TEST

Typical results from direct shear test [Reprinted, with permission, from BS 6906:
Part 8 (1991), Determination of sand–geotextile frictional behaviour by direct
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shear, copyright British Standards Institution, London W4 4AL].
 PULL OUT TEST
 The direct shear test is not suited for the development of
exact stress–strain relationships for the test specimen
due to the non-uniform distribution of shearing forces and
displacement.
 Total resistance may be a combination of sliding, rolling,
interlocking of soil particles and geosynthetic surfaces,
and shear strain within the geosynthetic specimen.
 Shearing resistance may be different on the two faces of
a geosynthetic and may vary with direction of shearing
relative to orientation of the geosynthetic

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PULL OUT TEST

Details of pullout test.

 Pullout test:
 a geosynthetic specimen, embedded between two
layers of soil in a rigid box.
 Subjected to a horizontal force.

 The normal stress applied to the upper layer of soil

constant and uniform.
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 PULLOUT RESISTANCE
pullout capacity formula

 The ultimate pullout resistance, P, of the geosynthetic

reinforcement =
 Le = embedment length of the test specimen.

 W = width of the test specimen.

 σn’ = effective normal stress at the soil–test specimen

interfaces
 Ci = coefficient of interaction (a scale effect correction factor)
depending on the geosynthetic type, soil type and normal
load applied
 F = pullout resistance (or friction bearing interaction) factor.

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 The pullout resistance versus
normal stress plot is a function of
:
 Soil gradation.

 Plasticity, as-placed dry unit

weight,
 Moisture content.

 Embedment length and surface

characteristics of the
geosynthetic.
 Displacement rate.

 Normal stress and other test

parameters.
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INFLUENCE OF THE SPECIMEN EMBEDMENT LENGTH
ON THE PULLOUT BEHAVIOUR OF A GEOGRID (AFTER LOPES
AND LADEIRA, 1996).

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 HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES
OF GEOTEXTILES

Porosity, permittivity and transmissivity

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GEOSYNTHETIC PORE (OR OPENING)
CHARACTERISTICS

 The voids (or holes) in a geosynthetic are called

pores or openings.
 The measurement of sizes of pores and the study
of their distribution is known as porometry.

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GEOSYNTHETIC POROSITY
 It is related to the ability of the geosynthetic to allow
fluid to flow through it.
 GT Porosity = Void volume (volume of void spaces)
Total volume of the geosynthetic
 expressed as a percentage.

 η= porosity
 m= Mass per unit area, kg/m2
 ρs = Density of polymer solid, kg/m3.
 Δx = Thickness (mm) 54
 A= Surface area of geotextile
PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF GEOTXTILES

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Pore size distributions of typical geotextiles
(after Ingold and Miller, 1988).
PERCENT OPEN AREA

 Applicable only for woven monofilament

Geotextiles.
 POA Ranges between: 0% to 36%.

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 PERMEABILITY CHARACTERISTICS

 A major disadvantage is that Darcy’s law assumes laminar

flow, whereas geosynthetics, especially, geotextiles, are
often characterized as exhibiting semi-turbulent or
turbulent flows.

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A TYPICAL TEST ARRANGEMENT OF CONSTANT
HEAD CROSS-PLANE WATER FLOW APPARATUS

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 PERMITTIVITY MEASUREMENT

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Typical test arrangements of constant head in-plane water flow apparatus:
(a) full width flow; (b) radial flow.
 PERMITTIVITY : CROSS-PLANE PERMEABILITY

 Where:
 Qn is the cross-plane volumetric flow rate of water, in m3/s; that
is, the volumetric flow rate of water for flow across the plane of
the geosynthetic;
 kn is the coefficient of cross-plane permeability, in m/s;
 Δh is the hydraulic head causing flow, in m;
 Δx is the thickness of the strip of geosynthetic measured along
the flow direction under a specified normal stress, in m;
 L is the length of the strip of geosynthetic, in m;
 B is the width of the strip of geosynthetic, in m;
 Ψ = kn/Δx, which is the permittivity of the geosynthetic, in s -1
 LB is the area of cross-section of geosynthetic for cross-plane
flow, in m2.
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 PERMITTIVITY

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Geosynthetic permittivity: (a) normal flow of water through a geosynthetic strip; (b)
definition
 TRANSMISSIVITY: IN PLANE PERMEABILITY

Geosynthetic transmissivity: (a) in-plane flow of water through a geosynthetic 62

strip; (b) definition.
 INFLUENCE OF COMPRESSIVE STRESS

Influence of compressive stress on (a) thickness; (b) permeability; (c) 63

permittivity; (d) transmissivity of a needle-punched nonwoven geotextile (after
Giroud, 1980).
 ENDURANCE AND DEGRADATION
PROPERTIES
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CREEP
 Creep is the time-dependent increase in accumulative
strain or elongation in a geosynthetic resulting from an
applied constant load.
 test for determining the creep behaviour of a
geosynthetic.
 200 mm wide specimen.

 load applied using weights, or mechanical, hydraulic or

pneumatic systems.
 test duration : 100 h.

 for a full analysis of creep properties, durations of

10,000 h will be necessary. 65
CREEP FOR DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:
 Drainage applications.
 Containment applications.

 At higher loads, creep leads ultimately to stress

rupture, also known as creep rupture or static
fatigue.
 The higher the applied load, the shorter the time to
rupture.
 creep data should not be extrapolated beyond one
order of magnitude

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ABRASION
 Abrasion of a geosynthetic is defined as the
wearing away of any part of it by rubbing against a
stationary platform by an abradant with specified
surface characteristics.
 The ability of a geosynthetic to resist wear due to
friction or rubbing is called abrasion resistance.

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LONG-TERM FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OR
LONG-TERM FLOW CAPABILITY
 The compatibility between the pore size openings
of a geotextile and retained soil particles in filtration
and/or drainage applications can be assessed by
the gradient ratio test.
 This test is basically used to evaluate the clogging
resistance of geotextiles with cohesionless soils
(having a hydraulic conductivity/permeability
greater than 5 x10-4 m/s) under unidirectional flow
conditions.

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 HCR= K sg
Ksgo

 where
 ksg is the hydraulic conductivity of the soil–
geotextile system at any time during the test, and
 ksgo is the initial hydraulic conductivity of the soil–
geotextile system measured at the beginning of the
test

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DURABILITY
 The durability of a geosynthetic may be regarded
as its ability to maintain requisite properties against
environmental or other influences over the selected
design life.

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THANK YOU

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