5/19/2018 Est For mula s - slide pdf.c om

1|EST Formulas

BASIC COMMUNICATIONS  Audi o Power

Wavelength
  
 = 0.5  

 Ampl if ier Effic iency

 =  

Frequency     

 =  

    =
1
 
Load Impedance

 
 =  
Bandwidth

    =  
Load Resistance
2

Resonant Frequency  = 2  


  √  =
1
 
Collector Voltage
 
Varactor’s Capacitance
2
  
(  )  = 4  

 √  
 =
1+2
 
Quality Facto r

   =  

Crystal Thickness
Shape Factor
ℎ  
 =
65.5
 
 −− 
 =
60

6
 

Oscillator Operating Frequency @

Image Frequency
Certain Temperature

       −

 =  + ( ) 
     
 =  + 2  

 Audi o Power Image Frequency Rejection Ratio

 = 0.5    =  

 Audi o Power      

   
 =
2

2
 

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5/19/2018 Est For mula s - slide pdf.c om

2|EST Formulas

Image Frequency Rejection Ratio Upper and Lower Sideband

       = 1+ 2 2 
Frequency

    − 
 =  

 =  
 
 =  +
VCO Sensitivity    −   Bandwidt h (AM)      
   =  
    = 2  

Total Transmit ting Power

Coupling Coefficient

    =
1
 
     
 = 1+
2
2
 

Total Sideband Power

     

Optimum Coupling Coefficient 2
 
 =  
 = 1.5   2

Bandwidth Power Saving of Double Sideband

    =  
Suppressed Carrier

   −
% . .=   × 100 

MODULATION Peak Envelope Power

Modulation Index
   =
2
 

   =  
Emitter Modulator Voltage Gain
2

  −
 =
 +
 
    
 = (1 ±

Modulation Index f or Singl e Sideband

) 

Total Modulation Index (AM)

 = 2 + 2 + + 2   = 2  

      ⋯
1

Upper and Lower Sideband Voltage

2
   
   
Quality Facto r

 =  =
2
 
    −∆
 =
(
4
1 /20 )
 

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5/19/2018 Est For mula s - slide pdf.c om

3|EST Formulas

FM Modulator Sensitivit y NOISE

    =   Effective Noise Bandwidt h

 =  
Deviation Ratio 2

   
 =  
Total Harmonic Distort ion

ℎℎ
  
Percent Modulation (FM)
(  )

  
%  =   × 100 

%  =     × 100 
Noise Power

    =  
Carrier Swing
Noise Voltage


FM Bandwid th Carson’s Rule
. .=2
  

      ⋯ 
 = 1
2
+ 2
2
+ 3
2
+ + 2
 

    
 = 2  + (max )   Shot Noise

FM Exact B andwidth      = 2  

   = 2   Signal-to-Noise Ratio

FM Narrow Bandwid th / ( ) = 10log( / ) 

  
FM Wideband B andwidth
 = 2  
    
Signal-to-Noise Ratio

/ ( ) = 20log( / ) 

   = 2   Noise Factor

Noise Phase Shif t

    ( / )

  −    ≈  

 =  
( / )
1
 =  ;  
Noise Figure

PM Modulator Sensitivit y
     ( ) = ( / )
   −    ( / )  

  =  
Total Noise Factor

     −    −     −

 =
2 1 3  1 4  1
1 + + +  
1 1 2 1 2 3

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5/19/2018 Est For mula s - slide pdf.c om

4|EST Formulas

Equivalent Noise Temperature Power Densit y

  − = 290(  1) 

 
 =
4 2
 

Electri c Field Intensit y

RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION

Veloci ty of Propagation
   
 =
30
 

 √ 
 =  
Effective Antenna Area

   =  
Characteristic Impedance
Received Power
 =  

Relative Permit tivit y     

 =
4 2
 

  Effective Antenna Area

   
 =  
2
 =  
Characteristic Impedance of a 4
Medium Snell’s Law
377
 =   1 1  = 2 2 

