·, Laplace Transform and

· Its Application

9.1 INTRODUCTION
Time-domain analysis is the conventional method of analysing a network. For a simple network with first-
order differential equation of network variable, this method is very useful. But as the order of network variable
equation increases, this method of analysis becomes very tedious. For such applications, frequency domajn
as
analysis using Laplace transform is very convenient. Time-domain analysis, also known classical method,
Ts difficult to apply to a differential equation with excitation functions which contain derivatives. Laplace
transform methods prove to be superior. The Laplace transform method has the following advantages:
(1) Solution of differential equations is a systematic procedure.
(2) Initial conditions are automatically incorporated.
(3) It gives the complete solution, i.e., both complementary and particular solution in one step.

9.2 LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION

The Laplace transform of a function/ (t) is defined as
00

F(s) = £. [f(t)] = f f(t)e- 51

dt ... (9.1)

where s is the complex frequency variable~

l s = a+ j ... (9.2)
~ ere, the lower limit of integration isJ._02.: instead oft= o+.
The functionf(t) must satisfy the following condition to possess a Laplace transform,
00

f I f (t) I e-a, dt < oo ... (9.3)

o-
 9.2 Electrical Networks IAplace Tram/om, and It.< Application.< 9.3

where cr is real and positive. 9.3.4 Delayed Unit Ramp Function

The inverse Laplace transform .c-1 [F(s)I is r It - al
The delayed unit ramp function is defined by the equation
I a+JM r /t - a ) =t t >a
/(1) =-
2,rj ,1-}~
f F(s) e'' ds ". (9.4) =0 t <a
The Laplm.:e transform of r (r - a) is
0 a
9.3 LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF SOME IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS £ Ir (I - a) I = Jre_.,dr = e-:·' ... (9.8) Fig. 9.4
r
9.3.1 Unit Step Function 9.3.S Unit Impulse Function
The unit step function is defined by the equation, The unit impulse function is defined by the equation
11(1) = I I>0

f''
0 (t) = 0 I >' 0
=0 t< O oui
The Laplace transform of unit step function is.
and f o(t)dt = I I= 0
.C [11 (1)1 = j 11(1) e- st
dr
o- - t The Laplace transform of the unit impulse function is 0

= f~ I · e__,, dt = - ~ _ [ -JII Fig. 9.1

.. .(9.5)
£ [o(t)l = I
~

O(t ) e- " dr = I
Fig. 9.5
... (9.9)
o- o-

9.3.2 Delayed or Shifted Unit Step Function 9.3.6 Exponential Function (e0 ' )
The delayed or shifted unit s1ep function is defined by the equation The Laplace transform of the t:xponential function is
II (r - a) = I I > [I
=0 I< ll II (1- ll) £ Ie"'] = j e"' e-.,,dr
The Laplace transform of 11 (t - a)

.C [11 (1 - 11)] =
is

j 1. e-" dt f
o·
o-

= ~c- t,-111,dt = [_ _e__

_,,-,,),_
s- a
I _

I
0 a I
e - l/S
Fig. 9.2 s- a ... (9 . ) 0)
=[- e:·'' s
... (9.6)
9.3.7 Sine Function
9.3.3 Unit Ramp Function
I . .
The un il ramp function is defined by the equation We know that sin w t = [e-""' - e-:1w1] .
21
r(t) = t I> 0
=0 I <0
The Laplace transform of.sine function is
r (I)
The Laplace rransform of lhe unit ramp funcrion is
•
£ [sin w rj = L [ I (e'·w, - e- j t !N
)]
.£[, lt) [ = j r (I) e-" dt 21
IA
0
~ I = -I { £le'·wr J- .i:re- 1,01 I} = -----:
I [ - I -. - - I .- ]
= f t e-" dt = 1s Fig. 9.3
... (9.7)
2J 2J s - 1w s+;w
u-
--
-
(I)

s-' +<1r' ... 19. 11 )

 9.4 F.ltrtricul Nttworu Lap/act Transform and Its Applications 9.5

9.3.8 Cosine Function Sr. N11. /(1) F(s/

1 d
We know 1ha1 co, wt = - le'""+ e-1m•1. 9 t/(1) - -
d.1
F(.! )
2
The Laplace 1ran~fom1of co,inc functio[~ i~ J/JM - , rtlf ]
10
I
-/(/) I j f'(sl di
I
l. lcn~ ,,,,I = .C. 2 (1' +r )

= ~2 I .C. lr'GH I + .C. 1e-,.v• 11 = ~r-

2
1
-. +-. _I -.]
J - J/IJ ,\ + J(I)
../' 12
11 / (al)

u (1)
I
;F (~)
I
I -~ i

J ... (9.12) t-.,

= Jl +W1 ✓ 13 u (r - a)

9.3.9 Exponentially Damped Function r (I)

14 l
Laplai:e tran,fonn of un exponentially dumped function e_," f (I) i, e-•-'

f- r") ". .,,... ,d, = J- I 7

15 r (r-a)
1 111
ti,, "' 1 ,,, d,1 = u) e- •, , d,
c5 (I)
II
16
c5(r - a )
,....
17
= f(.1 + a) .. . (9. 13)

Thu,. rht· 1ran,tc1m1 of the fuoction e·'" f (I) is ohtaini:d hy putting (.1· + a) in place of .1· in the transfonn off (r). 18 t"' .r; - a
(l)
(II
... (9.14)
i. It 111
, in wrl = , 19 sin llJt s2 +o,2
(s+a) 2 +w·
.t
.v+ o 20 co.-; llJI Jl + (Ill
... (9. 15)
J. It' "' i:o, Wtl = ~· 2 2
(J+a) +w (l)

21 , ...., sin"'' (s+ a)l + (l)l

Table 9.1 Laplace Transformation s+a
, . . COS 0)1 (s+ a ll+ llJl
22
L - -- f(t/ F(.1)
Sr. No.
I
J (I) f(J)= f f(tJe-·" dt 9.4 THE TRANSFORMED CIRCUIT
0

2 "Jj(/l + h f2<0 "F1(s) + hf'2(sl Voltag~urrent relationships of network elements ~-an also !'If represented in the frequency domain.
/ 11 - 0)1111 - a) t •• f'(s)
.1 Resistor For the resistor, the ,,_; relationship in time domain i~
1 f'(J + 11) ... \9.16>
,l t! " [ Ill 1· (I) = R i ( I)

~
d
j7f(t) .1F(.1eo;·J The i:orresponding frequency--<lomain relation will he gi\'en a~
V (s) = RI (s\
.. . \9.17l

.r; I I
f

·:·: J· :Cl
; f'(s)
t /1 JUI dt

f;,
~- "
l7
\:I
:;:r
11 !
'.,~'\~ fig. 9.6 Rt!al.SIPr
X I" ? (C,1111Jl

'~· f~~-J
~
 9.7

-
LAplou Tra,uj<,mt and Its Applica1iotu
9.6 t'lrr1rir<1/ Nrtll'ol'k.!

Inductor For 1lw induclllr. 1hc ,~i rda1i,111ships in 11111c domain ar,· 9.5 RESISTOR-INDUCTOR CIRCUIT
Consider a series R-L circuit as shown in Fig. 9.9. The switch is closed at time r = 0.
,•(I) = I. ~ .(9. 18)

vl~
dr

i(I) = _!.
(.
j ,. (I) di+ i(O J ... (9.19)
~ L
"
Tran,formini: holh the equations. wc !!Cl
\l(s) = L, I (.1) - /, i(O) ... (9.20) R
Fig. 9.9
I i((r}
/(.<) = - l' (s)+ - - ... (9.2 1) For r > 0. the transformed network is shown in Fig. 9. 10

+ I (I}
L<

/ (s)
+ o--'------.
,\

+ a-.-
/ .:....(I'-,)- - - - ,
Applying KVL to the Mesh. V
Rl(s) + L5/(s) = -
s V
V
s /(s) l...t

