DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS:

TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL

DISPLAYS
METHODS OF DATA PRESENTATION
(Part 2)
TABULAR AND
GRAPHICAL DISPLAYS:
Data For A Single Variable
Summarizing Quantitative Data
 Dot Plot
 Frequency Distribution and its Variants
 Histogram
 Frequency Polygons
 Stem-and-Leaf Display
Stem-and-Leaf Display
 A graphical display that simultaneously
shows the rank order and shape of the
distribution
 It is similar to a histogram on its side but
has the advantage of showing the actual
data values
 The first digits of each data item are
arranged to the left of a vertical line.
 To the right of the vertical line we record
the last digit for each item in rank order.
Illustration: Hudson Auto Repair
The manager of Hudson Auto would like to get a better
picture of the distribution of the costs for engine tune-
up parts. A sample of 50 customer invoices has been
taken and the costs of parts, rounded to the nearest
dollar are listed below. Construct a stem-and-leaf
display for the data set.

91 78 93 57 75 52 99 80 97 62
71 69 72 89 66 75 79 75 72 76
104 74 62 68 97 105 77 65 80 109
85 97 88 68 83 68 71 69 67 74
62 82 98 101 79 105 79 69 62 73
91 78 93 57 75 52 99 80 97 62
71 69 72 89 66 75 79 75 72 76
104 74 62 68 97 105 77 65 80 109
85 97 88 68 83 68 71 69 67 74
62 82 98 101 79 105 79 69 62 73
Stem-and-Leaf Display
 Each line in the display is referred to as a
stem.
 Each digit on a stem is a leaf.
 A single digit is used to define each leaf.
When the leaf unit is not shown, it is
assumed to be equal to 1.
 Other leaf units may be 100, 10, 0.1, 0.01,
and so on.
Stretched Stem-and-Leaf Display
 If we believe the original stem-and-leaf
display has condensed the data too much,
we can stretch the display by using two or
more stems for each leading digit(s).
 Whenever a stem value is stated twice,
the first value corresponds to leaf values
0-4 and the second values corresponds to
leaf values 5-9.
Stem-and-Leaf Display Stretched Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Illustration: Leaf Unit = 0.1
8.6 11.7 9.4 9.1 10.2 11.0 8.8
Illustration: Leaf Unit =10
1806 1717 1974 1791
1682 1910 1838
TABULAR AND
GRAPHICAL DISPLAYS:
Data For Two Variables
Tables and Graphs for 2 Variables
 Crosstabulation
 Scatter Diagram

 Helpful in understanding the relationship

between two variables
Crosstabulation
 A tabular summary of data for two
variables
 Both variables can be either qualitative or
quantitative, or when one variable is
qualitative and the other is quantitative
(create classes for the values of the
quantitative variable)
 The labels shown in the margins of the
table define the categories (classes) for
the two variables
Illustration: Quality Rating and Meal
Price for 300 Los Angeles Restaurants
Illustration: Quality Rating and Meal
Price for 300 Los Angeles Restaurants
Quality Meal Price
Rating $10-19 $20-29 $30-39 $40-49 Total
Good 42 40 2 0 84
Very Good 34 64 46 6 150
Excellent 2 14 28 22 66
Total 78 118 76 28 300

 The largest number of restaurants in the sample

have a very good rating and a meal price in the
$20-29 range
 Most restaurants in the $40-49 range have
excellent rating
Illustration: Quality Rating and Meal
Price for 300 Los Angeles Restaurants
Row Percentages for Each Quality Rating Category
(obtained by dividing each frequency by row totals)

Quality Meal Price

Rating $10-19 $20-29 $30-39 $40-49 Total
Good 50.00 47.62 2.38 0 100
Very Good 22.67 42.67 30.67 4.00 100
Excellent 3.03 21.21 42.42 33.33 100

(row totals are actually 100.01 and 99.99 due to rounding)

Converting the entries into row percentages or

column percentages can provide more insight
into the relationship between the two variables
Example
The following data are for 30 observations
involving two qualitative variables x and y.
The categories for x are A, B, and C; the
categories for y are 1 and 2. Develop a
crosstabulation for the data, with x as the
row variable and y as the column variable.
Compute column percentages. What is the
relationship, if any, between x and y?
Example
Observation x y Observation x y Observation x y
1 A 1 11 A 1 21 C 2
2 B 1 12 B 1 22 B 1
3 B 1 13 C 2 23 C 2
4 C 2 14 C 2 24 A 1
5 B 1 15 C 2 25 B 1
6 C 2 16 B 2 26 C 2
7 B 1 17 C 1 27 C 2
8 C 2 18 B 1 28 A 1
9 A 1 19 C 1 29 B 1
10 B 1 20 B 1 30 B 2
Scatter Diagram
 A graphical display of the relationship
between two quantitative variables
 A trendline is a line that provides an
approximation of the relationship
 One variable (independent variable) is
shown on the horizontal axis and the
other variable (dependent variable) is
shown on the vertical axis
 The general pattern of the plotted points
suggests the overall relationship between
the variables
Illustration: Advertising/Sales
Relationship
Consider the advertising/sales relationship for
a stereo and sound equipment store. On 10
occasions during the past three months, the
store used weekend television commercials
to promote sales at its stores. The managers
want to investigate whether a relationship
exists between the number of commercials
shown and the sales at the store during the
following week. Sample data for the 10
weeks with sales in hundreds of dollars are
shown in the table. Construct a scatter
diagram for the data.
Illustration: Advertising/Sales
Relationship
Week Number of Commercials Sales ($100s)
1 2 50
2 5 57
3 1 41
4 3 54
5 4 54
6 1 38
7 5 63
8 3 48
9 4 59
10 2 46
 Scatter Diagram for Advertising and Sales of
Stereo and Sound Equipment Store

70

60

50
Sales ($100s)

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Number of Commercials
Example
A study on driving speed (miles per hour) and
fuel efficiency (miles per gallon) for midsize
automobiles resulted in the following data.
Construct a scatter diagram with driving speed
on the horizontal axis and fuel efficiency on the
vertical axis.

Driving
Speed
30 50 40 55 30 25 60 25 50 55
Fuel
Efficiency
28 25 25 23 30 32 21 35 26 25