Power Densit y  √       

Refractive Index

   =
2
 
Snell’s Law
 =  

Power Densit y

   =  
   
1

2
=
1

2
 

Power Densit y Critical Angle

  =
4 2
    −  
 = 1 2

1
 

Effective Isotrop ic Radiated Power

  
 =  

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5|EST Formulas

Maximum Usable Frequency  Antenna Eff ic iency

 
   =
1
       
 =  ;  =
 +
 

Optimum Working Frequency Dipole Gain

 = 0.85    (      − 
) = ( ) 2.14  

Distance between Transmitti ng and  Antenna Pow er Gain

Receiving Antennas

    ℎ    ℎ
 = 17  + 17  
    =  

Effective Isotrop ic Radiated Power

Distance between Transmitti ng and
Receiving Antennas
    =  

Folded-Dipole Impedance

Free Space Loss

  =
  ℎ
2  +
  ℎ 2  
   = 73 2
 

   Helical Antenna Gain

  
 = 32.4 + 20  + 20  
15 ( )2
Time between Fades  = 3
 

    =
2
  Helical Antenna Beamwidt h

Number of Cells  = 52

     =
3.464 2
 
      

Parabolic Antenna Beamwid th

ANTENNAS
  
 =
2

2
2
 

Passive Reflector Gain

Radial L ength
4
 = 20  
 = 142.5  2

      

Parabola Coupl ing Factor 
Radiation Resistance

   = 2
 
   ′   
 =
4
 

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5/19/2018 Est For mula s - slide pdf.c om

6|EST Formulas

TRANSMISSION LINES  Characteristic Impedance of

Balanced w ire near Ground
Wavelength

 =    =
276   10
2
1+
2
 

2
Veloci ty Factor     √          ℎ 
Characteristic Impedance of Wires in

  √  1 Parallel near Ground

 =  

  
 =  
 √    ℎ     ℎ  
 =
69
10
4
1+
2
2
 

Veloci ty of Propagation Characteristic Impedance of

Balanced 2-wire near Ground

 √ 
 =  

 √          ℎ ℎ 

 =
276
10
2
1+
4
2
 
Propagation Tim e 1 2

 
 =   Characteristic Impedance of Coaxial
Cable

Characteristic Impedance
  �
 =
138
 

  =
     Reflectio n Coefficient
√ 
  
Γ  − 
 =  
Characteristic Impedance of Parallel-  +
Wire Cable

 √  
 =
276
  log  
Reflectio n Coefficient

Γ  −  1

 =
 + 1
 

Phase Shift
Characteristic Impedance of
Balanced 4-wire  
 =  ( 360°)  

 √           

 =
138 2 2
1+
2
2
 
Standing Wave Ratio

 
10
1

 =  

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7|EST Formulas

Standing Wave Ratio Stripline Characteristic Impedence

 − ΓΓ  =
1 + | |
1  | |
 
     
 =
60
ln
0.67
  4
0.8 +
 

Standing Wave Ratio

   =   Line √   ℎ

Open-Wire (Micro stri p) Transmis sion

   =  
 √   ℎ 
 =
120
 
ln
 +
 

Standing Wave Ratio

FIBER OPTICS
 =
1+   /
 
1 / Index o f Refraction
Load Power  −        =  

   
 =
(1 +
4
)2
 
    =  

Reflected Power Snell’s Law

  Γ   = 2
      
1 1  = 2 2 

Load Power Critical Angle

   −Γ
 = (1 2)
 
  −  
 = 1 2

1
 

Impedance Matching

    1

2
=
1

2
2
 
Numerical Aperture

   − 
 = 1
2 2
2  

Quarter-wavelength Transformer
Characteristic Impedance
  
 =  

Maximu m Acc eptance Angle

     =

Microstr ip Characterist ic Impedance

 
  −  − 
 = 1
( 1
2
2
2 ) 

 √    ℎ 
 Acceptance Cone

 =
87
 + 1.41
ln
0.8
  5.98
+
    = 2  

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8|EST Formulas

Single Mode Cutoff Wavelength Bit Rate for NRZ Code

  √ Δ
 =
2
2.405
1 2
    
 =
1
 

Maximu m Radius Bit Rate for RZ Code

    =
0.383
    
 =
2
1
 

Number of Modes Bandwidt h-Distance Product

  
 =   2

 
 
 =
500
 

2
Responsivity
Bandwidth

 Δ
 =
2
1
 

Responsivity
   =  

 
Electrical Bandwidth

 
 =
0.35
 

Irradiance
 =
1234
 

Fiber Attenuation

 =  × 10 /10
 
 =
  

Photon Energy    −   

  ℎ  =  

Total Rise Time

     