/ (s) = - .L ... (9.26) Fig. 9.10

\'(/) V(.1) V(s) L, ( R)

s s+-
;((n By partial-fraction expansion. L
A 8
= -+
s - -

7
l (s)
R
s+-
L

Capacitor For capac:i10r. the ,,_; relationships in time domain arc

Fig. 9.7 l11d11clc>r

{~
A =s l (s~ r•O =sX~~1 R
s s+-
L S•O
V
R

I , V
l'(I) = r I i(l) dr +vto- , ... (9.22)
-- (s+ -R)L x-(L V
=- Fi
0 <~ur
()1
B- (s+-R)/ (s1 s s+ -R)
- L · •-RI L L 1,: -R/L
,h·
... (9.23)
i(I)= (" -
dr ~[)V-
J IJ ~ (-i)]
Tht' w rrespondin!! frcqucncy--0m1iain relations arc f!i\'en a,

\I (s) = _!_ It.<) ,·(0- )

/ (s) =
[Ji s
+~ -R
s+L
t- ... (9.24)
c, ,\' Talcing the inverse Laplace transform.
I (.1·) = CJ V (s) - C 1'(0-) ... (9.25) j (f): ~- ~t'-(lt/lt l
R R

i (/) I (., ) + /(<)

= i[1-e-lRIL~] for r > 0 ... (9.27)
+ I 0
' 1,
,, 1 \/(,)
T 0
(.< )
Cs
9.6 RESISTOR-CAPACITOR CIRCUIT
Consider a series R-C circuit as shown in Fig. 9.11 . Thi: switch is d osed at timer = 0.
R
~c

Fig. 9.8 Capacitor v(Tlc Fig. 9.11

d
 9.8 Elutrlca/ Nttwork.s
Lap/acr Trwufomr aNi In Applicaliofls
,.,
For r > 0, the trnnsformcd network is shown in Fig. 9.12 R
Applying KVL to the Mesh. R
I V where a= -2/.
RI (s) + Cs I (s) = -_;-
V
rI ~ )TD/ (r)
I
wv = J"lc
I

I (s) = ~ and /3 = Ja=-w;

s+- Fig. 9.12 By partial-fraclion expan.~1on. of /(sl.
RC
/ (s) = _ A_ + _ B_
Taking the invcn.e Laplace transfonn. s - 11 s-.s2

j (/) : ~ ( - i/lRCl1 for,> 0 ... (9.28)

.'\ = (s - s 1) / (.r~,-~
R
\,'

9.7 RESISTOR-INDUCTOR-CAPACITOR CIRCUIT = ---1....._

s1 - S:
Consider :i series R-l-C cin:uil shown in Fig. 9.13. The switch is closed at time , = 0. 8 = (s - s1 ) / (st• .,

vr:57~
R \I \"

= -'-- = -1,._
S: - fl 1, - ~f:

-- [ -I-
/(sJ = - V

TakinE? tht· invcr.-e Lapla..·c tmnsfom1.

L(5i- s, ) s-.s, s-'.sJ
Fig. 9.13
I.
For I > 0. llll' trnnsfnnncd network is shown in Fig. 9.14 i(I) = - -- [ r" - r"=' ] l 'LlCll
l.(s, - ·•~ l
Applying KVL lo lhc Mesh.
I V R = :\ 1 r "' + .~: ,..,,
IU (.1) + /.1· /(.1) + c., / (.1) = -; when: -~, and -~: an: ,-.,n~tanl~ tn l>t- d..'1t'rmi11<.-J :ind s 1 :mJ -': an· the n,'I, ,\1- tht· ,-quat1,,n.
V N0w d..•pcnding up,.,n the rnlucs ,,f s 1 anJ s:- w,' M'<' J , a«·, ,,f th,: n"'J' 'll"-' ·

l (s) = l
s + -s + -
R
L LC
I
:G l r l(.,J :
~-_ _____JT Cs
Case I When the l'\'J\'>I, arc real and UOC'\!Ual. 11 ~iw, an ,),.<'NllffiP<'ll re"!''"" '
-
~I.
R
> ~
I
✓ LC
V

)(.< -s2!r. ! J
Fig. 9.14 <~ > ro..
i_ ... (9.29) In thi, ,·n~. th<' solution is giwn t,y
(.1- .<1
i(t\ = e~' l,-\ 1 ,,fl• + A: r II•)
where s, and s arc lhc ruol~ of lhc equal ion s
2 + ( L~) = 0. 2+ ~ : ,,r i(t\ = ·" • ,.v + -~: t '" l~>r I> 1)

Case II \\'h<•n the l\'l\'I' :II\' n•:11 11n..l ,-qual. 11 j:I\\', ,1 ,·nti.:al~ d.tml',l n·~r"n-..•
.1, = R
n+ J(nR ) 2

- frI R 1
~L = /i]
= _ ,x + Ja 1 - o,~ = - a+ f3
1
(l = (U
In 1his ,·ns<'. th<· s,,111111111 is giwn t,y •· ,., / 1'"'1
~
\-it. '

21.R- J(R) I i(t\ ,. r a , (A 1 + -\:~ f,'f I ..., \\

-'2 =- 2L - l.C
Case Ill \\'h..·n 111<· n,nt, m\' ,'\1111rk-, ,~,11jug1u.-. it !-"·,·, ~n 1111;k l\lam1, -.t n·, 1x,n,,·
• - rr Jn 1 -- m,; = a f3 R I
~ I. < ,liz.
 D -

9.10 Electrirnl Nrtimrk.i

IAplacr TramJrmn and lls App/icarinn., 9.1 I

a< w,,
In thi~ case. the ~olution is given by 10
/ (s) = ( I I )
i(t) = A 1 e'•' + A 1 e''' s 1+-+-
6s 3s
where
r;--;
=- ± vrz- - w,; 60 10
, t,) ~
S 1, 1 (1

= fo + 3 = s + 0.5 f ... t
Let ~
va-- w,; = ~✓w2" -a2 Taking the inverse Laplace transform.
_,. J
I t) tJ ,t
~
=} Wd i(t) = I0e- 0-' 1 for I> 0
where J= ~ Voltage across the 3-F capacitor is given by
I 10
and {J)d = ✓w: - (1 2 V, (s) = - J(s) = - - --
3s 3s ( s + 0.5)
Hence i(I) = e-a, (A I e Jw,, + A2 r 1"'' ' )
By partial-fraction expansion.

= e-a, (A1 +A2 ) - - - -

eJw,, + e-Jw,,} + J(A
.
1- A, )
{e'.,''- e-,.,,, }] V, (s)
A
= -+ - -
B
[ { 2 • 2} s s + 0.5
A= sV, (s>l ,=0
= e-ar [(A 1 + A 2) cos WJ + j (A 1 - A 2) sin WJ)
= e-a, (8 1 cos WJ + 8 2 sin WJ) for I> 0
= 3(s+0.5) ,.o =
,o I 20
3
Example 9.1 In the network ofFig. 9.15, the switch is movedfrom a to ball= 0. Detem1ine i (t) and v, (t).

r f ~ r~-.,
B = (s + 0.5)V, (s)l , =- O-'
. ,,
'l •
~~l,.- 0, = -
I 1 J "J
= 230

IOV 6
FI i(I) l,,w_ ':!'-
,<
V, (s) =
s
20
-
..l... _ _
-20
3_
s +0.5
Taking the inverse Laplace transform,
Fig. 9.15
(I) -- -20 - -
20e- 0.51
Solution At t = o-, the network has attained steady-state
V
C 3 3

J l(F
condition. Hence, the capacitor of 6 Facts as an open circuit.
IOVl = 20 (l - e-0-'r)

I
v6 F(0-J=lO V for I> 0
i (0· ) = 0 3
vJF(o-, = 0 i (~) (0-J
Since voltage across the capacitor cannot change Example 9.2 The switch in the network shown i11 Fig. 9. /8 is closed at t = 0. Deren11ine the m irage
in, tantaneou, ly, Fig. 9.16 across the capacitor.

r--X
-f
V6p(o♦ J= IOV
I 100
113 r (O•J = 0
For I> 0, the transformed network is shown in Fig. 9.17.
Applying KV~ to the Mesh fort > 0,
10
- - -
I
/ (J) - / (J) - -
I
/(J) = 0
t;Ir::7J. T
~ 1 ,,,, t~ r IOVt 00 1F} •l f
g s 6r
I
3s
I 10 Fig. 9.18
- /(1) + / (1-J + - /(.~)= -
l fa 3J s Fig. 9.17
 JIii

9.12 £Jutrical Net><·orh 9. 13

Lap/au Transform aNl Its Application.,

Solution Al r = 0 . the capacitor i, un('hargcd.

For 1 > 0, the transformed network i:. , hown in Fig. 9.22.
1·, (0 ) = 0
Applying KVL to the Mesh for 1 > 0,
Since the vollagc aero,, the cap:1ci1or cannot change inslantancously.
- /(s) - I (s) - s/(s) + 10 = 0
11,.<0·1 = 0
For I > 0. the 1ransfom1ed network i, shown in Fig. 9. 19.
Applying KCL al Node for 1 > 0,
JO
/ (s) (s + 2) = I 0

l(s) = - -
s+2
10 /(sJ JO '
JO

tt+
V (s) - - Taking invcr.;e Laplace transform,
r s + V, (s)+ V, (s) =0 i (/ ) = I0e_z, for I> 0 Fig. 9.22
10 JO I
2s
2r V, (s) + 0.2 V, (s) = -
I
~Cr---r---f
lO 1
Example 9.4 The neiwork of Fig. 9.23 was i11itially in 1he .fleady .flale with the switch in 1J,,, position ti. Ar
= o, the switch !(Oesfrom a /0 b. Find an expression/or vollage v (t) for 1 > 0.

lVrt f
,1·

I 0.5 Fig. 9.19

V Is)= = - -
' s(2s +0.2) J'(S + 0.1)
By partial-fraction expansion.
A lJ
V, (s)= -:;-+ _,· + 0.1
O r lH : :,,
0.5
A = s V, (s)I, . o = s + 0.1 =
I-
1 0
-
0.5 = 5
0. 1 Fig. 9.23
Solution Al 1 = o-. the network has attained s1eady-s1a1e condition.
/J = (s + 0.1 )V, (s)I, •- O.r -:;-- 0.51 =- ~=-5
0. I Hence, the inductor acts as a short circuit. 20
1• -0 I
2

~
i (0-) = - = I A

Taking ·
inverse Lapl,1cc
V, (s) \- -~
. transform, s . + 0.1
I ', (I)= 5 - 5 e-0.lt
2
Since current through the inductor cannot change instantaneously.
i(0•) = I A
2V
i(O-J
for I > 0 For 1 > 0. the transformed network is shown in Fig. 9.25.
Applying KCL al Node for I > 0 Fig. 9.24
Example 9.3 J,111,,, 111'/wurk of Fig. 9.20, the switch is moved/rum the posi1io11 I to 2 al I= 0. s1eady-s1ate V (s) + 2 V(s) V(s)
m11di1io11.1 lu1l'i11,: bu11 e.rt<rhlished i111he position I . De1er111i11e i (1)/or I> 0. - - - + --+ - - = 0
2s I s

V(s)(I +~) =- ~s ~--- ~----~---o +

17~
2s
2 c:=. .,
V(s\
V(s} = - - - =
IOV [ ~ f !H 2s +3
Taking the inver.;e Laplace transfonn.
s+ l. 5 2
11 (1) = - e- l.5 , for,> 0 - ; Fig. 9.25
Fig. 9.20 &ample 9.S The Sll'itch in Fig. 9.26 is opened ar timer= 0. Detennine 1he 1·0/tagt' 1-(11 for r > V.
10 r - - --,--- - ~- - - ~- -- ~----<>+
Solution /1 1 t = o-. 1hc nc1work h:is a1tained steady-state
condition. Hence, the induclor acts a~ a short circui1.
10
i(0 -) = - = 10 A
I
IOV
i(O-J 0.50 0.5 H 0.5 F vfi l

Since the currcnl through the inductor cannul change inslantancously,

~ i (O•) = JO A Fig. 9.21 Fig. 9.26

~
 9. 14 EltctriMI Ntt>,VJl't.t lAplou Transform and /u Appllcalioru 9.15

So/ut,on At t = 0 . the network has •+ 5

nttninro ste:idy-Mntc c1,ndition. Hence, the
inductor :11:ts a, a , hort circuit and the
1ii (0-)
l CO-)
iL (0-) = - = 2A
2.5 --=::::::
Voltage across the capacitor is 1.cro as it is~ cd in parallel with a short.
capacitor acts n, an ,,pen cin:uit. O.Hl - V
v, co-i = o
iL(O") = () Since voltage across the capacitor and current
1'(0") = 0
Sin..-c current through the inductor and
--- through the inductor cannot change instantaneously,
i1_ (0') = 2 A
Fig. 9.27
voltage acm,s the capacitor cannot change 1·, (0') = 0 O.Ss
inst:intaneously.
iLCO' ) = 0 '+
For r > O. the transfonncd network is shown in Fig. 9.31 .
Applying KVL to the Mesh fort > 0, x\o--61 ..L
T J
,, r,,. t,~.
200
1·(0') = 0 I / (s) _._ I •
For r > 0. th,· transformed network is shown in - ~ f (s) - 0.5s f(s) + I = 0
.___ __ __}~ y-
Fig. 9.18
Applying KCL at Node for t > 0,
j (t) ~ V(J) 200 X JO .f
/ Cs)
0.5s {(s) - I+ 5000- = 0 Fig. 9.31
s
V(s) V(s l V( s) 2 2s
-- + -- + --=- I (s) = 5000 = s2 + 10000
0.S 0.5s I J Fig. 9.28 0.5s + -
0.5s s
2 2 Taking inver.;e Laplace transfonn.
2V (s) + - V( s) + 0.5s VCs) = -
s s i(I) = 2 cos 100 t for t > 0
2
s ; ' Example 9.7 /11 tire network of Fig. 9.32. the switch is closed for a long time and at t = 0, tire switch is
V Cs) = ~ + 0.5s + 2 opened. Detennine the currelll through the capacitor.
V (1)
4 4
= s 2 + 4s + 4 = (s + 2)2 0.S F
i 1(I) iz(T)
Taking inverse Laplace transfonn. ,n
v (t) = 4 r e- 21 for t > 0 1n
E,,omple 9.6 In rhe nl'fwork of Fig. 9.29. the switch is closed and steady-state is allained. At t = 0, switch
.,.,. Fig. 9.32
is opened. Derermine the currellf through the inducror. " (0-)
2.sn Solution At t = 0-, the switch is closed and steady- r-
,vl
v, (0-)
state condition is reached.
1·, CO-) = 0 ~to
Since voltage across the capacitor cannot change IU
200µF 0.5 H
I-' instantaneously,
I ]
Ve c o•) =0 Fig. 9.33
For t > 0, the transformed network is shown in
Fig. 9.29 Fig. 9.34. V(s)

Solution At t = 0-, the switch is closed and steady-

2.Sn
Applying KVL to two parallel branches,
2
TT
T
/ 1(s )
2
s /i(s)
\late condition i~altained. Hence, the inductor acts as a 5 /1Cs)+ / 1Cs) = / 2(s)
1s
short circuit and 1hc capacitor acts as an open circuil. SY v.. (O- ) . ) Applying KCL at Node for t > 0,
Carrent through inductor is same as the current 'L co-> 2
through the resistor. Fig. 9.30
; = (1(s) + liCs)
t.-
.1->

\., d
,,. Fig. 9.34
 9.16 £/rc11ic-11/ Nrtworlr..,
-- Lap/au Tran5fonn and Its Applirotio11.J 9.17

2 2 ~ 9.9 111 the network of Fil(. 9.38, the swi1ch is opened 111 t = 0. Find i(t}.
- / 1( .,) + / 1(s) = - - / 1(.r)
.{ .{
JO n

.r
2
- / 1(.r) + 2 / 1(.r) = -
2
.r

2
36V_r 6 n
i (t)
s
11(s) = 2
- +2
s +I Fig. 9.38
,f

Solution Al I = 0-. the switch is closed and sleady- JO O

Taking the inverse Laplnce trnnsfonn,
,ra,e condition,~ reached. Hence, the inductor acts as a ~
i, (/) = l'- 1 for I > 0 ;,<en <
short circuit. 30
Emmple 9.1 /111he ne/ll'ork of Fi11. 9.35, tlir Jll'itch is moved f rom a to h, at I = 0. Find v(t). 36 36 36V t 60
ir (<n= 10+(3116) = I0+2 =JA
jLJ)t
6V -.- r:;~ 2'1 IF
20 il(O') = 2 A
6+3
6
il (0-) = 3 X - - = 2 A

Since current through the inductor cannot change instantaneously.

For 1 > 0. the 1ransfom1ed network is shown in Fig. 9.40.

--
Fig. 9.39

""''F '"
Applying KVL 10 M~h for t> 0. 3

)
Fig. 9.35
- 02 - 0.1s l (s) - 3/(s) - 6f(s)= 0

Solur•, A< , • 0,'"'''''"" ooooi,ioo '; =""'·"'""· opcr Kod. f 0. lsl(s) + 9/(s) = 0.2
0.2 2
O.ls §! <6

~
l (.r)= - - = - - I /.r)
I' (O") = 6 x - - =2V
Taking inverse Laplace transform,
0.ls + 9 .r +90
0.2-t_
. Si,~ ~ l,.grn~,"" <aJ"'i<~ <MOO~ ;h~ge 6V : • (~1 l0 i(t)=2e_qo , fort>O
instantaneous!y. Fig. 9.40
I' (0') = 2 V Fig. 9.36 Example 9. 10 The network shown in Fil(. 9.41 has acquired steady-state with the switch clMed for
For 1 > 0, the transfonncd network is shown in t < 0. At I= 0, the switch is opened. Obtain i (t )for t > 0.
Fig. 9.37.

.IJH
Applying KCL al Node for I> 0, ~ ,__ _ _ _ 40

,t I~
2
V(s)

6
V(.i) - ;
- - + - - - +-- =0
I
s
V(s)
2
f, J6V 1 ° f 40

Fig.9.,U
V(si[i+s] = 2 Fig. 9.37
! r- l -'
2 Solution At, = o-. the switch is closed and the network ha~ acquired steady-stllte. Hence. tht' indur10r a,:t,
V(s) = -
- as a short drcuit.
.f + -
2
[ I I '~~ • ( I •
'' \ i.
3 36
Jllking the inverse Laplace 1ransfom1. ir(O l = Io+ (.rn 4)
V (1) = 2 l'- (1/J) 1 for I> 0
,.,d IC' i,
'I,
,,; }_...-,
r •l ''IJ \\., J

• ( •f l, .1h 1d"
~..;_ { ' I
-·
' a rt-~

9,18 £/tctrlrnl Nrtworks

lop/au Transform and Its App/lcat/on.r 9.19

.16 ,on 40
= - - =3A ~+2
10+ 2 ir (O-)

i(O-) =3 x -
4+4
4
- =1.5 A 36 V 40
i (()· )
) V (s) = _s_
2.r + I
2.r + 2 2 2 2
Since currenl 1hrough 1hc mducwr cannol chnn~c = s(2s + I) = :; - 2s + I s .f + 0.5
ins111n111ncou,ly. Fig. 9.42 Taking 1he inverse Laplace lransform.
i(O' ) = 1.5 A v(t) = 2 _ e• 0.5 1 fort> 0
Fort > 0, 1he trnnsfonncd network is shown in Fig. 9.43. \ \i
Applying K VL IO the Mesh for I > 0, £,cample 9.1} /11 1he network shown in Fig. 9.47, the switch is opened at t = 0. Steady-slllte condition i.i
- 4/(.r) - 4/(s) - 2.rl(s) + 3 = 0 achit'ved before t = 0. Find i (t).

)
,vrI
8/(.r) + 2f/(.f) = J 0.5 H
2,
0
J 1.5
/(.r) = - - =- I (,)
2.r + 8 J +4
Taking 1hr inverse Luplnce 1ransform, . IF ) 10
i(t) = 1.5 e· ' 1 fort> 0 Fig. 9.43 04~
i (t)

Example 9.11 Thr network .rhmvn in Fig. 9.44 ha.1·acquired steady-state <II t < 0 with 1he switch open.
Th, .nl'itch i.r rlnsr1/ at t = 0. De1rn11i11e ,, (t). , Fig. 9.47
0
20

XJt Solution Al t = o·. the switch is closed and steady•

,1a1c condi1ion is achieved. Hence. the capacitor acts
as an open circuit and the inductor acts as a , hon circuit.

;,. J
4V HJ IF
(~ Ve (O·) = I V

Fig. 9.44
Il _ i (0-) = I A
Since current 1hrough the induc1or and voltage across
1hc capacilor cannot change inslantancously.
IV
,n

vc(0' ) = I V
Solution Alt= o·. s1eady-s1a1e condition is reached. 20 i(O•) = I A Fig. 9.48
Hence, 1.he capnci1or of I F acls as an open circuit For 1 > 0. the transfonned network is shown in Fig. 9.49.
2 Applying KVL 10 the Mesh for r > O.
v(O· ) =4 x - - =2 V
2+2 4V 2n V (0-) sI -sI l(s ) - 0.5s /(s) + 0.5 - l(s) = O
Since voltage across lhc capaci1or cannot change n 5s
~--·" O.~
insl4nlancously,
I I .l ~
v(O') = 2 V 0.5 + 5 =
Fig. 9.45 5 /(s) + 0.5 s l\s) + / (s)
Fort> 0. 1he transfonned network is shown in Fig. 9.46.
~I l(s)
Applying KCL at the Node fort> 0,

vc,,-~ vc,J vc,,-~ vc,, _

--+-+-+--0
2 2 !
.f
!
.f
i
.f
[
2

/
2
t fslT
Isl
s2
_l V (s)
I (s)[I + ! +0.5s ] = 0.5 +
s

I (sl =
!s
.r+ 2
, - -- =
s· + 2s + 2
s+ I
= ---,--- + ---,---
(s + I)! + I ( s + 1) 2 + I
(s + l)+I
(s + I)" + I
,
s
Fig. 9.49

2 Taking 1hc invcn.c Laplace trnnsfom1.

2r V (s) + V (s) = - + 2 Fig. 9.46
s j i l/) = e·' cos t + e· 1 sin t for t > 0
9.20
......1 c J, , )
~,rl.1- r•·rJ''" ,,~•\" o•·· \
Electrical Nttwork.r
' (.,'
vJ

•l
r·
/
lo ·
' t'

c<" \' \ , '

,,.->c..
... ,/
\.o(
t ~
\"'
c~ v
(.!••.Q.. ~

" r··"
-
.-
' Lap/au Transform and Its Applications 9.ll

e....,. 9.13 In the network shown in Fig. 9.50, the switch is cloud 111 I = 0, tlw Jtea,~\'-Slalt' being I
rr•ac/11•d befnrr t = 0. /)etem1i11e c11rrt11t through i,ul,wor of 3 II. - (.r + I )
3 I I

3I)
=-
A= ( 2
(s + 2) .f+
11 • O

2n
iz(I) 3H

B=
! (s + I)
3
(s+-IJ
I
= --
IO
Fig. 9.50 s 3 ,. ~

Solution Al 1 = 0 , steady-state condition is reached. Hence. lhc inductor of 2 H acts as a short circuit. ! (s + I) 2
3
. _
I C= + 2/
.r(s 5
i 1 (O· ) = - A
2 1,- 1/J
i2 =0 co·)
Since currcnl through the inductor cannol change inslantancously.
IV
i1(0-) :2n I
/,(s)= - - - - -
• 2s IO(s+2)
I
(
5 .r+-
2
I)
I 3
co·>= -2 A
i1 Fig. 9.51
Taking inverse Laplace transfonn.
; 2 co·> = o . I I 2
l z (I)= - - - e· 2t __ t~I /J i t for I> 0
For r > 0, the transfom1ed ne1work is shown in Fig. 9.52.
2 JO 5
Applying KVL to Mesh I, 2s I 2
I
- - 2s / 1 (s) + I - 2 [/ 1 (s) - / 2 Cs)) = 0
s

Applying KVL to Mesh 2,

(2 + 2s) / 1 (s) - 2/2 (s) = I + -

-2 f/2(s) - l 1(s)J - 2l 2(s) - 3s 12 (s) = 0

s
I
!G /1 (s)

]_ -f- Fig. 9.52

2)
'2 (s)
:Js
9.8 TRANSIENT AND STEADY STATE RESPONSE OF R-L CIRCUIT TO
VARIOUS FUNCTIONS
Consider a series R-L circuit shown in Fig. 9.53.

J~lIc~i~
- 2/ 1(s) + (4 + Js) l 2(s) = 0 ~ 'l--') -'2- -:[. 1ll)
By Cramer's Rule, [
} : 2, ,
2
+,'"/_ 2- !,, "' - '-I +1, i(l)) 'L

12 (s)
2+2, -2 , - (2H2X4+J,) - 4 D Fig. 9.53
1 -2 4 + 3s For,> 0, !he transfonned network is shown in Fig. 9.54.
I Applying KVL to the Mesh.

-- .1(3s2 s++7.1I + 2) = 3s ( s +sl+i(s + 2) 3(s + I) R l (s) + Ls l(s) = V(s)

I
s(s + 2)(s + - )
3 3
l (s) = V(s)
R
R
By partial-fraction expansion,

A B C l (s) = ~ V(s)
l , (s)=
•
- + - - + --
.1 s+2
s+ -
I Ls+!!_
L
... (9.32)
/(sJ)
3 \
Fig. 9..5-1
 u11Jlt11 e Tr1111sjim 11 a111/ lt.r ApJJlk utium 9.23
9.22 Elutrical Ntrwortr

(i) When the unit step signal is applied, I

... (9.33) / (q: -X '( R)
i.e., ..-- ~)
I. - t +-
Taking Laplace transform, ' L
I .. .(9.34)
V(s) = -
s lly rar1ial-fracl1<lll cx pan,ion.

-s I A /J C
= - + - +--
/(s) =
I
L ~ -R 1, " \ i( R)
\' + -
I.
\ sl R
'+ -/,
s +L
I
,I \ ( J + 7.)+ // (., + f)~ c,:
= L .,·(s+f) Pu111ng .I' = 0, we i:c1
I.

l
By partial-fraction expansion, II =
R
P1111in,lt .1 = - RI L. we get
/ (.1·) = -
L
I[A- + -.1 +!!_
.I
B-
C= R:
I.

/,
c,,mparini: coefficient, of ~ .
A+ C=O
I L L
A = s I (s)l,.n = ~-R .-1 = - C= -
R R:
s +-
L 11 . u =_ L I I /. I
/ (s )
-;- - +-I , : + R: - -R
-

8 = (.1+ -LR)l (s) l,=-HII. -- !I

s ., = -R I L
=- ~
R
R· J R
' + -
L

-l
r:,km,; inva ,c L:ipl:Jcc· 1ran, fom1.
· ( , = - - I. + -I I + - /. ,.

-'-[~x~-~x-
, RI
I l1
1 R' R R'

~ ~
l (s)=
L R s R s+ !!_
L \RI- R" 11 - ,.·t
='"-'- I I" I\
·--'
fo r / > () 11>..•Sl

Taking inverse L1place transform,

= i[~-~l s +-
L
1iii) When unit impu"c ,i,;nal i., applied~

Ta~ing Lapbcc 1r:m, f1,m1. -

l '( I) = /) (fl

\' (.1) = I
~
.(9.3Q)

(9 -lOl

-------= _!_[J-e-(R
i (1)
R
/1.)r l for I> 0 ... (9.35)
/ (sl =
/. ,. + -
.
R
I.
(ii) When unit ramp signal is applied,
v(t)=r(l)=I for I> 0 ... (9.36)
Taki_•·ng Laplace lrn1, form, ----.., fnr 1 > () , l) 41 )
I
\ V (s) = 2 ... (9.37)

: ~
~ . . '
 9.14 £/utrica/ Ner...arl:s
u,p/acr Transfo rm ON1 tu Appbcario,u 9.25

9.9 TRANSIENT AND STEADY-STATE RESPONSE OF R-C CIRCUIT TO

A= J / (1/ 1, . o
VARIOUS FUNCTIONS
Consider a series R-C circuit as shown in Fig. 9.55
R =C

R( s+ R~ J: •O

~c B= (J+RC- )1cs>I 1
, ~1 RC

Fig. 9.55 - -I
Rs
l
••-I/ RC - -
- C

For r > 0, !he transfonned network is shown in Fig. 9.56. R /f.rl= £_ _ _ c_

Applying KVL to !he Mesh. s I
s +-
I RC
- I (s) +R I (s) = V (s) I Taking inver.c Laplace transform. ~
Cs ci I i(I) = C - C e- I .. . (9.-14)
l(s ) ) •IJll(i, for I > 0
V(s) sV(.r)
... (9.42) (in) \Vhcn unll inpulse signal 1s applied. /
/ (J) = - 1- - =
- + R R(s+ Rlc ) 11n = o<n
Fig. 9.56
Cs Taking Laplace transfonn.
(i) When unit step signal is applied. V(s) = I
1'(1) = II (/ ) s
Taking Laplace transfonn. / (.r) = ( I )

l
R s+ -
V(s) = sI RC
I s +- - - -
JX -
I
RC RCI = .!_ [ l _ ....fK_
I
/(J) = (
·\ ) =
R s+- ~ (s +R~ ) R ( s + R~ ) R 5 + R~
RC
Talcing inverse Laplace transfonn. f Ta~ing in\'cr..c Laplace transfonn.

Ii(I) = i e- lllfC1 fort>y / ... (9.43)

.. 1(1) = Rl [·ll\l)-
i:. RCI e.., , -'<" J 1 11 ~ -
'°' / ,lJ
O .(9.45)
(ii) When unit ramp signal is applied, r
v(I) =r (I) =t Example 9. 14 At I = 0. unit pulse mltage of unit 1.-iJth is applied ro " series RL cirrnit <1s shown rn
Taking Laplace transform. fig. Y.57. Ohtain a11 expression for i(t).
I
V(s) =? IU
o>-----~1\,/\'\,---,
I
sx-
s_:_
I (s) = (
R s+ RC
I )
Rs( s + R~)
I' (I)
i(rJ) I II

By panial-fra, tion c~pansion.

Fig. 9.57
l(J ) = ~+ /J
Solution I'( /) = II (/) - II (/ - I) L,(U l t:J ) :. -}
J I
J+- \l(sl = ~ - ~ - 1- e-•
- ')
, ,
RC L l l/ l t- -t ) 7 --:.. ~
. .,· J - ----

}
j
~ .
 - - ,)iii_
__

9.26 £/emirol Nrrwort,

For I > 0. the trnn,formcd network i, , hown 111 Fig. 9.58.

- ~ 'v
~ L
LA[J_loa Tronsfo"'!_ ond /u Applicarion.r

' For 1lre 11e11mrk .1lrow11, de1enn111e the rnrrent i ( t J when the switch i.1 clmcd at t = 0 "·ith
E,tomP'e 9.16
'J.rT

Ap1>lying KVL ll' 1hc Mc~h.

1- r ' -,•m 1111110 / co11ditio11s.
V(.1·) = / (s) + .1· / Cs) = - ,\ '
I' (.<)

//s) r-Xo ~
1- t'
/ (.I') = ~ )
,,-• Fig. 9.~
,,,,_,1 . ) I ( I)
- lF
-
~'"
6
=~ - ~ (}) ))::,

_ I _ _ I__ ::_ + _r _ t~
V ~
( )J
J )
Fig. 9.61

~ ) t1 dl\
- s .\ t I .I .d I ~t)
5

,~·* ) t
l :1king invc~c Lapl~ce 1ransfom1. / () Solution The transformed network 1\ sho" n in fig. 9.62. r
1(1) = 11(1) - 1'-I 11(1) - 11(1 - I )+ ,,- " II 11(1 - I ) \,, ,\ pplying KVL IO the Mesh fort> 0.
=( l - e') 11(1) 11 - e- 1'
11
111(1 I )
for I > ()
5e-', - 5/(s) - s l (s) - -6 l (s) = 0
-
Example 9. I 5 A rccta11,:11/ar 1'/1/tage p11i.ll' of 1111i1 lrei11lr1 11111/ T-Jtcowls d11ratio11 is applied to a .terits
R-C e111·ork <lt t = 0. Oh111i11 th<' exprr.ufrm for tire rnrre111 i (I ). As.rnme 1lre rnpaciror ro he initially 1111charged.
s·
5 /(s)
s
6
+ s l( s) + - /(s) =
5e-'
-,-
fls )
ys
11 s s- 5e-' = Se-•
Fig. 9.62
-~ /(s) = s( s2 +5s+6i s(s T3J(s +2J

J_c By partial-fraction expansion.

i(I)) s(s + 3)(s + 2)

