TEXTPROCESSINGUTILITIES

Awk command: Used to print the output based on our requirement.

Syntax: awk options’selection criteria {action}’ file(s)

Initial Input:

Example 1: $awk ‘{print $2,$3}’ marks

Task: Displays 2nd field and 3rd field

Output :

Example 2: $awk ‘$2==”Neeraj”{print $2,$4}’ marks

Task: Displays 2nd field and 4thfield of lines whose 2nd field is Neeraj

Output:

Example 3: $awk ‘NR==3,NR==6{print $1,$2,$3}’ marks

Task: Display 1st, 2nd and 3rd field of rows 3 to 6.

Output:

Example 4: $awk ‘/Neeraj/ {print}’ marks

Output:

diff command: It displays difference between 2 files and the changes needed to be done to
make both the files same.

Syntax: $difffile1 file2

Example1: test1 and test2 are completely different

Output:

Explanation: m,ncp,q: change m to n lines in file1 and p to q lines in file2

Example2: test1 has 1 additional line compared to test2.

Output:

Explanation: md0: delete mth column in 1st file

Example 3: diff test2 test1

Output:
 Explanation: 0am: Add mth column in file2.

Comm command: Compares 2 sorted files and displays the result in output.

Syntax: $comm [options] file1 file2

Example 1: comm test1 test2

Output:

Explanation: First column contains names only in file1, 2nd column contains names only
in file2 and 3rd column contains names common to both file 1 and file 2.

Example 2: comm test1 test2 //test1 and test2 are same.

Output:

Cmp command: Compares 2 files and writes the result to standard output

Syntax: $cmp[options file1 file2

Example1: cmp test1 test2

Output:

Example2: cmp –c test1 test2

Output:
tr command: It takes as parameters two sets of characters or strings, and replaces
occurrences of the characters in the first set with the corresponding elements from
the other set.
Syntax: tr options exp1 exp2 <filename //filename is optional
Example1: tr ‘e’ ‘a’ <marks
Output:

Example2: tr ‘a-z’ ‘A-Z’ <filename

Output:

Example 3: tr –d ‘ee’<filename

Output:

Explanation: Deletes specified characters

Example 4: tr –cd ‘ee’<<filename

Output:

Explanation: Displays specifies characters removing all other characters.

Syntax: command|tee [options] filename

Example 1: cat test1|tee test2

Output:

Explanation: Output of cat test1 is displayed and that output is copied into
test2.
Example 2: cat test1|tee –a test2
Output:

Explanation: Output of cat test1 is displayed and it is appended to file test2.

Tail: To display last 10 lines of the file.

Syntax: tail [options][file]

Example: tail Neeraj

Head: Displays first 10 lines of the file.

Syntax: head [options][file]

Example: head Neeraj

Output:

Sort:Sorts the file

i) Sort by lines: Syntax: sort filename

Example: sort Neeraj Output:

Example:sort –r Neeraj

Output:

nl:For numberingthe lines

Syntax: nl filename

Example: nl Neeraj

Output:

uniq: Displays unique lines of given files

Syntax: uniq [OPTIONS] filename

Example1: uniq Neeraj

Output:
 Example2: uniq-D Neeraj

Output: It displays only duplicate lines.

Example 3: uniq –u Neeraj

Output: It doesn’t print even a single copy of duplicate data

cut:Extract the required files or columns from file

Syntax: cut [options] filename

Example1: cut –f1,3 neeraj

Output:Prints field of 1st and 3rd of each line from the file.
 Example2: cut –d”c” –f1,3 neeraj

Output: Prints field of 1st and 3rd of each line from the file with c as
delimiter.

Example3: cut –c3-6 neeraj

Output:prints characters from third to sixth of each line from the file.

Paste: Create new file by gluying together fields or columns from 2 or more files.

Syntax: paste filename1>filename2

Example: paste neeraj>n Output:

Syntax: join -1N -2N file1 file 2

Example: join -11 -21 student.txt marks.txt

Output:

grep: Used to display the lines where entered pattern is there.

Syntax: grep [options] pattern filename

Example1: grep 90 marks

Output:

Example2: grep –c Neeraj marks

Output: Prints the number of lines containing the given word Neeraj

Example3: grep –v Neeraj marks

Output: Prints lines except the lines the lines containing Neeraj
 Example4:grep –n Neeraj marks

Output:Prints the lines containing Neeraj along with line numbers

Example5: grep –i neeraj marks

Output: Ignores the case while matching the string

fgrep: To search 2 or more strings simultaneously

Syntax: fgrep pattern filename

Example: grep ‘1

>2

>3’ marks

Output:

egrep: To search for 2 or more strings simultaneous but in a single line only.

Syntax: egrep pattern filename

Example: egrep ‘1|2|3’ marks

Output: