TUGAS 3 SISTEM PEMBANGKIT TENAGA

“PENJELASAN ALUR SISTEM PEMBANGKIT DAN HASIL

CYCLE TEMPO 5.0 PADA HEAT BALANCE DIAGRAM”

“SISTEM PEMBANGKIT TENAGA”

(SPT)

Disusun oleh :
Miftahul Jannah (02111540000010)

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
SURABAYA
2019
 TUGAS III
1. Boiler
Boiler is an apparatus to produce steam. Thermal energy released by combustion
of fuel is transferred to water, which vaporizes and gets converted into steam at the
desired temperature and pressure.
The steam produced is used for :
 Producing mechanical work by expanding it in steam engine or steam turbine.
 Heating the residential and industrial buildings.
 Performing certain processes in the sugar mills, chemical and textile industries.
Boiler is a closed vessel in which water is converted into steam by the
application of heat. Usually boilers are coal or oil fired.
Types of Boilers :
The boilers can be classified according to the following criteria. According to
flow of water and hot gases :
 Water tube
 Fire tube
In water tube boilers, water circulates through the tubes and hot products of
combustion flow over these tubes. In fire tube boiler the hot products of combustion
pass through the tubes, which are surrounded, by water. Fire tube boilers have low
initial cost, and are more compacts. But they are more likely to explosion, water
volume is large and due to poor circulation they cannot meet quickly the change in
steam demand. For the same output the outer shell of fire tube boilers is much larger
than the shell of water-tube boiler. Water tube boilers require less weight of metal for
a given size, are less liable to explosion, produce higher pressure, are accessible and
can respond quickly to change in steam demand. Tubes and drums of water-tube
boilers are smaller than that of fire-tube boilers and due to smaller size of drum
higher pressure can be used easily. Water-tube boilers require lesser floor space. The
efficiency of water-tube boilers is more.
2. Economizer
The economizer is a feed water heater, deriving heat from the flue gases. The
justifiable cost of the economizer depends on the total gain in efficiency. In turn this
 depends on the flue gas temperature leaving the boiler and the feed water inlet
temperature. A typical return bend type economizer is shown below.

3. Air Pre-heater
The flue gases coming out of the economizer is used to preheat the air before
supplying it to the combustion chamber. An increase in air temperature of 20 degrees
can be achieved by this method. The pre heated air is used for combustion and also to
dry the crushed coal before pulverizing.
4. Soot Blowers
The fuel used in thermal power plants causes soot and this is deposited on the
boiler tubes, economizer tubes, air pre heaters, etc. This drastically reduces the
amount of heat transfer of the heat exchangers. Soot blowers control the formation of
soot and reduce its corrosive effects. The types of soot blowers are fixed type, which
may be further classified into lane type and mass type depending upon the type of
spray and nozzle used. The other type of soot blower is the retractable soot blower.
The advantages are that they are placed far away from the high temperature zone,
they concentrate the cleaning through a single large nozzle rather than many small
nozzles and there is no concern of nozzle arrangement with respect to the boiler
tubes.
5. Condenser
 The use of a condenser in a power plant is to improve the efficiency of the
power plant by decreasing the exhaust pressure of the steam below atmosphere.
Another advantage of the condenser is that the steam condensed may be recovered to
provide a source of good pure feed water to the boiler and reduce the water softening
capacity to a considerable extent. A condenser is one of the essential components of
a power plant.
6. Cooling Tower
The importance of the cooling tower is felt when the cooling water from the
condenser has to be cooled. The cooling water after condensing the steam becomes
hot and it has to be cooled as it belongs to a closed system. The Cooling towers do
the job of decreasing the temperature of the cooling water after condensing the steam
in the condenser.
The type of cooling tower used in the Columbia Power Plant was an Inline
Induced Draft Cross Flow Tower. This tower provides a horizontal air flow as the
water falls down the tower in the form of small droplets. The fan centered at the top
of units draws air through two cells that are paired to a suction chamber partitioned
beneath the fan. The outstanding feature of this tower is lower air static pressure loss
as there is less resistance to air flow. The evaporation and effective cooling of air is
greater when the air outside is warmer and dryer than when it is cold and already
saturated.
7. Superheater
The superheater consists of a superheater header and superheater elements.
Steam from the main steam pipe arrives at the saturated steam chamber of the
superheater header and is fed into the superheater elements. Superheated steam
arrives back at the superheated steam chamber of the superheater header and is fed
into the steam pipe to the cylinders. Superheated steam is more expansive.
One of the most important accessories of a boiler is a super heater. It effects
improvement and economy in the following ways :
 The super heater increases the capacity of the plant.
 Eliminates corrosion of the steam turbine.
 Reduces steam consumption of the steam turbine.
 The nominal control of reheat steam temperature is by tilting the burners. The
super heater steam temperature is controlled by spraying water.
Other control methods that are according to the need and design are :
 Excess Air Control
The steam outlet temperature of a convection superheater may be
increased at partial load by increasing the excess air supply. The reduced
gas temperature decreases the furnace heat absorption for the same steam
production. The increased gas mass flow with its increased total heat
content serves to increase the degree of superheat.