A B
- + -- + -
f s+3 f~2
C

Fig. 9.59 R A---1--1

- \ S + ))(s + 2) , • O - ti

Solution 1'(1) = 11C1l - 11(1 -

I
V (s)= - - - = -
e-..1
n
1- ,,- ,1
-
V (.<)
l(s ))
I
Cs
H- - -'
s(s+:?)
-I -I~ -J J
s s J
The tran,fonncd network is shown in Fig. 9.60.
Applying KVL to the Me, h for t > 0.
Fig. 9.60 C = s(s ~ 3t _
1= - -:;-
V(s)
I 1- e- ,T
=R /(.1) + -Cs Hs) =-.,·- .
:,.
/ (s) = ) e
I
- _,, [ - + - - -
6s
I __ I
~
_:l\ .1 +31 .:!t f+ - 1
]

7 Se-, ,.-i 5 i
I (s)[ R +__!_]= ! (1- e-' ) = - - + - - -- - -
Cs s 6 s s+3 ~ s+.:!
Taking in1ws~ Laplace tmnsfonn.

I - I'
- <T I [ I ,,-.,r ) )
i ll)= - 11(1 - I ) + - e " -
l I
' 11(1 -
)
I )- -
'
I'.· ''
I
' 11\I - Il tor 1 > v
I (s) =.._ ( I )- =R s+ RIC s+ RIC
6 3 ' -'$?
R H~RC
-
Example 9.17 For tire 11e1wurl. shc11rn i11 I- ii:. CJ.63. d<'t,nnine the .-irrn·m i /ti h'lrt'II rnr ,-..::ci: ,, d1-.st'd
18 inverse Laplnre tran~fonn. al 1 = 0. A.u111111· tluu i11i1111/ citrrt'III 111 th<' i11J111·1, 1r is :,·m.
i (1):: _!,_ [ e- \1 I R()I 11(/ ) _ l!- 111 NCll1 - n ,,(I _ T)] for I > ()
R _)

~
 • ---
9.28 £/«tnco/ Ntr,,.or/u
laploc~ Tra,,sfonn antl_lu App/lt:ohOAJ 9.29

E,tot'l,ple 9.19 Find the tmp"1se response of 1he m/Jage acm.u the capacitor in the ner..-o rk sho-..n in
Fig. 9 67. Also detumint response i·, ft) for step input.
2 5(r - 3> r·+
,,,,) IH
20 IH

Solutron The transfonnc:d network i~ shown in Fig. 9.64.

Fig. 9.63 V ( I) ~ I F , , l<J

2
Applying KVL to Mc:sh for r > O.
2.,.-3• - 2/(.f) - s /(.<) = 0 Fig. 9.67
21( v) + s l(sl = 1e· 3•
Solution The tran, formcd ncr,,.ork is ~wn in Fig. 9.68.
2 ,,
-), l(s ) ) B) volugc divhion fonnula.
l(s) = - -
s+l ! s
Tal(Jng inverse Laplace tran,fonn. Fig. 9.64
V,(s) = V(s) x - -5- -
i!l)=2J-•1u ' ' u(l - .1) for I> 0 1
1+s+-
s
bample 9.11 Find impulse respml1e of the rnr,-,,n/ i (I) in J/,e ntMork show11111 Fig. 9.65. ~-Cs) v, (sl
\'(s) \ ' (s)
l!l = s 2 + 2s + I = (s + ll 1
i(I) I II For impulse: input.
V(sl = I fig. '1.68
I !l
2H I
l', (s) = - - - ,
i s+ 11-
Taking in~erse Lapla,cc: transform.
Fig. 9.65 Impul~ respon,;e 1) f) = t r ' uttl
fort> 0
(1i) For ~tep input.
Solution The lran,fonned network h ~huwn in Fig. 9.66. I
\'(s) = -
I( 2.r + () 2.r + I s
Tot.ii impedance Z (s) = - -- =- - ,, (.J)
2s +I+ I 2s + 2 V,(s) = ,
V(s) . 1,
By pama . . s(s +J,-
I (s) -,r.1..:1100 expansion.
11 (s) = l(s)
.·\ 8 C
I 2s + 2 \' (s) = - + - - +---
2r . s s+I ls..-1) 1
= 2.1 + I = 2s + I I = Ats + I I: + Bs(s + 11 + C,
2s + 2
By currenHJ1vi,inn fum1ula. = A( r + ~ + ll + B(,~ + sl + Cs
Fig. 9.66
I = r1A + Bl + ~ :!.-\ + 8 + () + .4
/(J) : /1(<) X - -
2.< + 2 Comparing ,·ot'fticknl of r . s 1 anJ s0 • "Cha\('
2s + 2 I A= I
- - -x-- ----- - - .-\ +H = 0
2.< + I 2.1 + ~ 2, + I 2 s + 0.5
T:i1 1og imc~ LaplJ..:c tran,fonn. B = - A= - I
I 2.-\+B+ C =O
t\l) = - e-'11 ' u(tl for1>0
2 C = - :!.4 - 8 = - 2 + I = - I
I"

9.JO E/ec1rical Nerwurb

I I I
V (s)= _ _ __ _ - ,
- V1,(s)= ~ _ l__ ~_I_
Lap/au Transform and Its Applications 9.31

' J .I +I (.1 + I)" . 9 s + 10 9 s+I

Taking inverse Laplace transfonn,
Taking invcr..c l.,;1plm:c transfom1.
1•,(I) = 11(/) - l!-1 11(1) - u,-, 11(1) 10 I
= ( I - ,,-, - I e-1) 11(1) for I > () vL(t) = - e-10, u(I) - - t_, u(t)

910
Example 9.20 /)t'l<'nni11t' 1he exprt•ssim1for
. • ..
rL (1) i11 the 11t't11·ork s/11ill'n i11 Fig. 9.69. Fi11d v (t)
'- w
h
en
=(9e
- 10t
- 9I e-,9 ) u(t) for I> 0

( 1) 1•,(1/ =
o(I). a11tl (11) 1•,(1/ =e-' 11(1).
sn E,Jcamp#e f,J I For tht network shown in Fig. 9.71, find the rrsponst v0 (t).
+ Hl
IH 1·1 (1)
,., (I) 2
,,(<)•½=""'(:) ~ I

Fig. 9.69
Fig. 9.71
Solution The 1ransfonncd nctworl.. is ~hown in Fig. 9.70.
By voltage-division formula. 5 Solution The transfonned network is shown in Fig. 9.72.

~w+~~-t~~~
., s + I s 2
V,(s) = - - -
l'L(sl = V,(s)x -_-- - = - - V, (s) 2 s2 + I
~ +S J+ IO !... VL(s)
2
v, (.<) 2 By voltage-division fonnula.
4
(i) For impubc input.
V,(s ) = I V0 (s) = V, (s) x-¾
J Fig. 9.70 2+-
V1 (s)= s+ IO s
2V,(s) _ _s Fig. 9.72
J+ 10 - 10 10
= 1- - - = ~ = (s2 + l)(s + 2)
s + JO s+ 10
By partial-fraction expansion.
Taking 111vcr..c Laplm:~ trnnsfonn.
v,J1) = 8 (1) - JO c- 101 11(1) for I >() As+B C
V (s) = - ,- +--
di) For v,(1) = I!_, ull). " s· + I s + 2
I s = (As+ 8) (s + 2) + c(s1 + I)
V(.I)= -
' s+I s = s2(A + C) + s(2A + B) + (28 + C)
I .I" s Comparing coefficient of i1, sand s0• we have
V1(s) = - A+C=0
s+ I s+ 10 (s + IO)(s + IJ
2A+B= I
Hy partial-fraction expansion.
2B+C=0
A B Solving the equations,we get
V(s ) = - - +-
L .I"+ Ill .I+ I A = 0.4
A -· -
-
I 10
J
s+ l , =_10- 9
- -
B = 0.2
C= - 0.4

IJ= s+ IO
s I,=-•= - 9 I V.(s) = 0.4s
s2
+ 0.2 -0.4
+I
0.4s 0.2 0.4
- = - -+ - - - - -
s+2 s2+ 1 s2+ 1 s+2
-=-;.,.,
~ --
9.Jl Electrical Nrrworts

Taking 1he inve~ Laplace u-ansfonn.

i(I) = 0.4 cos r + 0.2 sin t -0.4 e-
21
fort> O
---- v(I) = 11(/) COS / +Ao (/)
Laplace Transform and Its Applications

