TEXTPROCESSINGUTILITIES
Awk command: Used to print the output based on our requirement.
Syntax: awk options’selection criteria {action}’ file(s)
$N: Here, N denotes the field number.
NR: It denotes the line number
Initial Input:
Example 1: $awk ‘{print $2,$3}’ marks
Task: Displays 2nd field and 3rd field
Output :
Example 2: $awk ‘$2==”Neeraj”{print $2,$4}’ marks
Task: Displays 2nd field and 4thfield of lines whose 2nd field is Neeraj
Output:
Example 3: $awk ‘NR==3,NR==6{print $1,$2,$3}’ marks
Task: Display 1st, 2nd and 3rd field of rows 3 to 6.
Output:
Example 4: $awk ‘/Neeraj/ {print}’ marks
Task: prints the lines containing Neeraj
Output:
diff command: It displays difference between 2 files and the changes needed to be done to
make both the files same.
Syntax: $difffile1 file2
Example1: test1 and test2 are completely different
Output:
Explanation: m,ncp,q: change m to n lines in file1 and p to q lines in file2
Example2: test1 has 1 additional line compared to test2.
Output:
Explanation: md0: delete mth column in 1st file
Example 3: diff test2 test1
Output:
Explanation: 0am: Add mth column in file2.
Comm command: Compares 2 sorted files and displays the result in output.
Syntax: $comm [options] file1 file2
Example 1: comm test1 test2
Output:
Explanation: First column contains names only in file1, 2nd column contains names only
in file2 and 3rd column contains names common to both file 1 and file 2.
Example 2: comm test1 test2 //test1 and test2 are same.
Output:
Cmp command: Compares 2 files and writes the result to standard output
Syntax: $cmp[options file1 file2
Example1: cmp test1 test2
Output:
Example2: cmp –c test1 test2
Output:
tr command: It takes as parameters two sets of characters or strings, and replaces
occurrences of the characters in the first set with the corresponding elements from
the other set.
Syntax: tr options exp1 exp2 <filename //filename is optional
Example1: tr ‘e’ ‘a’ <marks
Output:
Example2: tr ‘a-z’ ‘A-Z’ <filename
Output:
Example 3: tr –d ‘ee’<filename
Output:
Explanation: Deletes specified characters
Example 4: tr –cd ‘ee’<<filename
Output:
Explanation: Displays specifies characters removing all other characters.
tee command:Displays the output of the command and copies or appends it into
another file.
Syntax: command|tee [options] filename
Example 1: cat test1|tee test2
Output:
Explanation: Output of cat test1 is displayed and that output is copied into
test2.
Example 2: cat test1|tee –a test2
Output:
Explanation: Output of cat test1 is displayed and it is appended to file test2.
Tail: To display last 10 lines of the file.
Syntax: tail [options][file]
Example: tail Neeraj
Output:
Head: Displays first 10 lines of the file.
Syntax: head [options][file]
Example: head Neeraj
Output:
Sort:Sorts the file
i) Sort by lines: Syntax: sort filename
Example: sort Neeraj Output:
ii) Sort in reverse order: Syntax:sort –r filename
Example:sort –r Neeraj
Output:
nl:For numberingthe lines
Syntax: nl filename
Example: nl Neeraj
Output:
uniq: Displays unique lines of given files
Syntax: uniq [OPTIONS] filename
Example1: uniq Neeraj
Output:
Example2: uniq-D Neeraj
Output: It displays only duplicate lines.
Example 3: uniq –u Neeraj
Output: It doesn’t print even a single copy of duplicate data
cut:Extract the required files or columns from file
Syntax: cut [options] filename
Example1: cut –f1,3 neeraj
Output:Prints field of 1st and 3rd of each line from the file.
Example2: cut –d”c” –f1,3 neeraj
Output: Prints field of 1st and 3rd of each line from the file with c as
delimiter.
Example3: cut –c3-6 neeraj
Output:prints characters from third to sixth of each line from the file.
Paste: Create new file by gluying together fields or columns from 2 or more files.
Syntax: paste filename1>filename2
Example: paste neeraj>n Output:
join: Joins lines of 2 files based on a common field.
Syntax: join -1N -2N file1 file 2
Example: join -11 -21 student.txt marks.txt
Output:
grep: Used to display the lines where entered pattern is there.
Syntax: grep [options] pattern filename
Example1: grep 90 marks
Output:
Example2: grep –c Neeraj marks
Output: Prints the number of lines containing the given word Neeraj
Example3: grep –v Neeraj marks
Output: Prints lines except the lines the lines containing Neeraj
Example4:grep –n Neeraj marks
Output:Prints the lines containing Neeraj along with line numbers
Example5: grep –i neeraj marks
Output: Ignores the case while matching the string
fgrep: To search 2 or more strings simultaneously
Syntax: fgrep pattern filename
Example: grep ‘1
>2
>3’ marks
Output:
egrep: To search for 2 or more strings simultaneous but in a single line only.
Syntax: egrep pattern filename
Example: egrep ‘1|2|3’ marks
Output:
