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    FALLSEM2019-20 MAT2002 ELA VL2019201000472 Reference Material I 29-Aug-2019 EXP 3A

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    Prashant Jha
    This document describes solving linear differential equations using the method of variation of parameters. It provides the theory behind the method, including defining the complementary and particular solutions. It then gives MATLAB code to solve sample problems applying the method to differential equations with various conditions. Examples provided demonstrate solving homogeneous and non-homogeneous second order linear differential equations with initial/boundary conditions.

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    FALLSEM2019-20 MAT2002 ELA VL2019201000472 Reference Material I 29-Aug-2019 EXP 3A

    Uploaded by

    Prashant Jha
    123 views5 pages
    This document describes solving linear differential equations using the method of variation of parameters. It provides the theory behind the method, including defining the complementary and particular solutions. It then gives MATLAB code to solve sample problems applying the method to differential equations with various conditions. Examples provided demonstrate solving homogeneous and non-homogeneous second order linear differential equations with initial/boundary conditions.

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    This document describes solving linear differential equations using the method of variation of parameters. It provides the theory behind the method, including defining the complementary and particular solutions. It then gives MATLAB code to solve sample problems applying the method to differential equations with various conditions. Examples provided demonstrate solving homogeneous and non-homogeneous second order linear differential equations with initial/boundary conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    123 views5 pages

    FALLSEM2019-20 MAT2002 ELA VL2019201000472 Reference Material I 29-Aug-2019 EXP 3A

    Uploaded by

    Prashant Jha
    This document describes solving linear differential equations using the method of variation of parameters. It provides the theory behind the method, including defining the complementary and particular solutions. It then gives MATLAB code to solve sample problems applying the method to differential equations with various conditions. Examples provided demonstrate solving homogeneous and non-homogeneous second order linear differential equations with initial/boundary conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    Department of Mathematics

    School of Advanced Sciences


    MAT 2002 – Applications of Differential and Difference Equations (MATLAB)
    Experiment 3–A
    Solution of a Linear differential equation by method of variation of parameters.

    Method of variation of parameters:

    We consider a second order linear differential equation of the form

    d2y dy
    F ( D) y  2
     p ( x)  q ( x) y  f ( x) (1)
    dx dx

    Let the solutions of the homogeneous problem of F ( D) y  0 be y1 ( x) and y 2 ( x ) .

    Then the Complementary function (solution of the homogeneous problem) of (1) is

    yc ( x)  C1 y1  C2 y2 (2)

    Then by the method of variation of parameters the particular integral of (1) is of the form

    y p ( x)  uy1  vy2 (3)

    where the parameters C1 , C2 of (2) are replaced with functions u (x) , v(x) given by

    y2 f ( x) y f ( x)
    u ( x)    dx and v( x)   1 dx ,
    W ( x) W ( x)

    y1 y2
    where the wronskian W ( x)   y1 y2 ' y2 y1 '  0 .
    y1 ' y2 '

    In this experiment we consider the coefficients p, q to be constants.

    MATLAB Code:

    clear all
    close all
    clc
    syms c1 c2 x m
    F=input('Enter the coefficients [a,b,c]: ');
    f=input('Enter the RHS function f(x): ');
    a=F(1);b=F(2);c=F(3);
    AE=a*m^2+b*m+c; % Auxilliary Equation
    m=solve(AE);
    m1=m(1); m2=m(2);
    D=b^2-4*a*c;
    if(D>0) % Roots are real and different
    y1=exp(m1*x);y2=exp(m2*x);
    elseif (D==0)% Roots are real and equal

    Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore. Page 1


    y1=exp(m1*x);y2=x*exp(m1*x);
    else % Roots are complex
    alfa=real(m1);beta=imag(m1);
    y1=exp(alfa*x)*cos(beta*x);
    y2=exp(alfa*x)*sin(beta*x);
    end
    yc=c1*y1+c2*y2; % Complimentary Solution
    %%% Particular Integral by Method of variation of parameters.
    fx=f/a;
    W=y1*diff(y2,x)-y2*diff(y1,x); %%% Wronskian%%%
    u=int(-y2*fx/W,x);
    v=int(y1*fx/W,x);
    yp=y1*u+y2*v; %%%Particular Integral%%%
    y_gen=yc+yp; %%%General Solution%%%
    check=input('If the problem has initial conditions then enter
    1 else enter 2: ');
    if(check==1)
    cn=input('Enter the initial conditions [x0, y(x0), Dy(x0)]:');
    dy_gen=diff(y_gen);
    eq1=(subs(y_gen,x,cn(1))-cn(2));
    eq2=(subs(dy_gen,x,cn(1))-cn(3));
    [c1 c2]=solve(eq1,eq2);
    y=simplify(subs(y_gen));
    disp('The complete solution is');
    disp(y);
    ezplot(y, [cn(1),cn(1)+2]);
    else
    y=simplify(y_gen);
    disp('The General Solution is ');
    disp(y);
    end

    Example 1. Find the general solution of the differential equation y  4 y  e2 x .

