15.10.

2015

Structural Design I
Structural design I+II 2

Structural design I Structural design II

2. Equilibrium 6. Materials and 18. Bending

and graphic static dimensioning

1. Introduction 3.+4. Cables 7. Arches 10. Arch-cable- 12. +13. Trusses 15.+16. Beams 19. Columns
structures and frames

5. Cable-net and 8.+9. Vaults, 11. Spatial arch- 14. Spatial trusses 17. Spatial beams
membrane struc- domes and shells cable-structures
tures

Course overview
 3

Cable-net and membrane structures

Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments
Types of tensioned roof systems
Construction detailing
Retractable membrane structures
Pneumatic membrane structures
Membrane materials
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 4

Tensile tree tent

Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 5

C prestressed state

A B

C
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 6

C prestressed state

B
A B
Q C
A

P >> Q

C
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 7

C prestressed state

B
A B
Q C
A

Q A
Q C
B

P>Q

C
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 8

C prestressed state

B
A B
Q C
A

Q A
Q C
B

A
P=Q Q

B
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 9

C prestressed state

B
A B
Q C
A

Q A
Q C
B

A
P<Q Q

B
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 10

A B

B C

A D

D C
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 11

A B

P
B C

P + P

A D
P

D C
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 12

A B

P
B C

P + P

A D
P

D C

m
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 13

B + C
P P
A m
A D

m n
P

D
B C

A D
C
m n

n
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 14

B
B C

m
A D

A m n

B C

C
A D

n m n
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 15

B C
prestressed state

A D
m n
B

B Q
m C

A Q A D
m n

P>Q
D

n
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 16

B C
prestressed state

A D
m n
B

B Q
m C

A Q A D
m n

B
P=Q
Q

A
m

n
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 17

B C
prestressed state

A D
m n
B

B Q
m C

A Q A D
m n

B
P<Q
Q

A
m

n Q

A
m
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 18

B
B

m
m
A A
F
D D

E
C C
n2
n n1

C
B C B
D
E
A D A
F
m n m n 1-2
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 19

m
m

n4
n3
n3
n2
n2
n1
n1

m n 1-3 m n 1-4
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 20

A B P
B P
P
P
B P
P
P
P P A P
P P P
D P P P P P
m
A
m

P P P P P P
P P C
P P P
P
P
C P
P
n P
P D
C P
D
n
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 21

m n m n
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 22

Q Q

Q Q

m n m n
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 23

Q
m n m n
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 24

Anatole Kopp, R. Sager: Stade de Saint-Ouen, Nanterre, 1971

Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 25

Anatole Kopp, R. Sager: Stade de Saint-Ouen, Nanterre, 1971

Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 26

Anatole Kopp, R. Sager: Stade de Saint-Ouen, Nanterre, 1971

Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 27

Anatole Kopp, R. Sager: Stade de Saint-Ouen, Nanterre, 1971

Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 28

P1 = p . b P2 = p . l
b
p
P1 l

P2

P3 = p . b
P4 = p . l
p

p
P3 P2
P3

P1 P4
P4 m n
p
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 29
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 30

D D
B
F

E
C A
C
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 31

A
A E F B E
m D
P + P
C
F
B
P

n m

D C

n
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 32

A
E
D

C
D F
B
F B

E
A n m
C
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 33

A
E
D

D
B C
F
F
E B
A
C

A
E
D

D C
B F
B
F
E
A
C
n m
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 34
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 35
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 36
Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures 37
 38

Cable-net and membrane structures

Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments
Types of tensioned roof systems
Construction detailing
Retractable membrane structures
Pneumatic membrane structures
Membrane materials
Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments 39

Frei Otto, Pritzker Prize Winner 2015

Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments 40
Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments 41
Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments 42

Frei Otto: Study „Membraneforms“, Germany, 1986

Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments 43

Frei Otto: Study „Membraneforms“, Germany, 1986

Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments 44
Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments 45
Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments 46