 = 2
+  2 2
 

Bit Rate for UPRZ Code

  ∆   =
 ×
1
 

Bit Rate for UPNRZ code

  ∆   =
2
1
×
 

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9|EST Formulas

TELEPHONY Total Channel Capacity in a Cellular

 Area
Pulse Dialing Duratio n

 = (0.1) + (  1)  

  
 =  

Frequency Reuse Factor  

  ∑  −−
Tone Dialing Duratio n

 =  +  (  1)  
    =  

DC Loop Resistance Co-Channel Reuse Ratio

   =
0.1095
2
 
  =  

Grade of Service Co-Channel Reuse Ratio

 = 3  

  =
  
  √ 
 AMPS Transmit Carri er Frequenc y
Traffi c Intensity

      
 = 0.03 + 825 

Carried Traffic
 =  
  −
 = 0.03( 1023) + 825 

 AMPS Receive Carrier Frequency

   − 
 = (1 ) 
 
 =  + 45  

Trunk Utilization GSM Frequency Shift between Mark

   =  
and Space     ℎ
  −   = 0.5  
Via Net Los s

    = 0.2  + 0.4( ) 

GSM Maxim um Transmitted
Frequency

Crosstalk Decibel Unit      

 =  + 0.25  

 = 90       GSM Mini mum Transmitted

Frequency
Channels
 −   
Number of Full-Duplex Cellular
    −  
 =  0.25  

    =   CDMA Radiated Power

  −  −
 = 76  

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10 | E S T Formulas

MICROWAVE DEVICES  Phase Velocity

Waveguide Long er Dimension   

 =
2
 

1
 =  
2
Rectangular Waveguide Cutof f    − 
Group and Phase Veloci ty
Frequency
    2

  
 =  

 =   Waveguide Characteristic Impedance

2

Rectangular Waveguide Cutof f

Wavelength
  
 =
377
2
 

1
2
 =  

Circular Waveguid e Cutof f

  Guide Wavelength  − 
Wavelength   
 =  

 
 =
2
 
Guide Wavelength

Group Velocity

2
 
 =
2
 

1
 = 1  

   −  2
 −  
Magnetron Average Power
Group Velocity
  
 =  

    −    
 = 1
2
  Magnetron Duty Cycle

Phase Velocity  

 =  

 = 2  Horn Antenna Gain

  − 
1
2
 
 =
7.5
2
 

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11 | E S T Formulas

H-Plane Beamwidt h TERRESTRIAL MICROWAVE

 
 =
70
  Distance between Transmitt er and
Receiver

E-Plane Beamwidt h

 
 =
56
 
    ℎ   ℎ 
( )  =

     ℎ    ℎ 
2 ( )  + 2 ( ) 

( )  = 17 ( )  + 17 ( ) 
Radar Equation

  
 =
2

(4 )3
2

4
 
K-Factor

 − 1
Radar Distance
 =
1  0.04665  0.005577   

   =
2
 
Effective Earth Radius
Maximu m Unambig uous Range     =  

   =   Earth Curvature

    
2

    =
2
 
 =
1(
1.5
) 2( )
 

1( ) 2( )
 
Minimum Usable Frequency  = 12.75

   =
2
  Fresnel Zone    
Doppler Shift Frequency
       
 = 17.3
1( ) 2( )
 

   
 =
2
 
( ) 1( ) 2( )

     

 = 72.1
( )
1(

1(
) 2(

) 2(
)

)
 

    
Fresnel Zone Clearance

 = 0.6 1 

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12 | E S T Formulas

Fresnel Zone Clearance Unavailability

       

 = 43.3
( )
1(

1(
) 2(

) 2(
)

)
 
 
 =
 +
 

Reliability

      
 = 10.4
( )
1(

1(
) 2(

) 2(
)

)
   −
 = (1 ) × 100 

 Antenna and Feedline Equivalent

Nth Fresnel Zone Radius Noise Temperature

   √ 
Effective Isotrop ic Radiated Power
 = 1  
 −   
 =
(  1)290 +
 

(EIRP) Equivalent Noise Temperature

 = 290(  1) 
     
 =

 =
( )  +

 
( ) 

Energy p er Bit p er Nois e Density
Ratio
−
Free Space Loss

    

 = 32.4 + 20 ( ) + 20 ( ) 
  
 =  

    

 = 92.4 + 20 ( ) + 20 ( ) 
Noise Power Density

 = 36.6 + 20 ( )  + 20 ( ) 
 =  

    