 Flue Gas Recirculation

The recirculation of some percentage of the combustion gases serves to
control steam temperature in the same manner as does an increase in
excess air. By introducing the hot gases below the combustion zone,
relatively high efficiency may be maintained.
 Gas by-pass Control
The boiler convection banks can be arranged in such a manner that
portion of the gases can be by-passed around the superheater elements.
The superheater is oversized so that it will produce the required degree of
superheat at partial load conditions. As the load increases, some of the
flue gases are by-passed.

 Control of Combination Superheaters

The control of combination radiant-convection superheaters is relatively
simple because of their compensating characteristics. An increase in
 excess air reduces the radiant heat transfer but increases the convection
heat transfer. The reduction in excess air has the opposite effect. Thus the
combination superheaters can be operated over the entire control range
without additional equipment.
 Adjustable Burner Control
With a multiple burner furnace it is possible to distribute the burners
over a considerable burner wall height. This control is obtained by
selective firing.
Tiltable furnace may be adjusted to shift the position of the combustion
zone.

8. Reheater
The reheater functions similar to the superheater in that it serves to elevate the
steam temperature. Primary steam is supplied to the high pressure turbine. After
passing through the high pressure turbine, the steam is returned to the steam
generator for reheating (in a reheater) after which it is sent to the low pressure
turbine. A second reheat cycle may also be provided.
9. Feed Water Heater
Low pressure feed water heaters are used in the condensate system between the
condensate pump discharge and boiler feed pumps, and utilize low pressure turbine
extraction or auxiliary turbine exhaust steam for heating the condensate.
 High pressure feed water heaters are used in the feed water system between the
boiler feed pump discharge and the boiler, and utilize high pressure turbine
extraction steam for heating the feed water. The condensate or feed water
temperature increase for each feed water heater will be in the range of 28 to 56
degrees C with the actual value determined by turbine manufacturer‟s stage location
of steam extraction nozzles. Depending on turbine size, some turbines offer alternate
number of extraction nozzles with usually a choice of using the highest pressure
extraction nozzle. The selection, in this case, of the total number of feed water
heaters to use should be based on economic evaluation.
 Low Pressure Heater(s)
Use one or more low pressure feed water heaters to raise the temperature of
condensate from condensate pump discharge temperature to the de-aerator inlet
temperature. The heater drains are cascaded from the higher pressure heater to
the next lower pressure heater with the lowest pressure heater draining to the
condenser.
 High Pressure Heater(s)
Use one or more high pressure feed water heaters to raise the temperature of
feed water from de-aerator outlet temperature to the required boiler economizer
inlet temperature. The heater drains are cascaded from heater to heater, back to
the de-aerator in a fashion similar to the heater drain system for the low pressure
heaters.
10. Air Preheaters
An air preheater or air heater is a general term to describe any device designed
to heat air before another process (for example, combustion in a boiler) with the
primary objective of increasing the thermal efficiency of the process. They may be
used alone or to replace a recuperative heat system or to replace a steam coil.
In particular, this article describes the combustion air preheaters used in large
boilers found in thermal power stations producing electric power from e.g. fossil
fuels, biomasses or waste.
The purpose of the air preheater is to recover the heat from the boiler flue gas
which increases the thermal efficiency of the boiler by reducing the useful heat lost
in the flue gas. As a consequence, the flue gases are also sent to the flue gas stack (or
chimney) at a lower temperature, allowing simplified design of the ducting and the
flue gas stack. It also allows control over the temperature of gases leaving the stack
(to meet emissions regulations, for example).

There are two types of air preheaters for use in steam generators in thermal
power stations : One is a tubular type built into the boiler flue gas ducting, and the
other is a regenerative air preheater. These may be arranged so the gas flows
horizontally or vertically across the axis of rotation
 Tubular Type
Tubular preheaters consist of straight tube bundles which pass through the
outlet ducting of the boiler and open at each end outside of the ducting.
Inside the ducting, the hot furnace gases pass around the preheater tubes,
transferring heat from the exhaust gas to the air inside the preheater.
Ambient air is forced by a fan through ducting at one end of the preheater
tubes and at other end the heated air from inside of the tubes emerges into
another set of ducting, which carries it to the boiler furnace for combustion.
The tubular preheater ductings for cold and hot air require more space and
structural supports than a rotating preheater design. Further, due to dust-
laden abrasive flue gases, the tubes outside the ducting wear out faster on
the side facing the gas current. Many advances have been made to eliminate
this problem such as the use of ceramic and hardened steel.
 Many new circulating fluidized bed (CFB) and bubbling fluidized bed
(BFB) steam generators are currently incorporating tubular air heaters
offering an advantage with regards to the moving parts of a rotary type.
Dew point corrosion occurs for a variety of reasons. The type of fuel used,
its sulfur content and moisture content are contributing factors. However, by
far the most significant cause of dew point corrosion is the metal
temperature of the tubes. If the metal temperature within the tubes drops
below the acid saturation temperature, usually at between 88°C and 110°C,
but sometimes at temperatures as high as 127°C, then the risk of dew point
corrosion damage becomes considerable.
 Regenerative Air Pre-heaters
There are two types of regenerative air pre-heaters: the rotating-plate
regenerative air preheaters and the stationary-plate regenerative air
preheaters.
1. Rotating-plate Regenerative Air Pre-heater
The rotating-plate design consists of a central rotating-plate element
installed within a casing that is divided into two (bi-sector type), three
(tri-sector type) or four (quad-sector type) sectors containing seals
around the element. The seals allow the element to rotate through all the
sectors, but keep gas leakage between sectors to a minimum while
providing separate gas air and flue gas paths through each sector.
 Tri-sector types are the most common in modern power generation
facilities. In the tri-sector design, the largest sector is connected to the
boiler hot gas outlet. The hot exhaust gas flows over the central element,
transferring some of its heat to the element, and is then ducted away for
further treatment in dust collectors and other equipment before being
expelled from the flue gas stack. The second, smaller sector, is fed with
ambient air by a fan, which passes over the heated element as it rotates
into the sector, and is heated before being carried to the boiler furnace
for combustion. The third sector is the smallest one and it heats air
which is routed into the pulverizers and used to carry the coal-air
mixture to coal boiler burners. Thus, the total air heated in the air
preheater provides: heating air to remove the moisture from the
pulverised coal dust, carrier air for transporting the pulverised coal to the
boiler burners and the primary air for combustion.
2. Stationary-plate Regenerative Air Preheater
The heating plate elements in this type of regenerative air preheater are
also installed in a casing, but the heating plate elements are stationary
rather than rotating. Instead the air ducts in the preheater are rotated so
as to alternatively expose sections of the heating plate elements to the
upflowing cool air.
11. Furnace
Based on the method of generating heat, furnaces are broadly classified into two
types namely combustion type (using fuels) and electric type. In case of
combustion type furnace, depending upon the kind of combustion, it can be
broadly classified as oil fired, coal fired or gas fired.
 Based on the mode of charging of material, furnaces can be classified as
(i) Intermittent or Batch type furnace or Periodical furnace and (ii)
Continuous furnace.
 Based on mode of waste heat recovery as recuperative and regenerative
furnaces.
 Another type of furnace classification is made based on mode of heat
transfer, mode of charging and mode of heat recovery as shown in the
figure below

Furnace should be designed so that in a given time, as much of material as

possible can be heated to a uniform temperature as possible with the least
possible fuel and labour. To achieve this, the following parameters can be
considered.
 Determination of the quantity of heat to be imparted to the material or
charge.
 Liberation of sufficient heat within the furnace to heat the stock and
overcome all heat losses.
 Transfer of available part of that heat from the furnace gases to the surface
of the heating stock.
 Equalization of the temperature within the stock.
 Reduction of heat losses from the furnace to the minimum possible extent.

Pulverised coal firing is done by two systems :

a) Unit System or Direct System.
In this system the raw coal from the coal bunker drops on to the feeder

Hot air is passed through coal in the feeder to dry the coal. The coal is then
transferred to the pulverising mill where it is pulverised. Primary air is
supplied to the mill, by the fan. The mixture of pulverised coal and primary
air then flows to burner where secondary air is added. The unit system is so
called from the fact that each burner or a burner group and pulveriser
constitutes a unit. Hot air is passed through coal in the feeder to dry the coal.
The coal is then transferred to the pulverising mill where it is pulverised.
Primary air is supplied to the mill, by the fan. The mixture of pulverised
coal and primary air then flows to burner where secondary air is added. The
unit system is so called from the fact that each burner or a burner group and
pulveriser constitutes a unit.
Advantages
 The system is simple and cheaper than the central system.
 There is direct control of combustion from the pulverising mill.
 Coal transportation system is simple.
b) Bin or Central System
Crushed coal from the raw coal bunker is fed by gravity to a dryer where hot air
is passed through the coal to dry it. The dryer may use waste flue gases,
preheated air or bleeder steam as drying agent. The dry coal is then transferred
to the pulverizing mill. The pulverised coal obtained is transferred to the
pulverised coal bunker (bin). The transporting air is separated from the coal in
the cyclone separator. The primary air is mixed with the coal at the feeder and
the mixture is supplied to the burner.

Advantages
 The pulverising mill grinds the coal at a steady rate irrespective of boiler
feed.
 There is always some coal in reserve. Thus any occasional breakdown in the
coal supply will not affect the coal feed to the burner.
 For a given boiler capacity pulverising mill of small capacity will be
required as compared to unit system.
Disadvantages
 The initial cost of the system is high.
 Coal transportation system is quite complicated.
 The system requires more space.
To a large extent the performance of pulverised fuel system depends upon the
mill performance
The pulverised mill should satisfy the following requirements :
 It should deliver the rated tonnage of coal.
 Pulverised coal produced by it should be have satisfactory fineness over a
wide range of capacities.
 It should be quiet in operation.
 Its power consumption should be low.
 Maintenance cost of the mill should be low.
 TUGAS IV
HEAT BALANCE DIAGRAM