Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Paranaque Branch

OS 1 and OS 2
Comparative Paper on Operating Systems
ICT 216 – 2nd SemesterAY2018-2019

Submitted to:

Mrs. Joanna B. Emralino

Submitted by:

[Student 1]
[Student 2]
[Program]

[Date]
I. Introduction

II. Windows 7

Windows 7 is a personal computer operating system that was produced

by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to
manufacturing on July 22, 2009 and became generally available on October 22, 2009,
less than three years after the release of its predecessor, Windows
Vista.Windows7's server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same
time.Windows 7 was primarily intended to be an incremental upgrade to Microsoft
Windows, intended to address Windows Vista's poor critical reception while maintaining
hardware and software compatibility. Windows 7 continued improvements on Windows
Aero (the user interface introduced in Windows Vista) with the addition of a
redesigned taskbar that allows applications to be "pinned" to it, and new window
management features. Other new features were added to the operating system, including
libraries, the new file sharing system HomeGroup, and support for multitouch input. A
new "Action Center" interface was also added to provide an overview of system security
and maintenance information, and tweaks were made to the User Account Control system
to make it less intrusive. Windows 7 also shipped with updated versions of several
stockapplications, including Internet Explorer 8, Windows Media Player, and Windows
Media Center.

In contrast to Windows Vista, Windows 7 was generally praised by critics, who

considered the operating system to be a major improvement over its predecessor due to
its increased performance, its more intuitive interface (with particular praise devoted to
the new taskbar), fewer User Account Control popups, and other improvements made
across the platform. Windows 7 was a major success for Microsoft; even prior to its
official release, pre-order sales for 7 on the online retailer Amazon.com had surpassed
previous records. In just six months, over 100 million copies had been sold worldwide,
increasing to over 630 million licenses by July 2012. As of December 2018, 35.55% of
computers running Windows are running
III. Linux

Linux began in 1991 with the commencement of a personal project by Finnish

student Linus Torvalds to create a new free operating system kernel. Since then, the
resulting Linux kernel has been marked by constant growth throughout its history. Since
the initial release of its source code in 1991, it has grown from a small number of C files
under a license prohibiting commercial distribution to the 4.15 version in 2018 with more
than 23.3 million lines of source code without comments under the GNU General Public
License in 1991. The Linux kernel is publicly announced on 25 August by the 21-year-
old Finnish student Linus Benedict Torvalds. 1992: The Linux kernel is relicensed under
the GNU GPL. The first Linux distributions are created. 1993Over 100 developers work
on the Linux kernel. he operating system is the most significant fundamental of all the
system programs, it controls all the computer's resources and provides the base upon
which the application programs can be written .Therefore, it is crucial for computer users
to select a robust, dependable, stable operating system, which can execute programs in a
convenient and efficient manner. Linux operating system, which is widely used in recent
years, has become increasingly popular in the computer world.

The development in Linux operating system began in 1991, when a Finnish

student, Linus Torvald, wrote and christened Linux, a small but self-contained kernel for
the 80386 processor, the first true 32-bit processor in Intel's range of PC-compatible
CPUs . Because Linux is free, a large number of computer users have been rapidly
attracted by it. According to reasonable market estimates, there are over eight million
Linux users in the world . This essay will introduce the components and characteristics of
Linux and establish the causes of its popularity in comparison with other operating
systems.

Linux is a free and open source operating system based on Unix standards. It provides
programming interface as well as user interface compatible with Unix based systems and
provides large variety applications. A Linux system also contains many separately
developed elements, resulting in Unix system which is fully compatible and free from
proprietary code.The traditional monolithic kernel is employed in Linux kernel for
performance purpose, but its modular feature allows most drivers to dynamically loaded
and unloaded at runtime. Linux protects processes and is a multiuser system. Interprocess
communication is supported by both of mechanisms such as message queue, shared
memory and semaphore.An abstract layer is used in Linux to govern the different file
systems, but to users, the file system looks like a hierarchical directory tree. It also
supports networked, device-oriented and virtual file systems. Disk storage is accessed
through a page cache which is unified with the virtual memory systems. To minimize the
duplication of shared data among different processes the memory management system
uses page sharing and copy-on-write.

IV. Mac OS

The family of Macintosh operating systems developed by Apple Inc. includes the
graphical user interface-based operating systems it has designed for use with its
Macintosh series of personal computers since 1984, as well as the related system software
it once created for compatible third-party systems.

In 1984, Apple debuted the operating system that is now known as the "Classic" Mac OS
with its release of the original Macintosh System Software. The system, rebranded "Mac
OS" in 1996, was preinstalled on every Macintosh until 2002 and offered on Macintosh
clones for a short time in the 1990s. Noted for its ease of use, it was also criticized for its
lack of modern technologies compared to its competitors.

The current Mac operating system is macOS, originally named "Mac OS X" until 2012
and then "OS X" until 2016.Developed between 1997 and 2001 after Apple's purchase of
NeXT, Mac OS X brought an entirely new architecture based on NeXTSTEP, a Unix
system, that eliminated many of the technical challenges that the classic Mac OS faced.
The current macOS is preinstalled with every Mac and is updated annually. It is the basis
of Apple's current system software for its other devices, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS.

Prior to the introduction of Mac OS X, Apple experimented with several other concepts,
releasing different products designed to bring the Macintosh interface or applications to
Unix-like systems or vice versa, A/UX, MAE, and MkLinux. Apple's effort to expand
upon and develop a replacement for its classic Mac OS in the 1990s led to a few
cancelled projects, code named Star Trek, Taligent, and Copland.
Although they have different architectures, the Macintosh operating systems share
common set of GUI principles, including a menu bar across the top of the screen; the
Finder shell, featuring a desktop metaphor that represents files and applications using
icons and relates concepts like directories and file deletion to real-world objects like
folders and a trash can; and overlapping windows for multitasking.