 = 96.6 + 20

Isotropic Radiated Power (IRL)

( )  + 20 ( ) 
  
Carrier-to-Noise Ratio

      − 

 ( ) =  
( )

    −

( )  =  
Receive Sig nal L evel (RSL)
Ratio of the Received to Transmitted
Power
   −    
( )  = ( )  +

( ) 
( ) + ( )

 ( ) =  +  
( ) ( ) ( ) Fade Margi n

 Avail abi li ty        −    − − 
 = 30
−   + 10 log(6 )

   
10 log(1 )  70 

 =  
 +

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13 | E S T Formulas

DIGITAL AND DATA BPSK Minimum Double-Sided

Nyquist Bandwidth
COMMUNICATIONS
Coding Efficiency
   
 =  

QPSK Nyquis t Bandwid th

  =
  
   
 =
2
 

Hamming Code
 ≥   8-PSK / 8-QAM Nyquist B andwidth
2

Baud-to-Bit rate Conversio n

 +  + 1 
   
 =
3
 

     = 2   16-PSK / 16-QAM Nyqui st Bandwi dth

Processing Gain
     −   
( ) = ( / ) ( / )  
   
Bandwidth Efficiency
 =
4
 

Shannon-Hartley Theorem on
Information Capacity    
 =  

    
 = 2 (1 + / ) 
Dynamic Range
 Alias ing Frequency
 = 1.76 + 6.02 ( ) 
 
 =
M-ary Encoding     −  Dynamic Range
    
   
 = 2   
 =  

FSK Frequency Deviation Dynamic Range

∆   − 
 =
|
2
|
 
  −
 = 2

Maximu m Quantizatio n Error

1 

FSK Minimum Bandwid th

FSK Baud Rate

 ∆
 = 2(  +
  ) 

Data Rate
 
 =
2
 

    =     

 =  

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14 | E S T Formulas

-Law Companding Sound Intensity Level (SIL)

  
 =
   
  
  ln 1 +
 
  
 = 10 10 ( ) 
ln(1 + )
 
 = 10 10  + 120
Intersymb ol Interference

  ℎ   Nth Decade    

 = 20 log  
   2  = 1  × 10  

Reverberation Time Stephen and

Bate Equation
ACOUSTICS & BROADCASTING
Sound Loudness
   √  
60  = 0.012
3
+ 0.1070  

Sabine Equation

ℎ  

Sound Power Level (PWL)
 = 40 + 10 2( ) 
   60  = 0.161  

    = 10 10 ( )   60  = 0.161  

    = 10

Sound Power Level from an Isotr opic

10  + 120     60  = 0.049  

Source 60  = 0.049  

    

 =   + 20 10  + 11  
 
Norris-Eyring Equatio n
Sound Power Level from a Source at
Ground Level  − −
60  = 0.161
(1 )
 

    

 =   + 20 10  + 8 
 − −
60  = 0.049
(1 )
 
Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
Helmhol tz Resonator Frequency
 = 20 10 ( )

   
 = 20 10  + 94  
f-rating
    
 =
2  
 

Sound Intensit y

 
 =
4 2
 
    =  

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15 | E S T Formulas

 Al uminati on Channel Frequency (Ch.2-4)

 
 = 2
 
   = 54 + 6(

Channel Frequency (Ch.7-13)

 −  2) 

Y-signal
 = 174 + 6(  7) 
   
 = 0.30  + 0.59  + 0.11    
Channel Frequency (Ch.14-83)
 −
I-signal

 −  − 
 = 0.60  0.28 0.32  
 
 = 470 + 6(  −  14) 

Picture Carrier Frequency

Q-signal

 − − 
 = 0.21 0.52  0.31  
    =  + 1.25 

Sound Carrier Frequency

C-signal magnitude
      = 2 + 2    
 =  + 1.25 + 4.5 

Color Sub-Carrier Frequency

C-signal phase
  
  − 
 =  + 1.25 + 3.58 
1
 =   Veloci ty of Sound i n Terms of
Young’s Modulus and Density
Video Frequency Response

 =  
 = 80 

Differential Gain
      
Horizontal Scanning Time in t erms of

   − 
 = 1 100 
number of p ixels

ℎ   
 =  × 0.125  

Tape Record ed Wavelengt h

  =  

 
From:

ECE Solutions in Electronics Systems &

Technologies (Arceo & De Vera)

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