    Enter the coefficients [a,b,c]: [1 0 -4]


    Enter the RHS function f(x): exp(2*x)
    If the problem has initial conditions then enter 1 else enter 2: 2
    The General Solution is
    (exp(-2*x)*(16*c1 - exp(4*x) + 4*x*exp(4*x) + 16*c2*exp(4*x)))/16

    Example 2. Find the general solution of the differential equation y  y  sec x tan x .

    Enter the coefficients [a,b,c]: [1 0 1]


    Enter the RHS function f(x): sec(x)*tan(x)
    If the problem has initial conditions then enter 1 else enter 2: 2
    The General Solution is
    (log(tan(x)^2 + 1)*sin(x))/2 - sin(x) + c1*cos(x) - c2*sin(x) + x*cos(x)

    Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore. Page 2


    Example 3: Suppose that a spring with a mass of 2 kg. has natural length 0.5 m. A force of
    25.6 N is required to maintain it stretched to a length of 0.2 m. The spring is immersed in a
    fluid with damping constant c=40. Find the position of the mass at any time t if it starts from
    the equilibrium position and is given a push to start with an initial velocity of 0.6 m/s.

    Solution: The differential equation pertaining the motion of the spring described by the
    d 2x dx
    differential equation m 2
     c  ky  0 .
    dt dt

    25.6
    Given mass m  2 , spring constant k   128 , damping constant c  40 .
    0 .2

    d 2x dx
    Therefore, the differential equation is 2
     20  64 x  0 with x(0)  0 ; x(0)  0.6 .
    dt dt

    Input/Output:
    Enter the coefficients [a,b,c]: [1 20 64]
    Enter the RHS function f(x): 0
    If the problem has initial conditions then enter 1 else enter 2: 1
    Enter the initial conditions [x0, y(x0), Dy(x0)]:[0 0 0.6]
    The complete solution is
    (exp(-16*x)*(exp(12*x) - 1))/20

    Inference: Here c 2  4mk  0 . Hence it is a case of over damping, therefore no


    oscillations occur.

    Example 4: Consider the above problem with the spring constant c  14 , other parameters
    being the same.

    The spring constant here is k  128 . Damping constant c  14 , the mass m  2 .

    Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore. Page 3


    d 2x dx
    So the differential equation becomes 2
     7  64 x  0 , with x(0)  0 ; x(0)  0.6 .
    dt dt

    Input/Output:
    Enter the coefficients [a,b,c]: [1 7 64]
    Enter the RHS function f(x): 0
    If the problem has initial conditions then enter 1 else enter 2: 1
    Enter the initial conditions [x0, y(x0), Dy(x0)]:[0 0 0.6]
    The complete solution is
    (2*23^(1/2)*exp(-(7*x)/2)*sin((3*23^(1/2)*x)/2))/115

    Inference: Here c 2  4mk  0 . It is a case of under damping. Some oscillations occur.

    Example 5: Find the charge in the RLC circuit at time t in the circuit when a resistance of
    40 , inductance of 1H and a capacitance of 16  10 4 F are connected in series with a
    source of voltage E (t )  100 cos10t , given that initially the charge and current are both 0.

    The differential equation for the RLC circuit is

    1
    LQ  RQ  Q  E (t )
    C

    Here R  40 , L  1 , C  16  10 4 , E (t )  100 cos10t .

    Therefore, the differential equation is

    Q  40Q  625Q  100cos10t with Q(0)  0 ; Q(0)  0 .

    Input/Output
    Enter the coefficients [a,b,c]: [1,40,625]
    Enter the RHS function f(x): 100*cos(10*x)
    If the problem has initial conditions then enter 1 else enter 2: 1
    Enter the initial conditions [x0, y(x0), Dy(x0)]:[0,0,0]

    Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore. Page 4


    The complete solution is
    (84*cos(10*x))/697 + (64*sin(10*x))/697 - (84*cos(15*x)*exp(-20*x))/697 -
    (464*sin(15*x)*exp(-20*x))/2091

    Exercise:

    1. Find the general solution of the differential equation y  2 y  e x sin x .

    2. Solve the initial value problem

    y  4 y  20 y  23 sin x  15 cos x , y(0)  0 , y' (0)  1 .

    3. Find the current I(t) in an RLC circuit with R=11Ω, L=0.1 H, C=10-2 F , which is
    connected to a source of voltage E(t) = 100 sin400t. Assume that the current and the
    charge are zero when t=0.

    4. A spring with mass of 2kg has damping constant 14, and a force of 6N is required to
    keep the spring stretched 0.5 m beyond its natural length. The spring is stretched 1m
    beyond its natural length and then released with zero velocity. Find the position of
    the mass at any time t.

    Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore. Page 5

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