V. Unix

Unix was originally developed at Bell Laboratories as a private research project by

small groups of people starting 1969. The goal of this group was design an operating
system that was written in a high level language rather than assembly language, allow re-
use of code and be simple and elegant. Operating systems in that time were large and
written in assembly language. UNIX had a small amoutnof code written in assembly
language (called the kernel). The remaining code was written in a lanuage called C. As
the group continued to develop UNIX , small changes were needed in the kernel and the
language to allow the operating system to be completed. Through this work they worked
through the kernel and software until a complete operating system was written on top of
the kernel in the language C.

The Unix operating system was created in 1969 by Kenneth Thompson and
Dennis Ritchie, system engineers at AT&T's Bell Labs. It went through many revisions
and gained in popularity until 1977, when it was first made commercially available by
Interactive Systems Corporation. At the same time a team from the University of
California at Berkeley was working to improve UNIX. In 1977 it released the first
Berkeley Software Distribution, which became known as BSD. Over time this won favor
through innovations such as the C shell. Meanwhile the AT&T version was developing in
different ways By 1983 commercial interest was growing and Sun Microsystems
produced a UNIX workstation.Unix just like any other operating system is a portable,
multi-tasking and multi-user operating system. Unix is portable, meaning it is capable of
running on different hardware architectures such as Intel, IBM, PC and many more. It is
multi-tasking which enables Unix to run several programs at the same time. Unix is also
a multi-user operating system, which makes the system to be more flexible to be used by
many users at the same time. Unix is machine independent making its memory
management scheme vary from one system to next. There are two schemes that Unix
uses to manage memory efficiently; they are through swapping and paging. Swapping
involves moving processes from the swap device to the main memory for execution. The
only catch is the process size needs to be smaller or equal to the available main memory.
Unlike swapping, paging handles the memory in a more flexible way. Unix must meet
the minimum hardware requirements to be able to function properly. For example, at
least 2gb of RAM is a must. Color monitor and a video card capable of displaying 16-bit
colors is required. Mouse or another similar peripheral is also important. Unix operating
system also requires processors such as Intel or AMD.

VI. JHJ
 VII. Comparative Matrix

[Based on the discussion above, create a table comparing the characteristics of the
operating systems.]

Windows 7 Linux Mac 0S Unix

Mach provides a
flexible framework
for thread
scheduling
policies. Currently
Mac OS X supports
time-sharing and
fixed-priority
policies. The time-
sharing policy
raises and lowers a
thread’s priority
based on its
Scheduling resource
Algorithm consumption
against other time-
sharing threads.
Whereas fixed-
priority threads
are put at the end
of a queue of
threads of equal
priority after they
are executed for a
certain amount of
time. The Mac OS
X was constructed
in a way that will
allow additional
 scheduling policies
to be added to
future versions.

The kernel of the

Mac OS X is
composed of five
components:
Mach, BSD, Device
Linux memory Drivers and I/O Kit,
management Networking, and
subsystem is File Systems.
responsible, as Mach, the lowest
the name implies, level of the kernel,
for managing the
is the part of the
memory in the
system. This operating system
includes that provides
implemnetation implementations
of virtual of tasks, threads,
memory and ports, virtual
Memory
demand paging, addressing,
Management
memory memory
allocation both
management,
for kernel
internal intertask
structures and communication.
user space This component
programms, also manages
mapping of files processor usage,
into processes handles
address space scheduling, and
and many other
enforces memory
cool things.
protection. Mach
provides timing
services,
synchronization
primitives, and
messaging-
 centered
infrastructure to
the rest of the
operating system.

Deadlock
prevention takes
on a new look
with the new OS
X. Again, with
UNIX as its
basis, the OS
A deadlock
uses cooperative
occurs when
multitasking.
there is a cyclic
This type of
dependency
multitasking
between two or
allows any
more threads, or
number of
processes, for
processes to be
some set of
Deadlock going on at one
resources within
Handling time but the OS
operating system
decides which of
environment. A
these processes
set of. processes
gets the
is deadlocked if
processor power.
each process is
If one program
waiting for an
were to crash or
event that only
hang up the
another process
processor the
in.
new OS X
would, like
UNIX, not crash
but rather close
out that process
and flush the
memory.
 This information
includes the
current state,
address, size, type,
Process
creator, and
synchronization
in Linux involves process serial
providing a time number. The
slice for each process serial
process so that number is the
they get the identifier for each
required time for process.
execution.
All processes must
The process can be either a
be created using foreground
the fork() process or a
command in
background
Linux. The
creating process process. A
is called the foreground
Process parent process process is one that
Synchronization and the created the user is
process is the currently
child process. A interacting with.
child process can Its windows and
have only one
menu are in front
parent but a
parent process of all other
may have many applications. The
children. Both foreground
the parent and process is the
child processes active application,
have the same and only one
memory image, process may be in
open files and
the foreground at
environment
a time. The
strings. However,
they have distinct foreground
address spaces. process has first
priority in
accessing the CPU.
VIII. Analysis/Conclusion

There are many differences between the windows and linux operating systems in
various fields. But the users cannot say exactly which OS is the better one between
the two. There are some users who donot know that there are some advanced features
that exists uniquely in each of the operating.

References: (Alphabetically arranged)

Inside Mac OS X: System Overview

http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/macosx/SystemOverview/SystemOverview/Syst
emOverview.pdf

https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-
guide/mm/index.html

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/process-synchronization-in-linux