Frei Otto: Soap film machine

Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments 47

Frei Otto: Model, soap film

Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments 48

Frei Otto: Humped tent, Aberdeen and Hyde Park, 1975

 49

Cable-net and membrane structures

Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments
Types of tensioned roof systems
Construction detailing
Retractable membrane structures
Pneumatic membrane structures
Membrane materials
Types of tensioned roof systems 50
Types of tensioned roof systems 51

Foster + Partners, Arup: Bishop Square, London, 2005

Types of tensioned roof systems 52

Foster + Partners, Arup: Bishop Square, London, 2005

Types of tensioned roof systems 53
Types of tensioned roof systems 54

Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympic stadium, Munich, 1972

Types of tensioned roof systems 55

Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympic stadium, Munich, 1972

Types of tensioned roof systems 56

Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympic stadium, Munich, 1972

Types of tensioned roof systems 57

Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympic stadium, Munich, 1972

Types of tensioned roof systems 58

Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympic stadium, Munich, 1972

Types of tensioned roof systems 59

Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympic stadium, Munich, 1972

Types of tensioned roof systems 60

Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympic stadium, Munich, 1972

Types of tensioned roof systems 61
Types of tensioned roof systems 62

Ackermann and Partner, Schlaich Bergermann and Partner: Ice rink, Munich, 1983
Types of tensioned roof systems 63

Ackermann and Partner, Schlaich Bergermann and Partner: Ice rink, Munich, 1983
Types of tensioned roof systems 64

Ackermann and Partner, Schlaich Bergermann and Partner: Ice rink, Munich, 1983
Types of tensioned roof systems 65

Ackermann and Partner, Schlaich Bergermann and Partner: Ice rink, Munich, 1983
Types of tensioned roof systems 66

Philippe Samyn: Research laboratory of M&G Group, Venafro, 1991

Types of tensioned roof systems 67
Types of tensioned roof systems 68
Types of tensioned roof systems 69
Types of tensioned roof systems 70

Circus tent, Taupo

Types of tensioned roof systems 71

Frei Otto: Model for Institute for Lightweight Structures, Stuttgart, 1966
Types of tensioned roof systems 72

Frei Otto: Model for Institute for Lightweight Structures, Stuttgart, 1966
Types of tensioned roof systems 73

Frei Otto: Institute for Lightweight Structures, Stuttgart, 1966

Types of tensioned roof systems 74

Frei Otto: Montreal Pavilion, Montreal, 1967

Types of tensioned roof systems 75

Frei Otto: Institute for Lightweight Structures, Stuttgart, 1966

Types of tensioned roof systems 76

SOM: Hajj-Terminal, Jeddah, 1981

Types of tensioned roof systems 77

SOM: Hajj-Terminal, Jeddah, 1981

Types of tensioned roof systems 78

SOM: Hajj-Terminal, Jeddah, 1981

Types of tensioned roof systems 79

SOM: Hajj-Terminal, Jeddah, 1981

 80

Cable-net and membrane structures

Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments
Types of tensioned roof systems
Construction detailing
Retractable membrane structures
Pneumatic membrane structures
Membrane materials
Construction detailing 81

Ackermann and Partner, Schlaich Bergermann and Partner: Waste management, Munich, 1999
Construction detailing 82

A B A B

D C D C

B C B C

A D A D
Construction detailing 83

Connection of membranes
Construction detailing 84

Detail of membrane
Construction detailing 85
Construction detailing 86
Construction detailing 87
Construction detailing 88
Construction detailing 89

Ackermann and Partner, Schlaich Bergermann and Partner: Waste management, Munich, 1999
Construction detailing 90
Construction detailing 91
Construction detailing 92

Ackermann and Partner, Schlaich Bergermann and Partner: Waste management, Munich, 1999
Construction detailing 93