2s
9.33

&:__._
..,._,.,.... f •Jl Determine 1hr cumnr i (I) in rile network shown in Fig. 9. 73, when the switch s 1sclo
. 1 V(s) = -
s2 + I
5
-+A
arr = 0. td
Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 9.76.
Applying KVL 10 the Mesh fort> 0,
V(s) = 2r l (s) + l (s) = - 2-
s
+A
/(s)J
s +I

i(l)J
5H
s+A(s2+1) K1 K 2s+K3 Fig. 9.76
l(s) = (
2 s+
I)(s2 + I) --,
s+
+
s +I
2

Fig. 9.73
2 2
The transient part of the response is given by the first
Solution The transformed network is shown in Fig. 9.74.
Applying KVL 10 lhe Mesh for r > 0,
1enn. Hence, for the transient tenn 10 vanish, K 1 = O.
-I (5
2 +A4)
1250 10 K1 = (s+!)/(s
2 )I, • - i1 =
= JO l (s) + 5s l (s)
- --
2
s + 625
When K 1 =0
2(¾)
l (s) = 250 5 I
1250

/(s)J
2
625 2 - A=-
By partial-fraction expansion. (s + )(s + ) s2 + 62/'\, 51 4 2
As+B C 2
l(s) = - -- + -- A= -5 =04
'
s2 +625 s + 2
250 = (As + 8 ) (s + 2) +C(s2 + 625) Fig. 9.74 Example 9.24 The network shown has u ro initial conditions. A l'Oltage v,(t) = O(I) applied to two terminal
= s2(A + C) + s(2A + BJ + (28 + 625C) ..J netll'orkprod11ces voltage vcfl) = /e-1 1 + e-1 1/ u(I). \Vhat should be ,',(1) 10 gi,,e l'j t) = t e-1 1 u(I)?
Comparing coefficienls, we have
A+C=O I----<> +
:!A+B=O V; (I) Network v0 (I)
28 + 625C = 250
Solving 1hc equations, we gel
A= - 0.397
B = 0.795 Fig. 9.77
C = 0.397 Solution For v;(I) = 0(1).
V,(s) = I
l(s) = --0.397 s + 0.795 + 0.397 = _ 0.397 s + 0.795, + ~
v0 (1) = [e-2 1 + e- 3 ' Ju(/)
s 2 + 625 s +2 s 2 + 625 s2 + 625 s +2
Taking 1he inverse Laplace lransfonn, I I
V(s) = --+ - -
i(r) = -0.397 cos 25, + 0.032 sin 251 + 0.397 e-21 for r > 0 0 s + 2 s+3
V., (s)
EJtample 9.23 The network shown in Fig. 9.75 is ar resrfort < 0. If rhe voltage v (I)= 11 (I) cos r + A 0(1) Hence system function H (s) = V; (s)
is applied to rhe netll'ork. dt'tennine the l'Olue ofA so rhar there is 110 transient rem, in rhe currellf response i (1),
2H I I 2s +5
=--+--=---- .. . (i)
s +2 s +3 (s + 2)(s + 3)
For I',,(/) = I e· 2 1 11(1).

i(/)J Ill
From lhc Eq. (i).
V,,(s) = - -2
(s + 2l
I

v,(s) = V,, (s) = _ 1_ x (s + ::!l(s + 3) = (s + 3)

Fig. 9.75 H(s ) (s +
0
2)· 2s + 5 2(s + 2.5)(s + '.!)
-~ · - ~ r.:.--

LAplou Transform and Its App_lications 9.JS

9.34 Eltctrical NtlK'flrks

By panial-fraction expansion.
V(s ) = - + -
A B
-
-
i~~
' s +2 s + 2.5 ··············· -----········· ······-···· ···················· ········· ·· ·· · ·········-
A= I I. For the network shown. the switch is closed at I= 0. Find the current i 1( /) for I> 0.
B = - 0.5
I 0.5 r-X ____ 1000
V, (s)= - - -
s+2 s + 2.5

f••
. .
Takmg mvc~e L3place transform.
V; (1) : e- l t - 0.5e- 2-' I
for I> 0
£ ,oov t ,,.,,) t wnVw
E,comple 9.25 A unit impulse applied to two 1em1inal black box produces a voltage vrf.t) = 2e-< -e-Jt
Determine the tmninal voltage when a current pulse of 1 A height and a duration of 2 seconds is applied~
Fig. 9.80
(i 1(1) = 3 - e· ~ 1
the 1mninal.
+ 2. Determine the current i(t) in the network of Fig. 9.81 . when the switch is closed at t = 0. The inductor is

,,ty Black box

Vo (1) initially unenergized.
20
j (1)

Fig. 9.78

.,J
20
20
Solution

When i,(1) = 8(1),

v (1) = 2e-1-
0

Vo(s) = -

l,(s) = I
V0(s) = Z(s) /,(s)
s+I
2
e· 3 1
--
s +3
I

... (i)
·"',L 2
Fig. 9.79
I
Fig. 9.81
0.5 H

[i(t) = 4( I _ e~ )
J. In the network of Fig. 9.82. after the switch has been in the open position for a long time. it is closed at
1 = 0. Find the voltage across the capacitor.
V (s) 2 I
Z(s)= - 0 =-- - .!.n
/ , (s ) .1+1 s+3 8

When i, (t) is a pulse of I-A height and a duration of 2 seconds then,

i,(1) = u(I) - u(t - 2)
.!.n IF
2
I e- 2.s
J,(s) = ; - -s-
From the Eq. (i).
2 I ][ I e• l s ] Fig. 9.82 [lit) = I + 4 ,-10,I
V0(s) = [ s + l s +3 s s
2 4. The circuit of Fig. 9.83. has been in the condition shown for a long time. At t = 0. switch is closed. Find
2 I 2e- 2' e· •
=--
s(s+l)
-- -- --+--
s(s+3) s(s+I) s(s +3)
1'(1) fort> 0.

= 2[~--I
s
Taking the invcr<,e Laplace transfom1.
I
]- ~[~--I
s s +3
]-
s+I

1f t ) = 2l u(t)- e·' u(I)] - - l u(t )- e· 3 ' u(t)I - 21u(I -

3
2e· 2s [~s --I ]+
s+I

I
e·

2) - e- t,- z, u(I - 2)1 + - [u(I - 2) - e·

21

3
[ I
s

3
s +3

1
<-
I

2
>
]

u(/- 2))
20 V nt'
~ I' (1) _ 2F 30

3 3
Fig. 9.83
t >O. l r( t) = 7.5 + 12.5 , - 1" 1~11 I
 ~

Lap/au Trarufo rm OM Its Applications 9.37

9.36 El«trical Nnworl:s -

5. Figure 9.84 shows n circuit which is in the steady-state with the switch open. At 1 = O the s . , In the network shown in Fig. 9.88, the switch is closed at,= 0. Find current i 1(1) for 1 > 0.
closed. ()(tcnnine the current i (1). Find its vnluc nt 1=0.114 µ seconds. ' · WIich la 9
30 IH ,o
soon
(
12V
4000
i (1)
0.001 µF ~ 2000 20V T
')_Jt
;, (/)

Fig. 9.88
0
i2 (I)
_L !F

T l

Fig. 9.84 8 75 10\ 0.013 A] li 1(1l = 5 + 5t- 2' - !Ot-31

li(I) = O.00857+O.O1 143 t - · •

t~
6 . Find i (I) for the network shown.
IO, In the network shown in Fig. 9.89. the switch is closed al,= O. Find the current through the 30-0 resistor.

(" -1& t,,~, lOV( 20 n JO!}

50VIL-- ~ 1 J
Fig. 9.85 Fig. 9.89
Ii(I) = 0.125 e· 0 ·3081 + 3.875 e· 0.052 1 [i(I) = 0. 1818 - 0.265 t'- I J
14 1
+ 0.083 t'-
4186 1
I
7. Dctcnnine 1{1) where iL(O-} = 15 A and vr(O·) = 5 V. II. Toe network shown in Fig. 9.90 is in steady ~tale with s 1closed ands! open. At I= 0. s 1 is opened and
0.5 H s is closed. Find the current through the capacitor.
2

T+ s,
I0V
0.330 IF V (1)

1- r I0 V 3H
1,,.
Fig. 9.86
lv(I) = 10 - 40e- 1 + 3Se-~
8. The network shown has acquired steady stale with the switch at position I for I< 0. At I= 0, the switch Fig. 9.90
[i(I) = 5 cos (0.577 x HP I) I
is thrown to the position 2. Find v(I) for I > 0.
12. In the network shown in Fig. 9.91. find cum:nls i 1 (t) and i 1 (1) for 1 > 0.

,vt I 0.5 F
rn

lH L
V
T+
(1)
50 V
(;~ i i(t)
~'"
i~ (tl
.wn

Fig. 9.91
Fig. 9.87 li1(1) = 5 e ·Ob15 ,_ i 1 (1) = I - e-o ~,, I
I v(I) = 4e_, - 2 t-21 J
--;;- -=---·--

9.38 £J~c1riral Nrtworts ---..... Laplace Transfo rm and Its App_licalions 9.39

13. For the network shown in Fig. 9.92. find currents i1(1) and ii(I) for I> 0. J7. For the network shown, determine v(r) when the input is le-') 11(1)

lrX'~
(i) an irnpuhe function I I - e..,I 11(1)
rn (ii) a unit , tep function [41 e-11 11(1)

50V T 7 i 1 (1)
I
~ 20µF'
iz (I)
sn

0.1 H
(iii) i(I ): 4t' I 11( / )
~ - - -~ - - - - - , - -- ----0 +

i(I) 10 IF V ( 1)

Fig. 9.92
i1(1) = 0.!0le- 100·5' + 10.0Se-9949.s, Fig. 9.96
[ i (1) = 5 - 5.05e- 100·5' +0.05e-9949J,]
2 18. For a unit ramp input. find the response vp) for r > O.
14. In the network shown in Fig. 9.93, the switch is opened at I= 0. the steady state having been established 100
previously. Find i (1) for I> 0.
Hl T
10 F v, (1)

IOVl Hl

0.1 F
i (1)
1.8 H

3.s o
Fig. 9.97
l
[,•, (n = - 100 11(1) + 100e--0oi, 11(1) + 1u(t)I

Fig. 9.93
[i(I) = l.5l24e- 2·221 + 3.049e-2.5
15. Find the current i (1), if the switch is closed at r = 0. Assume initial conditions to be zero. ~
\f Objective-Type
...
.,.,., . .,
Questions
. . .,., ...... . . .. ... .. .. ..........
.,.,., . ., ... . ., .,,,_, . .,.,., ., . ...... .,,., .,., .............. ..
.,,. .,., - ..,., ., ...................... .. .,.., .,. ...... . ... .
200 . o f vaI uc I F .ts
1. If the Laplace transform of the voltage across a capacitor
2
i (I) ! 100 150 V, (s) = - , -
s- + I
I

the value of 1he current through the capacitor at r = o• is

IH (a) 0 (b) 2 A (c ) _!
~
A (d i I A
2. The response of an initially relaxed linear constant parameter network to a unit impulse applied at r = 0
Fig. 9.94 [i(I) = 3 + 0.57e-7.l4~ is 4e-2' 11(1). The r.:sponse of this network to a unit step function will be!
16. In the network shown in Fig. 9.95, find the voltage v(I) for I> 0. (a) 2[ I - e - 11111(1) (b) 4[e.., - e-2r] 11(1) (c) sin 2r (d) (I - 4 e-1') 11(1)

---,,~-1, I,
70 I H
3. The Laplace 1ransfom1 of a unit r.llTlp function starting at t = a is
I
(a) - --,
(s+ar
( b) _ ,,_- _
(s+a)2
(c) "-
s-'
a
(dJ 2
J
5cos2r ' +

1 4. The Laplace 1ransfom1 of e"' cos a t is equal to

' 6 s- a s+ a
(a) , (b) - - , , (c) , {d) none of th.: at>m-e
(.,·- ar +a- (s - ai- +a- (s - a t
Fig. 9.95
6 _, 9 21 . 2J]
[
v(I) = --e +-e
-ti,
+ -3 cos 21 + -sm
5 10 10 10
---:-::-·~
au=
9.40 Elrctncal NrMorks

5. llic ,ircuit ,hnwn in Fig. <).</8 ha~ initial current i(O-) = I A

thrnugh the inductor :_ind an initial voltage 1,,(0-) = - I V across
the capacitor. 1-'or input l'( /J = 11(1). the Laplai:c transfonn of
+
---
~7 • JO
IH

the curr( Int i(I) lur t 2: () ,,

(al -
s 1 + .1 + I
,- 2
J+ 2
(b) , - - -
s· + .f + I
s- 2 -
V (t)

o--------- _
~
_./,
1 (t)
Jlp
(d) - , -- - .

10
(C) , - -
J ·+.r+ I .1 · +J+I F,g.9.98
6. A ,quarc pubc of 3 volls amplitude i~ applied to an R-C circuit ,hown in Fig. 9.99. The capac· .
111111ally uncharged. The output vollagc 1·11 al time t = 2 seconds i, llor ta
(d) - 4 V
iaJ .1 V (b) - 3 V (c) 4 V
O.lµF - j20

,vb_ ~~ ~ ~
# 2s t
Fig. 9.99

7. A 2-ml·I inductor wi th ,omc initial current can be

rcprc,cnted a, shown. The value of the initial current is
~ 0.002s I mV
IO. I INTRODUCTION
(a) 0.5 A (b) 2 A Fig. 9.100
(c) I A (d) 0 A network function give, the relation between current, or voltage, at di1Tcre111 parts of the network. II is
tmiadly dassitied as dri1·i11i: poim and m msfer f1111c1io11. II is as,cx:iatcd with tenninals and ports.
8. A current impul~ 5 8( I) i, forced through a capacitor C. The voltage v,.(t ) across the capaci r is given by Any network may be represented schematically hy a rectangular box. Tcnninals arc needed to connect any
network 10 any other n.:twork or for taki ng som.: measurements. Two ,uch associated tcnninab arc calh:d
/ ,a) 5 t (b) 5 11(1) - C (c) It tem,i11a/ pair or port. If then., is only one pair of tcnninals in the network. it is called a one-port network. If
~, C iW there art, 1wo pairs of tcnninals, ii i, called a two-port network. The port to whidt energy , ourcc is conncct.:d
9. In the circuit , hown in Fig. 9.101 . it is desired to have a ~ -- - - ~ is called the i11p111 port. The port 10 which load is connect.:d is known a, the v111p11t port. One sui:h ne1,, ork
con, tanl dim:! current i(I) through the ideal inductor L. having only one pair of tem1inals ( I - I' ) is shown in Fig. 10.1 (al and is called 011e-pon 11eru-ork. Figure
The nature of the vollage ,ource v(t) mu,t be V (/) l 10.1(b) shows a two port network with two pairs of tcnninals. Tite tenninals I - I' together constitute a poll.
(a) a constant voltage Similarly the terminals 2 - 2' constitute another port.
,,
,u
(b) a linearly increasing voltage Ii
uf? an ideal impul,e
rtd) a, exponential increa,ing voltage Fig. 9.101
One-
port
+v, Two-
port
+2
~
network - network - 2'
IO. When a unit impube voltage is applied to an inductor of I H, the energy supplied by the source is
(a)
I I'

(b)
(a) oo (b) I J (c) ~J (d) 0 Fig. 10.1
2
A vollugc and current arc assigned tu each of the two pons. V1 and / 1 arc as,ig ncd tu tht· input port ,, ht·n·:is
V1 and/! arc assigned to the output port. II is also assumed that cum:nts / 1 and /1 arc cntrring inh1 the nt'l\\·1)rJ..
(:J) '01 (:J) '6 (p) 'Ii (r.) 'L at the upper terminals I und 2 r.:spcctivcly.
<qJ ·s (r.) •., (:J) 'f (U) "l (J) ·1
... , .., . , . , , , , , , •........ , , , , . , . , , , , , , , , , . , , ... , , , , , , , , ,,, v-'1 0,2 DRIVING-POINT FUNCTIONS
_If excitation an cs msc arc measured al • ·· me rts. the · as the Jri, in>!- )
suo1isanl) ad,(1-a"!i:,afqo oi siaMSU\f ~ futw1 1on-'- For 11 011.:-pon network of Fig. IO. I (:1). only one voltage and current are spcl'ili.-11 and ht·nce only
one network function (and its rccipnx:ul) can be ddincd.