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Autology

The document provides 10 examples of testing statements for logical tautology using truth tables. The examples show whether statements like (p ∨ q) → p, x → (x ∧ y), and [(p ∧ q) → p] → p are tautologies by constructing truth tables and examining the truth values in the final column. Not all statements are tautologies as shown by examples like ~b → b and (p ∧ q) → (p ∧ q) which have varying truth values. The examples demonstrate how to systematically test statements for tautology using truth tables.

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100 views3 pages

Autology

The document provides 10 examples of testing statements for logical tautology using truth tables. The examples show whether statements like (p ∨ q) → p, x → (x ∧ y), and [(p ∧ q) → p] → p are tautologies by constructing truth tables and examining the truth values in the final column. Not all statements are tautologies as shown by examples like ~b → b and (p ∧ q) → (p ∧ q) which have varying truth values. The examples demonstrate how to systematically test statements for tautology using truth tables.

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anon_337501719
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© © All Rights Reserved
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10 EXAMPLE PROBLEM OF TAUTOLOGY

Example 1: Is (p q) p a tautology?
p q p q (p q) p
T T T T
T F F T
F T F T
F F F T
Solution: The compound statement (p q) p consists of the individual statements p, q, and p q. The truth
table above shows that (p q) p is true regardless of the truth value of the individual statements. Therefore, (p
q) p is a tautology.
Example 2: Is x (x y) a tautology?
x y x y x (x y)
T T T T
T F T T
F T T T
F F F T
Solution: Yes; the truth values of x (x y) are {T, T, T, T}.
Example 3: Is ~b b a tautology?
b ~b ~b b
T F T
F T F
Solution: No; the truth values of ~b b are {T, F}.
Example 4: Is (p q) (p q) a tautology?
p q (p q) (p q) (p q) (p q)
T T T T T
T F T F F
F T T F F
F F F F T
Solution: No; the truth values of (p q) (p q) are {T, F, F, T}.
Example 5: Is [(p q) p] p a tautology?
p q p q (p q) p [(p q) p] p
T T T T T
T F F F T
F T T F T
F F T F T
Solution: Yes; the truth values of [(p q) p] p are {T, T, T, T}
Example 6: Is (r s) (s r) a tautology?
r s r s s r (r s) (s r)
T T T T T
T F F T F
F T T F F
F F T T T
Solution: No; the truth values of (r s) (s r) are {T, F, F, T}.
Example 7 Show that is a tautology.
I construct the truth table for and show that the formula is always true.

The last column contains only T's. Therefore, the formula is a tautology.
Example 8 Construct a truth table for

Example 9 Construct the truth table for p (p q).


Not tautology
p q p q p (p q)
T T T T
T F F T
F T F F
F F F F
Example 10 Construct the truth table for ~(p q) (~r).
p q r p q ~(p q) ~r ~(p q) (~r)
T T T T F F F
T T F T F T F
T F T F T F F
T F F F T T T
F T T F T F F
F T F F T T T

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