Curtis Fentress, Horst Berger: Denver International Airport, Denver, 1995

Construction detailing 94
Construction detailing 95

CAD model formfinder

Construction detailing 96

Curtis Fentress, Horst Berger: Denver International Airport, Denver, 1995

Construction detailing 97

Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympia Park, Munich, 1972

Construction detailing 98

Günter Behnisch, Frei Otto: Olympia Park, Munich, 1972

 99

Cable-net and membrane structures

Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments
Types of tensioned roof systems
Construction detailing
Retractable membrane structures
Pneumatic membrane structures
Membrane materials
Retractable membrane structures 100

Frei Otto: Prototype Umbrella, Red Sea Coast, 1987

Retractable membrane structures 101

Frei Otto: Prototype Umbrella, Red Sea Coast, 1987

Retractable membrane structures 102

Bodo Rasch, Frei Otto: Project study, multimedia stadium for Farbwerke Hoechst, Germany, 1971
Retractable membrane structures 103

Frei Otto: Open-air theater, Bad Hersfeld, Germany, 1969

Retractable membrane structures 104

Frei Otto: Open-air theater, Bad Hersfeld, Germany, 1969

Retractable membrane structures 105

Bodo Rasch: Quba Mosque, roof over courtyard, Madhina, 1987

Retractable membrane structures 106

Bodo Rasch, BuroHappold: Prophet‘s Holy Mosque, Medina, 1992

Retractable membrane structures 107

Bodo Rasch: foldable umbrella, 2003

Retractable membrane structures 108

University of Stuttgart, Bending active membrane roofing, marrakech itke, 2011

 109

Cable-net and membrane structures

Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments
Types of tensioned roof systems
Construction detailing
Retractable membrane structures
Pneumatic membrane structures
Membrane materials
Pneumatic membrane structures 110

Air hall
Pneumatic membrane structures 111

p l
P2
b
P1

P1 = p . b P2 = p . l

p
p R P3 = p . b
P4 = p . l

P3
P4
P2

p R
q P4
P1
R

P3
m n
Pneumatic membrane structures 112

Earth station, Raisting, Germany, 1964

Pneumatic membrane structures 113

Patm

Pin

A B
Pneumatic membrane structures 114

Studio Philips Barrett: BC Place Stadium, Vancouver, 1983

Pneumatic membrane structures 115

Fuji-Pavilion at world exposition in Osaka, 1970, Arch. Y. Murata, Ing. M. Kawaguchi

Pneumatic membrane structures 116

Patm

Pin
Pneumatic membrane structures 117

Herzog & de Meuron, ARUP: Allianz Arena, Munich, 2005

Pneumatic membrane structures 118

PTW, ARUP: Swimming Centre, Peking, 2008

Pneumatic membrane structures 119

Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Anthony Hunt: Eden Project, Cornwall, 2001

Pneumatic membrane structures 120

Patm

Pin,2
A1 B1

A2 B2

A3 B3
Pin,1

Patm
Pneumatic membrane structures 121

Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Anthony Hunt: Eden Project, Cornwall, 2001

Pneumatic membrane structures 122

Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Anthony Hunt: Eden Project, Cornwall, 2001

Pneumatic membrane structures 123

Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Anthony Hunt: Eden Project, Cornwall, 2001

Pneumatic membrane structures 124

Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Anthony Hunt: Eden Project, Cornwall, 2001

Pneumatic membrane structures 125

Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Anthony Hunt: Eden Project, Cornwall, 2001

Pneumatic membrane structures 126

Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Anthony Hunt: Eden Project, Cornwall, 2001

 127

Cable-net and membrane structures

Static behavior of cable-net and membrane structures
Frei Otto’s physical form-finding experiments
Types of tensioned roof systems
Construction detailing
Retractable membrane structures
Pneumatic membrane structures
Membrane materials
Membrane materials 128

Polyvinylchlorid / PVC Glas fibre / PTFE

- less buckling sensitive - buckling sensitive

- hardly inflammable - non flammable
- cheaper - more durable